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Fig. 12. Morphological comparison between Quadrulella symmetrica s.s. and Q in Phylogenetic reconstruction based on COI reshuffles the taxonomy of hyalosphenid shelled (testate) amoebae and reveals the convoluted evolution of shell plate shapes

Fig. 12. Morphological comparison between Quadrulella symmetrica s.s. and Q. cf. symmetrica cells using MRA method. The shape PCA was performed using the same parameters as in Fig. 11.

Fig. 1 in Phylogenetic reconstruction based on COI reshuffles the taxonomy of hyalosphenid shelled (testate) amoebae and reveals the convoluted evolution of shell plate shapes

Fig. 1. Schematic demonstration of measured axes of the test: (1) length, (2) breadth, (3) width of aperture (pseudostome) and (4) width of the shell plates (scales).

FIGURE 6 in Taxonomy and biology of a new ambrosia gall midge Daphnephila urnicola sp. nov. (Diptera: Cecidomyiidae) inducing urn-shaped leaf galls on two species of Machilus (Lauraceae) in Taiwan

FIGURE 6. Diapausing first instar larva of Daphnephila urnicola sp.nov. in the leaf tissue of undeveloped galls on Machilus zuihoensis. A. the appearance of the adaxial surface of the leaf with first instar larva inside. B. cross section of leaf tissues showing initial gall with larval chamber and fungi. L= Larva, LC= larval chamber, and arrow= hyphae.

FIGURE 10 in Taxonomy and biology of a new ambrosia gall midge Daphnephila urnicola sp. nov. (Diptera: Cecidomyiidae) inducing urn-shaped leaf galls on two species of Machilus (Lauraceae) in Taiwan

FIGURE 10. Pictures showing opening area of mature galls of Daphnephila urnicola sp.nov. A–B. Apex of gall (longitudinal section) on Machilus zuihoensis (A, Bar = 80Μm) and on M. mushaensis (B, Bar = 180Μm), LC= larval chamber, NC= nutritive cell, S= secretory cell.. C–D. Longitudinal section of entire gall on Machilus zuihoensis (C) and on M. mushaensis (D); E–F. emergence hole and pupa skin on M. zuihoensis gall (E) and on M. mushaensis gall (F).

FIGURE 1 in Taxonomy and biology of a new ambrosia gall midge Daphnephila urnicola sp. nov. (Diptera: Cecidomyiidae) inducing urn-shaped leaf galls on two species of Machilus (Lauraceae) in Taiwan

FIGURE 1. Similar urn-shaped galls (mature phase) induced by D. urnicola sp.nov. on the leaves of two different species of Machilus (Lauraceae). A. M. zuihoensis. B. M. mushaensis.

FIGURE 5 in Taxonomy and biology of a new ambrosia gall midge Daphnephila urnicola sp. nov. (Diptera: Cecidomyiidae) inducing urn-shaped leaf galls on two species of Machilus (Lauraceae) in Taiwan

FIGURE 5. Strict consensus tree of Daphnephila species relationships based on COI gene data. Three equally parsimonious trees were acquired (length: 223). Bootstrap values greater than 50% for the MP inference, and the neighbor-joining (NJ) method, are shown above and below the branch, respectively. Individual specimens of D. urnicola collected from Machilus mushaensis and M. zuihoensis are labeled with M and Z in parentheses, respectively.

FIGURE 9. A in Taxonomy and biology of a new ambrosia gall midge Daphnephila urnicola sp. nov. (Diptera: Cecidomyiidae) inducing urn-shaped leaf galls on two species of Machilus (Lauraceae) in Taiwan

FIGURE 9. A. Dashed line showing plane of transverse section in B. B. Basal part of urn-shaped gall tissues on Machilus zuihoensis induced by Daphnephila urnicola sp.nov. at the later stage of the growth and differentiation phase (cross section). Bar = 50 Μm. LC= larval chamber, SC= sclerenchyma cells, P= parenchyma layer, V= vascular bundles, arrow= hyphae.

