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13,621 results for “biology”
FIGURE 5 Girardia tigrina from Liguria. CGAS Pla 18.1 in The invasive alien freshwater FLatworm Girardia tigrina (Girard, 1850) (Platyhelminthes, Tricladida) in Western Europe: new insights into its morphology, karyology and reproductive biology
FIGURE 5 Girardia tigrina from Liguria. CGAS Pla 18.1, sagittal reconstruction of the copulatory apparatus (anterior to the left).
FIGURE 6 in The invasive alien freshwater FLatworm Girardia tigrina (Girard, 1850) (Platyhelminthes, Tricladida) in Western Europe: new insights into its morphology, karyology and reproductive biology
FIGURE 6 Girardia tigrina from Liguria. Photomicrographs of the copulatory apparatus; sagittal sections. A. ZMA V.Pl. 7283.1, supernumerary penis and the main, fully developed copulatory apparatus; B. CGAS Pla 18.1, copulatory bursa with the bursal canal, penis, male atrium, and common atrium with diverticulum; C. CGAS Pla 18.2, copulatory bursa with the bursal canal, penis, and male atrium.
FIGURE 4 Girardia tigrina from Liguria. ZMA V in The invasive alien freshwater FLatworm Girardia tigrina (Girard, 1850) (Platyhelminthes, Tricladida) in Western Europe: new insights into its morphology, karyology and reproductive biology
FIGURE 4 Girardia tigrina from Liguria. ZMA V.Pl. 7283.1 A. sagittal reconstruction of the two copulatory appara- tuses (anterior to the left); B. sagittal reconstruction of the main copulatory apparatus at the level of the right branch of the bursal canal and the blind cavity (anterior to the left).
A meta-analysis of butterfly structural colors: their color range, distribution, and biological production
<p><span>Butterfly scales are among the richest natural sources of optical nanostructures, which produce structural color and iridescence. Several recurring nanostructure types have been described, such as ridge multilayers, gyroids, and lower lamina thin films. While the optical mechanisms of these nanostructure classes are known, their phylogenetic distributions and functional ranges have not been described in detail. In this Review, we examine a century of research on the biological production of structural colors, including their evolution, development, and genetic regulation. We also create a database of more than 300 optical nanostructures in butterflies and conduct a meta-analysis of the color range, abundance, and phylogenetic distribution of each nanostructure class. Butterfly structural colors are ubiquitous in short wavelengths but extremely rare in long wavelengths, especially red. In particular, blue wavelengths (around 450 nm) occur in more clades and are produced by more kinds of nanostructures than other hues. Nanostructure categories differ in prevalence, phylogenetic distribution, color range, and brightness. For example, lamina thin films are the least bright; perforated lumen multilayers occur most often but are almost entirely restricted to the family Lycaenidae; and 3D photonic crystals, including gyroids, have the narrowest wavelength range (from about 450 to 550 nm). We discuss the implications of these patterns in terms of nanostructure evolution, physical constraint, and relationships to pigmentary color. Finally, we highlight opportunities for future research, such as analyses of subadult and Hesperid structural colors and the identification of genes that directly build the nanostructures, with relevance for biomimetic engineering.</span></p>
Overcoming the pitfalls of categorizing continuous variables in ecology and evolutionary biology
<ol> <li><span>Many metrics in biological research – from body size to life history timing to environmental metrics – are measured continuously (e.g., body size in grams) but analyzed as categories (e.g., large versus small). The pitfalls of categorization are well-recognized in statistics, but many scientists in the fields of ecology, evolution, and behavior may not be aware of this literature. These fields lack a review of common examples and feasible solutions to avoid the hazards of categorizing continuous data. </span></li> <li><span>Our goal was to summarize current practices of categorizing continuous predictors in ecology and evolutionary biology and provide guidance for overcoming those pitfalls. We conducted a mini-review of 72 recent publications in six popular journals to quantify the prevalence of categorization. We then summarized commonly categorized metrics and simulated a dataset to demonstrate the drawbacks of categorization using common metrics and realistic examples from ecology and evolutionary biology. </span></li> <li><span>We show that categorizing continuous variables is common (31% of publications reviewed), especially in the animal behavior field, and underscore that predictor variables – including abiotic, morphological, physiological, behavioral, and demographic metrics – can and should be collected and