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10,735 results for “dependability”
Spectral dependence of light absorption and direct radiative forcing of rural carbonaceous aerosol in TSP, PM10, PM2.5, and PM0.1 in northwestern China
<p>Black carbon (BC) and brown carbon (BrC) are major light absorbing components of aerosol, affecting visibility, radiative forcing balance and human health. In this study, we investigated the light absorption and radiative forcing of carbonaceous aerosol in the total suspended particle (TSP), coarse particle (PM<sub>10</sub>: particulate matter with an aerodynamic diameter less than 10 μm, Dp≤10 μm), fine particle (PM<sub>2.5</sub>: Dp≤2.5 μm), and nanoparticle (PM<sub>0.1</sub>: Dp≤0.1 μm) in a rural area of Guanzhong Plain, China. Similar variations of light absorption coefficients and the absorption Ångstrom exponent (AAE) of TSP, PM<sub>10</sub>, and PM<sub>2.5</sub> were observed. Lower light absorption coefficients and higher AAEs were obtained for PM<sub>0.1 </sub>compared with other particle sizes. The direct radiative forcing (DRE) efficiency of BC decreased with size bins of TSP, PM<sub>10</sub>, PM<sub>2.5</sub>, and PM<sub>0.1</sub>, respectively. The DRE of BCs for all particle sizes at top atmosphere (TOA), surface atmosphere (SUF) and the whole atmosphere (ATM) were estimated, and the levels in TSP were ~3.7 times higher than those in PM<sub>0.1</sub>. The optical properties of primary and secondary BrC (PBrC and SBrC) in PM<sub>0.1</sub> were further analyzed. The levels of AAEs indicated that the light absorbing of SBrC was more wavelength dependent than PBrC in PM<sub>0.1</sub>. The DRE of BC, PBrC, and SBrC in PM<sub>0.1</sub> were estimated firstly with the values of 19.9, 2.1, and 1.1 Wm<sup>-2</sup> in the ATM, respectively.</p>
Generation-dependent functional and numerical responses of Neoseiulus californicus (Phytoseiidae) long-term reared on thorn apple pollen
<p>Raw data of Functional and numerical response of N. califrnicus on T. urticae in different generaaations</p>
Scale-dependent species-area relationship: niche-based versus stochastic processes in a typical subtropical forest
<p><span>Determining the patterns and drivers of the small-scale species-area relationship (SAR) is crucial for improving our understanding of community assembly and biodiversity patterns. Niche-based and stochastic processes are two principal categories of mechanisms potentially driving SARs. However, their relative importance has rarely been quantified rigorously owing to scale-dependence and the simplified niche volumes often used. </span></p> <p><span>In a fully mapped, 24-ha plot of a typical subtropical forest, we built the SARs and well-defined niche-hyper-volumes of a broad range of environmental variables at scales of 10 - 70 m (cell sizes). We then simulated passive sampling and partitioned the variances of the SAR slopes to disentangle the two contrasting mechanisms.</span></p> <p><span>We found that the small-scale SAR best followed a power-law relationship, consistent with large-scale SARs. The SAR slope declined with increasing scale; it was lower than expected under passive sampling at scales below 30 m and higher at larger scales. Environmental niches explained more (39%-64%) of the slope at larger scales, exceeding 50% at scales > 30 m, and these niches always captured the majority of the structured slopes. Environmental position (environmental mean values) effects were steady in absolute strength across scales and explained most (98%-68%) of the niche effect, but this proportion decreased with increasing scale. The effect of environmental heterogeneity increased with spatial scales, starting to rise at the 30 m scale after controlling for environmental position. Excluding soil properties from analyses strongly reduced these niche effects, highlighting the importance of soils for structuring the small-scale SAR. There was also substantial stochasticity in the SAR slopes, which was only partially explained by passive sampling.</span></p> <p><span>Synthesis: Our results show that the small-scale SAR in the studied subtropical forest follows a power-law, exhibits a scale shift in slope at 30 m, and is strongly shaped by niche effects that are dominated by environmental position relative to heterogeneity. However, soil heterogeneity controls the increase of niche effect and shift in the SAR slope with increasing spatial scales. Hence, edaphic factors can be responsible for scale-dependence in small-scale SARs, thereby linking small-scale and large-scale SARs. </span></p>