FIGURE 8 in Taxonomy and biology of a new ambrosia gall midge Daphnephila urnicola sp. nov. (Diptera: Cecidomyiidae) inducing urn-shaped leaf galls on two species of Machilus (Lauraceae) in Taiwan

FIGURE 8. Tissue of urn-shaped galls on Machilus zuihoensis induced by Daphnephila urnicola sp.nov. at the middle stage of growth and differentiation phase (longitudinal section). Bar = 500 Μm. L= Larva, LC= larval chamber, PT= plant tissue suberized, V= vascular tissue, arrow= secretory cells.

FIGURE 7 in Taxonomy and biology of a new ambrosia gall midge Daphnephila urnicola sp. nov. (Diptera: Cecidomyiidae) inducing urn-shaped leaf galls on two species of Machilus (Lauraceae) in Taiwan

FIGURE 7. Development of urn-shaped galls on Machilus zuihoensis and M. mushaensis at various stages of growth and differentiation phase. A. early stage, on Machilus zuihoensis. B. early stage, on M. mushaensis. C. middle stage, on M. zuihoensis. D. middle stage, on M. mushaensis. E. later stage, on M. zuihoensis. F. later stage, on M. mushaensis. Arrows= suberized host tissue.

FIGURE 2 in Taxonomy and biology of a new ambrosia gall midge Daphnephila urnicola sp. nov. (Diptera: Cecidomyiidae) inducing urn-shaped leaf galls on two species of Machilus (Lauraceae) in Taiwan

FIGURE 2. Map of Taiwan showing collecting sites of urn-shaped galls induced by Daphnephila urnicola sp.nov. on M. zuihoensis and on M. mushaensis. D site with only M. zuihoensis population, ● site with both M. zuihoensis and M. mushaensis populations, Δ site with only M. mushaensis population.

FIGURE 4 in Taxonomy and biology of a new ambrosia gall midge Daphnephila urnicola sp. nov. (Diptera: Cecidomyiidae) inducing urn-shaped leaf galls on two species of Machilus (Lauraceae) in Taiwan

FIGURE 4. Daphnephila urnicola sp. nov. A. female head, frontal view, scale bar= 0.6mm. B. male flagellomeres 8–12, scale bar= 0.25mm. C. female flagellomeres 7–12, scale bar= 0.25mm. D. male flagellomere 5, scale bar= 0.05mm. E. male palpus, scale bar= 0.05mm. F. male hind tarsal claw and empodium, scale bar= 0.04mm. G. male terminalia, dorsal view, scale bar= 0.1mm. H. larva, sternal spatula and adjacent papillae, ventral view, scale bar= 0.05mm. I. pupa, head, frontal view, scale bar= 0.25mm.

FIGURE 11. Female terminalia showing the pouch structure, a in Taxonomy and biology of a new ambrosia gall midge Daphnephila urnicola sp. nov. (Diptera: Cecidomyiidae) inducing urn-shaped leaf galls on two species of Machilus (Lauraceae) in Taiwan

FIGURE 11. Female terminalia showing the pouch structure, a mycangium-like fungal spore-carrying organ, of Daphnephila urnicola sp. nov. The structure is covered by an enlarged sheath on the 7th abdominal sternite. A. Lateral view, scale bar= 0.5 mm. B. Ventral-lateral view, scale bar= 0.5 mm. P= pouch and SS= seventh sternite.

FIGURE 8. Eulimnadia indocylindrova. SEM photographs. A–D, Egg shape. E, F in First faunal inventory of large branchiopods (Crustacea: Branchiopoda) of Western Maharashtra, India with taxonomical and distributional comments

FIGURE 8. Eulimnadia indocylindrova. SEM photographs. A–D, Egg shape. E, F, Egg surface (Scale bars: 0.05mm).