analyzed continuously. Our analysis of the simulated field dataset demonstrates how categorizing continuous variables can lower statistical power and change interpretation, especially when arbitrary breakpoints are used. Finally, we provide recommendations on how to keep variables continuous throughout the entire scientific process. </span></li> <li><span>Together, these pieces comprise an actionable guide to increasing statistical power and facilitating large synthesis studies by simply leaving continuous variables alone. Overcoming the pitfalls of categorizing continuous variables will allow ecologists and evolutionary biologists to continue making trustworthy conclusions about natural processes, along with predictions about their responses to climate change and other environmental contexts. We hope that this manuscript and its associated code will provide a useful lab practical for students and teachers to develop programming skills including data simulation, plotting, and model comparisons, as well as research skills including reporting and interpretation. </span></li> </ol>
Figure 2 in On cosmine: its origins, biology and implications for sarcopterygian interrelationships
Figure 2. – Phylogenetic implications and evolutionary scenario of cosmine development in osteichthyans. Numbers 1-4 detailed in the text (Development of cosmine). A: phylogenetic interrelationships of selected osteichthyans (after Lu et al., 2017) and interpretative reconstructions of taxa; B: histological cross sections; C: illustrations of the histological structures from the cross sections; D: virtual and ideal- ized reconstructions of the pore-canal system of the cosmine. Sources of cross sections and drawings: Andreolepis: Zhu et al., 2010, Qu et al., 2013b, 2016; Psarolepis: Qu et al., 2013a, 2016; Meemannia: Zhu et al., 2010; Styloichthys: Zhu et al., 2006; Porolepis: Gross, 1956; Mondéjar-Fernández and Clément, 2012; Dipterus: Gross, 1956; Osteolepis: Gross, 1956, Schultze, 2015; Megalichthys: Gross, 1956; Thomson, 1975. Scale bar = 100 µm. Abbreviations: ba, basal extension; cc, cross canal; d, dentine; dt, dentinal tubules; e, enamel; lmc, lower mesh canal; mc, mesh canal; od, odontode; pc, pore cavity; po, pore opening; puc, pulp cavity.
Figure 1 in On cosmine: its origins, biology and implications for sarcopterygian interrelationships
Figure 1. – Interrelationships and geological time range of selected osteichthyans (histologically surveyed taxa or with important phylogenetic implications). Phylogenetic hypothesis after Ahlberg and Johanson, 1998; Johanson and Ahlberg, 2001; Zhu et al., 2001, 2006, 2009, 2017; Friedman, 2007; Snitting, 2008; Lu and Zhu, 2010; Coates and Friedman, 2010; Lu et al., 2012, 2017; Choo et al., 2017, among others. The dates of origin of clades are hypothetical. Abbreviations: A: Actinopterygii, D: Dipnomorpha, R: Rhipidistia, S: Sarcopterygii, T: Tetrapodomorpha. Legends: light grey with large dots: primitive type of cosmine as described in early osteichthyans (presence of large pores associated with a variably developed pore-canal system in the dentine and superimposed odontodes); light grey with fine dots: eucosmine (presence of minute pores associated with a pore-canal system in the dentine overlaid by a single layer of enamel); light grey: odontogenic derivatives of cosmine: ganoine (in actinopterygians), tubercles solely made of dentine or a combination of enamel and dentine (early osteichthyans and sarcopterygians); white: bony ornamentation (absence of odontogenic tissues in the dermoskeleton).
Figure 4 in On cosmine: its origins, biology and implications for sarcopterygian interrelationships
Figure 4. – Histological cross sections of Russian tetrapodomorph scale material. A: Lamprotolepis ('Osteolepiformes'), fragment of a scale ornamented with dentine tubercles. B: Inset of a tubercle (odontode). Note the absence of a pore-canal system and of enamel capping the dentine tubercle. The odontodes lie on a thin and irregularly developed layer of vascular bone (spongiosa). The basal lamellar bone layer (isopedine) is thick and well developed. C: Thysanolepis (?Rhizodontida), upper portion of a scale in cross section. Note the presence of cosmine formed by the association of enamel and dentine pervaded by a pore-canal system. The middle vascular bone layer (spongiosa) is well developed and rests on the basal layer of lamellar bone (isopedine). D: Megistolepis ('Osteolepiformes'), upper portion of a scale in cross section. Note the presence cosmine and a well developed and cancellous spongiosa. The inferior part of the pore-canal system of the cosmine prolongs itself into the vascular canals of the spongiosa. Basal bony layer not visible. Abbreviations: d, dentine; e, enamel; lb, lamellar bone; mc, mesh canal; pc, pore cavity; vb, vascular bone; vc, vascular canal. Pictures courtesy of François Meunier. Scale bars: A = 1 mm; B = 500 μm; C, D = 100 μm.