Dependency Update Strategies and Package Characteristics
<p>This is the replication package for our paper on predicting dependency update strategies.</p> <p>Here is a short description of what is contained in this package:</p> <p><strong>Pre-processing Code</strong></p> <p>The data_preparation.py file filters the initial libraries.io dataset to only include relevant columns for the npm packages. The feature_extraction.py file includes the extraction of model features. The feature_process.py file includes the majority of preprocessing scripts to derive new features, clean-up missing values and prepare the data for the models.</p> <p><strong>ML Models</strong></p> <p>The models.py file contains the scripts for training, validating and evaluating the random forest model and the two baselines (stratified random and SemVer only models) used for the study.</p> <p><strong>Datasets</strong></p> <p>The raw dataset can be downloaded from libraries.io. The Processed_Project_Features[SP51][RT].csv dataset is the result of all preprocessing steps and is used in the model feed function.</p> <p><strong>Visualization Scripts</strong></p> <p>The visualizer.py file includes the visualization scripts used for the paper.</p> <p><strong>Sampled Packages</strong></p> <p>The complete set of visualizations for the 160 sampled packages in RQ3.</p>
Data from: A tiny cuckoo: risk-dependent interspecific brood parasitism in a predatory mite
<p><span>Many animal species protect their eggs against predators while others do not. When these species share the same habitat, the latter species may profit by adding their eggs to those of the protecting species. We show that one tiny predatory mite species protects its own eggs only to a limited extent, and instead adds them to those of another predatory mite species that does guard its eggs, resulting in reduced egg predation. This cuckoo behaviour comes with a cost, and therefore only occurs when egg predators are present. Furthermore, the parasites only add eggs to those of the guarding host species, not to those of another mite species that does not guard its eggs. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first study to show that facultative brood parasitism is more effective than brood care, in increasing offspring survival in the presence of egg predators.</span></p>
Data for: The formation of "mega‐flocks" depends on vegetation structure in montane coniferous forests of Taiwan
<p>A mixed-species bird flock is a social assemblage where two or more bird species are moving together while foraging and might benefit from increased foraging efficiency and antipredator vigilance. A "mega-flock," which includes flocking species from different vegetation layers, often exhibits high species diversity. Mechanisms for the formation of mega-flocks have not yet been explored. In this study, we evaluated the influence of vegetation structure and bird species diversity/richness in driving the occurrence of mega-flocks. We investigated the composition of mixed-species flocks, local bird communities, and vegetation structure in five vegetation types of two high-elevation sites in central Taiwan. (For more details, please see the paper which has been published in Ecology and Evolution, entitled "The formation of "mega-flocks" depends on vegetation structure in montane coniferous forests of Taiwan." Doi: https://doi.org/10.1002/ece3.8608)</p>
Alignments of chloroplast noncoding regions for context-dependency analysis
<p>Substitutions between closely related noncoding chloroplast DNA sequences are studied with respect to the composition of the three bases on each side of the substitution, that is the hexanucleotide context. There is about 100-fold variation in rate, amongst the contexts, particularly on substitutions of A and T. Rate heterogeneity of transitions differs from that of transversions, resulting in a more than 200-fold variation in the transitions:transversion bias. The data are consistent with a CpG effect, and it is shown that both the A+T content and the arrangement of purines/pyrimidines along the same DNA strand are correlated with rate variation. Expected equilibrium A+T content ranges from 36.4% to 82.8% across contexts, while G-C skew ranges from -77.4 to 72.2 and A-T skew from -63.9 to 68.2. The predicted equilibria are associated with specific features of the content of the hexanucleotide context, and also show close agreement with the observed context-dependent compositions. Finally, by controlling for the content of nucleotides closer to the substitution site it is shown that both the third and fourth nucleotide removed on each side of the substitution directly influence substitution dynamics at that site. Overall, the results demonstrate that noncoding sites in different contexts are evolving along very different evolutionary trajectories and that substitution dynamics are far more complex than typically assumed. This has important implications for a number of types of sequence analysis, particularly analyses of natural selection, and the context-dependent substitution matrices developed here can be applied in future analyses.</p>