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FIGURES 23–40. Frons shape drawings 23 Amydetes agnita. 24 A. apicalis. 25 A. discissa. 26 A. fastigiata. 27 A. fucata. 28 A. lucioloides. 29 in Systematic review of the firefly genus Amydetes Illiger, 1807 (Coleoptera: Lampyridae), with description of 13 new species

FIGURES 23–40. Frons shape drawings 23 Amydetes agnita. 24 A. apicalis. 25 A. discissa. 26 A. fastigiata. 27 A. fucata. 28 A. lucioloides. 29 Amydetes solaris sp. nov.. 30 Amydetes goiana sp. nov.. 31 Amydetes manezinha sp. nov.. 32 Amydetes caetite sp. nov.. 33 Amydetes lucernula sp. nov.. 34 Amydetes plaumanni sp. nov.. 35 Amydetes bellorum sp. nov.. 36 Amydetes itatiaia sp. nov.. 37 Amydetes vivianii sp. nov.. 38 Amydetes marajoara sp. nov.. 39 Amydetes vagalume sp. nov.. 40 Amydetes luzecu sp. nov. Scale. 250 µm. DBA = distance between antennifers antennifers. DBAS = distance between antennal sockets.

Fig. 10 in Phylogenetic reconstruction based on COI reshuffles the taxonomy of hyalosphenid shelled (testate) amoebae and reveals the convoluted evolution of shell plate shapes

Fig. 10. Morphological comparison of Gibbocarina galeata comb. nov. (previously Nebela galeata) and Mrabella subcarinata gen. nov., comb. nov. (previously Quadrulella subcarinata). (a) line drawing of Gibbocarina galeata from Congo by Gauthier-Lièvre (1957). (b and c) scanning and light micrographs of M. subcarinata from South Africa. Scale bars = 50 µm (a) and 20 µm (b).

Fig. 3 in Phylogenetic reconstruction based on COI reshuffles the taxonomy of hyalosphenid shelled (testate) amoebae and reveals the convoluted evolution of shell plate shapes

Fig. 3. Light micrographs of barcoded Quadrulella symmetrica s.s. cells: (a) cell Q-75; (b) cell Q-83; (c) cell Q-81; (d) cell Q-90; (e) cell Q-63; (f) cell Q-73; (g) cell Q-51; (h) cell Q-102; (i) cell Q-100; (j) cell Q-95; (k) cell Q-82; (l) cell Q-51. Scale bars = 10 µm.

Fig. 4 in Phylogenetic reconstruction based on COI reshuffles the taxonomy of hyalosphenid shelled (testate) amoebae and reveals the convoluted evolution of shell plate shapes

Fig. 4. Light micrographs of two Quadrulella madibai sp. nov. barcoded cells: (a) cell Q-11; (b) cell Q-9. Scale bars = 10 µm.

Fig. 7 in Phylogenetic reconstruction based on COI reshuffles the taxonomy of hyalosphenid shelled (testate) amoebae and reveals the convoluted evolution of shell plate shapes

Fig. 7. Light micrographs of three barcoded Mrabella subcarinata cells (previously known as Quadrulella subcarinata): (a) cell Q-1; (b) cell Q-2; (c) cell Q- 16. Scale bars = 20 µm (in a and b) and 50 µm (in c).

Fig. 6 in Phylogenetic reconstruction based on COI reshuffles the taxonomy of hyalosphenid shelled (testate) amoebae and reveals the convoluted evolution of shell plate shapes

Fig. 6. Light micrographs of barcoded Quadrulella alata cells: (a) cell Q-8; (b) cell Q-7; (c) cell Q-17; (d) cell Q-15. Scale bars = 20 µm (in a and b) and 50 µm (in c and d).

Fig. 5 in Phylogenetic reconstruction based on COI reshuffles the taxonomy of hyalosphenid shelled (testate) amoebae and reveals the convoluted evolution of shell plate shapes

Fig. 5. Light (a) and scanning electron (b) micrographs of Quadrulella quadrigera from Australia. Image (a) has been stacked with Combine ZP. Scale bars = 40 µm.