Figure 3 in On cosmine: its origins, biology and implications for sarcopterygian interrelationships
Figure 3. – Morphology and histology of porolepiform holoptychiid scales. A: Holoptychius nobilissimus (MB.f. 1994.1) and B: Laccognathus panderi (MB.f. 1833,2) from the Middle – Late Devonian of Latvia. 1: External view of the scales (arrow points anteriorly); 2: Internal view of the scales; 3: General view of the cross section; 4: Inset from the cross section showing the arrangement of the histological layers. Note the ornamental and histological differences between both scales: in Holoptychius the exposed area is ornamented with thick longitudinal ridges solely made of dense bone resting upon the spongiosa (vascular bone); in Laccognathus the exposed area shows numerous dentine tubercles, capped with a thin enamel layer (i.e. odontodes), older odontodes from previous generations are embedded in the underlying spongiosa (black arrowheads). In both scales, the internal surface is flat and smooth and is solely formed by the isopedine (lamellar bone) layer, which is relatively thicker in Holoptychius than in Laccognathus. Abbreviations: d, dentine; e, enamel; lb, lamellar bone; vb, vascular bone. Scale bars: A/B2 = 1 cm; A/B3 = 5 mm; A/B4 = 500 μm.
Export of organic carbon by ocean biological pump from GYRE ocean model
<p>Model data of the biological pump of organic carbon computed from the idealized ocean model GYRE used in: Resplandy, Lévy and McGillicuddy (2019). Effects of eddy-driven subduction on ocean biological carbon pump. Global Biogeochemical Cycles. Readme file describes the data.</p>
A Study of the Efficacy and Safety of Upadacitinib (ABT-494) in Participants With Moderately to Severely Active Crohn's Disease Who Have Inadequately Responded to or Are Intolerant to Biologic Therapy
ClinicalTrials.gov study NCT03345836. IPD Sharing: YES. Countries: 48. Publications: 7.
Happy Mother - Healthy Baby: Supplement Study on Biological Processes Underlying Anxiety During Pregnancy
ClinicalTrials.gov study NCT04566861. IPD Sharing: YES. Countries: 1. Publications: 4.
Early Clinical Outcomes of High-Purity Type I Collagen as a Biologic Reinforcement in Selected Hernia Repair Scenarios
ClinicalTrials.gov study NCT07360691. IPD Sharing: YES. Countries: 1. Publications: 7.
A Study Comparing Risankizumab to Placebo in Participants With Active Psoriatic Arthritis Including Those Who Have a History of Inadequate Response or Intolerance to Biologic Therapy(Ies)
ClinicalTrials.gov study NCT03671148. IPD Sharing: YES. Countries: 25. Publications: 9.
Start Time Optimization of Biologics in Polyarticular JIA
ClinicalTrials.gov study NCT02593006. IPD Sharing: YES. Countries: 2. Publications: 2.
A Study to Assess the Efficacy and Safety of Risankizumab in Participants With Moderately to Severely Active Crohn's Disease Who Failed Prior Biologic Treatment
ClinicalTrials.gov study NCT03104413. IPD Sharing: YES. Countries: 43. Publications: 5.
Aggravated Airway Inflammation: Research on Biological Treatment (Mepolizumab)
ClinicalTrials.gov study NCT04823585. IPD Sharing: NO. Countries: 1. Publications: 1.
A Study to Observe Vedolizumab and Anti-tumour Necrosis Factors (Anti-TNFs) Outcomes in Real-world Biologic Ulcerative Colitis (UC) and Crohn's Disease (CD) Participants
ClinicalTrials.gov study NCT03710486. IPD Sharing: YES. Countries: 2. Publications: 1.
Evaluation of High-Purity Type I Collagen Biologic Wrap to Improve Function After Extensor Tendon Repair of the Hand
ClinicalTrials.gov study NCT07335653. IPD Sharing: YES. Countries: 1. Publications: 7.
Data from: Do biological control agents adapt to local pest genotypes? A multi-year test across geographic scales
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Allen Brain Atlas
Allen Brain Atlas is an Allen Institute collection of brain map atlases, datasets, APIs, and analysis tools covering mouse, human, and non-human primate brain resources.
Annotated Behaviour and Observability Dataset (ABODe)
ABODe is a University of Edinburgh DataShare dataset for behavior classification in group-housed mice using home-cage video, identities, bounding boxes, ground-plate positions, and annotator labels.
DANDI Archive for NWB datasets
DANDI is a BRAIN Initiative archive for publishing and sharing neurophysiology data, including electrophysiology, optophysiology, and behavioral data packaged as NWB and related standards.
International Brain Laboratory public data
The International Brain Laboratory public data releases expose standardized mouse decision-making experiments, including Neuropixels recordings, widefield calcium imaging, behavior, and session metadata accessed through the ONE API.
OpenNeuro
OpenNeuro is a free, open platform for sharing neuroimaging datasets, with public search, dataset pages, and download paths for web, S3, DataLad, and the OpenNeuro CLI.