Data from: Cyclin dependent kinase 5 (CDK5) regulates the circadian clock
<p>Circadian oscillations emerge from transcriptional and post-translational feedback loops. An important step in generating rhythmicity is the translocation of clock components into the nucleus, which is regulated in many cases by kinases. In mammals, the kinase promoting the nuclear import of the key clock component Period 2 (PER2) is unknown. We observed that the cyclin-dependent kinase 5 (CDK5) regulates the mammalian clock involving phosphorylation of PER2. Knock-down of Cdk5 in the suprachiasmatic nuclei (SCN), the main coordinator site of the mammalian circadian system, shortened the free-running period in mice. CDK5 phosphorylated PER2 at serine 394 (S394) in a diurnal fashion. This facilitated interaction with Cryptochrome 1 (CRY1) and nuclear entry of the PER2-CRY1 complex. Taken together, we found that CDK5 drives nuclear entry of PER2, which is critical for establishing an adequate circadian period of the circadian cycle. Therefore, CDK5 is critically involved in the regulation of the circadian clock.</p>
Input files and structures for article "Carbon dioxide fixation in RuBisCO is protonation state dependent and irreversible"
<p>Pdb file and amber topology of the initial RuBisCO model together with parameter files for the MD simulations with AMBER to equilibrate the system.</p> <p>Structures of reactant, transition state and products in the enzyme RuBisCo used to correct the activation and reaction free energies. Molpro input files used in the projector-based embedding calculations are provided. The same holds for the calculations involving the Zn cation. </p> <p>Optimized structures used to calculate descriptors with conceptual DFT. </p>
Elevation-Dependent Warming Identified During the Abrupt Shift at the Last Ice Age Termination
<p>The current Earth’s surface warming rate may increase with elevation, known as Elevation-Dependent Warming, which has profound environmental impacts on the fragile environments in high-elevation mountainous regions. However, Elevation-Dependent Warming has not been well constrained due to the short duration and sparse distribution of available instrumental data. Here we report quantitative paleotemperature reconstructions for three lakes within the elevational range of 1800–3800 m above sea level in the Hengduan Mountains, southeastern Tibetan Plateau, to show that abrupt warming occurred during ~14500–14000 years ago, and the warming rate was higher at higher elevations. We also find a prolonged cold interval from ~24000 to ~14000 years ago at high elevations, which coincides with the timing of the regional mountain glacier advances. We conclude that the observed Elevation-Dependent Warming was probably driven by the surface snow-albedo feedback caused by the rapidly shrinking mountain glaciers, which had a stronger influence at higher elevations.</p>
Coexistence is stabilized by conspecific negative density dependence via fungal pathogens more than oomycete pathogens
<p>No description provided.</p>
Data for "Dependence of Convective Cloud Properties and Their Transport on Cloud Fraction and GCM Resolution Diagnosed from a Cloud-Resolving Model Simulation"
<p>The datasets for the manuscript "Dependence of Convective Cloud Properties and Their Transport on Cloud Fraction and GCM Resolution Diagnosed from a Cloud-Resolving Model Simulation".</p> <p>model: WRF3.1.1</p> <p>location: Southern Great Plains</p> <p>time: from 2100 UTC 23 May to 0600 UTC 24 May</p> <p>time interval: 6 minutes</p> <p>domain size: 512km x 512km</p> <p>vertical layer: 500hpa</p> <p>variables: P, PB, PH, PHB, U, V, W, T, QCLOUD, QICE, QVAPOR</p> <p>calculated data: mse, up_only(only consider updraft), up_down(consider both updrafts and downdrafts)</p> <p> </p>
Stegodyphus africanus group feeding performance depending on relatedness
