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FIGURE 11 in Fossil moles from the Gray Fossil Site (Tennessee): Implications for diversification and evolution of North American Talpidae

FIGURE 11. Plot of humerus shape based on canonical variates one (CV1) and three (CV3). Deformation grids show change in shape along each axis in positive and negative directions. Fossils taxa have a purple square in the center. GFS taxa are labeled.

FIGURE 2 in Fossil moles from the Gray Fossil Site (Tennessee): Implications for diversification and evolution of North American Talpidae

FIGURE 2. Number and position of humerus landmarks. Line drawing showing landmarks positions with labels on the anterior view of a left humerus of Condylura cristata (Star-nosed mole). Scale bar equals 1 mm.

FIGURE 14 in Fossil moles from the Gray Fossil Site (Tennessee): Implications for diversification and evolution of North American Talpidae

FIGURE 14. Biostratigraphic ranges of GFS taxa and morphologically similar talpids. Age of the Gray Fossil Site in gray. ALMA = Asian Land Mammal Ages, Europe MN = European Mammal Neogene zones, and NALMA = North American Land Mammal Ages.

FIGURE 7 in Fossil moles from the Gray Fossil Site (Tennessee): Implications for diversification and evolution of North American Talpidae

FIGURE 7. Mioscalops sp. skeletal material. ETMNH 6942, left humerus - A) posterior and B) anterior views. ETMNH 20738, right ulna - C) medial view. Scale bar equal 1 mm.

FIGURE 13 in Fossil moles from the Gray Fossil Site (Tennessee): Implications for diversification and evolution of North American Talpidae

FIGURE 13. Average position phenogram. Major clusters color-coded to match He et al. (2016). GFS taxa in blue. * indicates fossil taxa.

FIGURE 7 in Oldest record of Alligator in southeastern North America

FIGURE 7. Box and whisker plots of dorsal skull length of published fossil Alligator specimens and extant Alligator mississippiensis (this study). For data, see Table 3. Time shown in millions of years ago (MYA). UF 422816, an isolated right premaxilla, was estimated following methods outlined in the main document. Most notable is that the estimated dorsal skull length for UF 422816 is small, similar to ancestral forms such as Allognathosuchus, Procaimanoidea, and Wannaganosuchus. Global temperature curve from Zachos et al. (2001).

FIGURE 6. X-Y in Oldest record of Alligator in southeastern North America

FIGURE 6. X-Y scatter plot of premaxillary-maxillary suture lengths compared to dorsal skull length of extant Alligator (n = 22). Linear regression is best-fit line (R2 = 0.9917).

FIGURE 4. Alligatorid fossils from the Live Oak fossil site. A in Oldest record of Alligator in southeastern North America

FIGURE 4. Alligatorid fossils from the Live Oak fossil site. A: Isolated tooth, likely mid-rostral position (UF 424640) in lingual view. B: Isolated tooth, likely anterior position (UF 424639) in lingual view. C: Caudal vertebra exhibiting a fully fused neurocentral suture (UF 424637) in left lateral view. D: Caudal vertebra exhibiting a fully fused neurocentral suture (UF 424638) in left lateral view. E: Osteoderm (UF 424633) in dorsal view. F: Osteoderm (UF 424635) in dorsal view.

FIGURE 5 in Oldest record of Alligator in southeastern North America

FIGURE 5. Isolated osteoderm fragment attributed to Alligatoridae from the I-75 fossil site (UF 16729) in dorsal view.

FIGURE 3. Alligator fossils from the late Oligocene Brooksville 2 in Oldest record of Alligator in southeastern North America

FIGURE 3. Alligator fossils from the late Oligocene Brooksville 2 site in northern Florida. A, B: Dorsal view of parietal (UF 333984). C, D: Cranial fragment (UF 425424) in dorsal (C) and ventral (D) views; position is uncertain. E: Alligatorid tooth from posterior dentition (UF 422818). F: Alligatorid tooth from middle dentition (UF 422819). G: Alligatorid tooth from middle dentition (UF 422820). Fragment of right dentary (UF 425402) in lateral (H) and medial (I) views. Right articular (UF 422817) in dorsal (J), lateral (K), and medial (L) views. Dorsal osteoderm (UF 424647) in dorsal view (M) and left lateral view (N). Anterior portion of osteoderm (UF 425398) in dorsal view (O). Partial osteoderm (UF 422827) in dorsal view (P). Osteoderm (UF 425395) in dorsal view (Q). Neural arch of a dorsal vertebra (UF 424653) in posterior view (R). Ungual (UF 424655) in lateral view (S). Ungual (UF 425405) in lateral view (T). U, V: Caudal vertebra in left lateral view (UF 425435). Abbreviations: f-p, frontoparietal; i s, imbricating shelf; m k, median keel; nc, neurocentral; po-p, postorbital-parietal; sq-p, squamosal-parietal; stf, supratemporal fenestra.

FIGURE 2 in Oldest record of Alligator in southeastern North America

FIGURE 2. Right premaxilla of Alligator from the late Oligocene Brooksville 2 site in northern Florida (UF 422816). Element shown in dorsal (A, D), lateral (B, E), and ventral (C, F) views, with photos and interpretive sketches. Abbreviations: d4 o p, occlusal pit for the fourth dentary tooth; e n, external naris; i f, incisive foramen; pm 3–5, premaxillary alveoli 3–5; pmx-mx, premaxillary-maxillary; pmx-n, premaxillary-nasal; pmx-pmx, premaxillary-premaxillary.

FIGURE 3 in Biostratigraphy and biochronology of late Cenozoic North American rodent assemblages

FIGURE 3. Examples of Microtus m1 morphology. A-C, Microtus pennsylvanicus (from Martin, 1990), D-F, Microtus paroperarius (from van der Meulen, 1978). ACC = anteroconid complex, BRA = buccal reentrant angle, LRA = lingual reentrant angle. Numbers in illustration D refer to triangle numbers.

FIGURE 1 in Biostratigraphy and biochronology of late Cenozoic North American rodent assemblages

FIGURE 1. Distribution of select pre-Rancholabrean Cenozoic rodent assemblages used to construct the database in Supplementary Material. 1 = Rancho el Ocote, MX; 2 = Concha, MX; 3 = Yepómera, MX; 4 = El Golfo, CA; 5 = Vallecito-Fish Creek sequence (e.g., Layer Cake, Arroyo Seco, Vallecito Creek), CA; 6 = San Pedro Valley sequence (e.g., Benson, Curtis Ranch, Duncan), AZ; 7 = Verde, AZ; 8 = McKay Reservoir, OR; 9 = Warren, CA; 10 = Panaca, NV; 11 = White Bluffs, WA; 12 = Kennewick, WA; 13 = Buckeye Creek, NV; 14 = Fish Springs Flat, NV; 15 = Grand View-Hagerman sequence (e.g., Grand View, Sand Point, Hagerman, Birch Creek, Froman Ferry), ID; 16 = Donnelly Ranch, CO; 17 = San Timoteo Badlands, CA; 18 = Wellington Hills, NV; 19 = Mesa del Sol, NM; 20 = Boyle Ditch, WY; 21 = Virden, NM; 22 = Ft. Selkirk, YT; 23 = El Casco, CA; 24 = SAM Cave, NM; 25 = Little Dell Dam, UT; 26 = Porcupine Cave, CO; 27 = Hansen Bluff, NM; 28 = Meade Basin reference section (see Figure 2 for all assemblages; includes Arlene's Ledge/Robin's Roost in OK), KS/NM; 29 = Little Sioux and Wright (new), IA; 30 = Cape Deceit, AL; 31 = Santee, NE; 32 = Mailbox, NE; 33 = Sand Draw area (Sand Draw, Zwiebel Channel), NE; 34 = Pipe Creek Sinkhole, IN; 35 = Hudspeth/Red Light, TX; 36 = Bull Draw/Deadman's Crk, TX; 37 = Red Corral, TX; 38 = Cita Canyon, TX; 39 = Blanco, TX; 40 = Vera, TX; 41 = Beck Ranch, TX; 42 = Fyllan Cave, TX; 43 = Conard Fissure, AK; 44 = Port Kennedy Cave, PA; 45 = Hanover Quarry, PA; 46 = Cumberland Cave, MD; 47 = Haile 15A, Haile 16A, FL; 48 = Inglis 1A/1C, FL; 49 = Hamilton Cave, WV; 50 = White Rock, KS; 51 = Dixon, KS, 52 = Leisey Shell Pit, FL, 53 = Hoye Canyon, NV.

FIGURE 2 in Biostratigraphy and biochronology of late Cenozoic North American rodent assemblages

FIGURE 2. Depositional basin framework on which chronological ordering of assemblages (= localities) in Supplementary Material is mostly based. See Supplementary Material and text for full rodent communities, locality data, and information sources. LSD = lowest stratigraphic datum, HSD = highest stratigraphic datum. LSDs and HSDs are regional basin limits, but may also represent global limits (highest or lowest records anywhere in North America). Esr = estimated age based on sedimentation rate from Hart and Brueseke, 1999), ft = fission track date from Walkup et al., 2016), CMZ = Cenozoic Mammal Zone, xxx... = dated volcanic ash beds. Continued on next page.

FIGURE 4 in Biostratigraphy and biochronology of late Cenozoic North American rodent assemblages

FIGURE 4. Plot of arvicoline species richness on ordinate against CMZ midpoints on abscissa. Numbers on graph are CMZs. CMZ 1 omitted.

FIGURE 1 in Dental ecomorphology and macroevolutionary patterns of North American Late Cretaceous metatherians

FIGURE 1. Phylogenetic tree of our extant comparative sample generated using TimeTree (www.timetree.org; Kumar et al., 2017).

FIGURE 2 in Dental ecomorphology and macroevolutionary patterns of North American Late Cretaceous metatherians

FIGURE 2. Boxplots of Dirichlet normal energy (DNE), relief index (RFI), and orientation patch count rotated (OPCR) across extant mammals classified by diet and a subset of fossil groups. Abbreviations for diet categories: ado = animal-dominated omnivore; carn = carnivore; frug = frugivore; inv = invertivore; pdo = plant-dominated omnivore; sis = soft-invertebrate specialist. Abbreviations for fossil groups: Alph. = Alphadontidae; Herpet. = Herpetotheriidae; Ped. = Pediomyidae.

FIGURE 6 in Dental ecomorphology and macroevolutionary patterns of North American Late Cretaceous metatherians

FIGURE 6. Patterns of taxonomic diversity and dietary diversity of NALK metatherians. Top: Known taxonomic diversity (gray squares and line) of NALK metatherians and the metatherian diversity sampled in this study (black circles and line). Middle: Dietary diversity of NALK metatherians through time (out of six dietary categories). Judithian diversity count is based on our DFA classification of Iugomortiferum thoringtoni as a carnivore. Bottom: Hypothesized phylogenetic relationships of NALK metatherians sampled in this study (the deltatheriid Atokatheridium boreni was removed). The phylogeny is modified from Williamson et al. (2014), Wilson et al. (2016), and Cohen et al. (2020). Thick horizontal bars represent the known temporal range of each species. Bar colors represent the dietary categories assigned to each taxon in this study. For cases in which specimens of the same species were classified differently, we include both classifications in this figure, with the exception of Iugomortiferum thoringtoni and Didelphodon vorax. Our DFA classification for Iugomortiferum thoringtoni (carn) contradicts additional lines of evidence that suggests it is a plant-dominated omnivore (see Discussion), and thus we classify it here as 'carn/pdo.' Our DFA classifies the two Didelphodon vorax specimens as an animal-dominated omnivore and an invertivore, but additional lines of evidence suggest that it is an animal-dominated omnivore (see Discussion). Abbreviations for diet categories: ado = animaldominated omnivore; carn = carnivore; frug = frugivore; inv = invertivore; pdo = plant-dominated omnivore; sis = softinvertebrate specialist. Abbreviations for NALMAs: Aquil = Aquilan; La = Lancian.

FIGURE 5 in Dental ecomorphology and macroevolutionary patterns of North American Late Cretaceous metatherians

FIGURE 5. Morphological disparity of NALK metatherians during different time bins (top) and in two major subclasses (bottom). We calculated disparity as the variance of each DTA metric and the sum of variances. The 95% confidence intervals were generated using a custom bootstrapping function with 1,000 replicates. Top row: all-metatherian disparity for each time bin. Sample size for each time bin is shown in parentheses at the bottom of the far-left plot: pre-Aquilan (preA) = 7; Aquilan = 8; Judithian = 18; Lancian = 18. Bottom row: disparity of alphadontids vs. disparity of pediomyids. Sample size for each taxon is shown in parentheses at the bottom of the far-left plot: Alphadontidae = 19 and Pediomyidae = 8. See Table 11 for P-values.

FIGURE 4 in Dental ecomorphology and macroevolutionary patterns of North American Late Cretaceous metatherians

FIGURE 4. Bivariate scatter plots of log-transformed Dirichlet normal energy (lnDNE), relief index (lnRFI), and orientation patch count rotated (lnOPCR) values, and a 3D scatterplot of all three DTA metrics (bottom right) for our fossil sample. Colored polygons are regions of the morphospace occupied by extant mammals in our dietary categories. Shapes correspond to fossil groups. See Table 3 for taxonomic names. Abbreviations for diet categories: ado = animal-dominated omnivore; carn = carnivore; frug = frugivore; inv = invertivore; pdo = plant-dominated omnivore; sis = soft-invertebrate specialist.