<p>Cooperation involving shared-resource systems is prone to 'the tragedy of the commons', where individuals act in their own self-interest to exploit the resource in a manner that is detrimental to the common good of all group members. Directing cooperation towards kin provides a solution to this problem, and predicts the differential performance depending on relatedness of group members. In subsocial spiders, juveniles live in transient groups that cooperate in hunting and communal feeding. Prey capture is costly in terms of risk of injury and investment of venom and digestive enzymes, and therefore presents a situation where individuals may attempt to avoid costly interactions and exploit the resource acquired by other group members. We tested the prediction that individuals differentiate participation and/or investment in cooperative prey capture and extra-oral digestion (injection of digestive enzymes into prey prior to the initiation of extraction of nutrients) in response to relatedness of group members with whom they interact, in the subsocial spider <i>Stegodyphus africanus</i>. The performance of groups and interactions over prey attack in groups of either related or mixed kin spiderlings were determined over a period of four weeks. We show that kin groups attack the prey significantly faster, recruit individuals to form feeding groups faster, extract prey body mass more efficiently, and experience less antagonistic interactions than groups of mixed relatedness, which ultimately translates into an elevated growth rate. These results indicate that related individuals are more willing to take risks and invest in communal digestion when foraging with kin, as predicted by inclusive fitness theory as a solution to the tragedy of the commons.</p>
Frequency-dependent P-wave anelasticity due to multiscale (fractal) heterogeneities in rocks
<p>These data are the compressional-wave waveform data through ultrasonic experimental measurements on the rock samples, the sonic log data and the seismic data. Details are given in the uploaded introduction document regarding the format of the data.</p>
Dataset of "Graphite lubrication of highly loaded contacts: humidity-dependent friction and structural transition to turbostratic carbon"
<p>Initial atomic configurations for DFTB-MD simulations (Fig. 8-10, Fig. S7).</p>
Measurement Report: Investigation of pH- and particle size-dependent chemical and optical properties of water-soluble organic carbon: implications for its sources and aging processes
<p>The original dataset of the manuscript: "Measurement Report: Investigation of pH- and particle size-dependent chemical and optical properties of water-soluble organic carbon: implications for its sources and aging processes"</p>
Locomotor resilience through load-dependent modulation of muscle co-contraction
<p>Terrestrial locomotor behavior in variable environments requires resilience to sudden changes in substrate properties. For example, walking animals can adjust to substantial changes in slope and corresponding changes in load distribution among legs. In insects, slope-dependent adjustments have mainly been examined under steady-state conditions, whereas the transition dynamics have been largely neglected. In a previous study, we showed that steady-state adjustments of stick insects to ±45° slopes involve substantial changes in joint torques and muscle activity with only minor changes in leg kinematics. Here, we take a close look at the time course of these adjustments as stick insects compensate for various kinds of disturbances to load distribution. In particular, we test whether the transition from one steady state to another involves distinct transition steps or follows a graded process. To resolve this, we combined simultaneous recordings of whole-body kinematics and hind leg muscle activity to elucidate how freely walking <em>Carausius morosus</em> negotiated a step-change in substrate slope. Step-by-step adjustments reveal that muscle activity changed in a graded manner as a function of body pitch relative to gravity. We further show analogous transient adjustment of muscle activity in response to destabilizing lift-off events of neighboring legs and the disappearance of antagonist co-activation during crawling episodes. Given these three examples of load-dependent regulation of antagonist muscle co-contraction, we conclude that stick insects respond to both transient and sustained changes in load distribution by regulating joint stiffness rather than through distinct transition steps.</p>
In vivo reduction of age-dependent neuromelanin accumulation mitigates features of Parkinson's disease
<p>Supplementary datasets (Supplementary tables 1 to 10)</p>
Custom codes related to the publication "Mitigating transcription-replication conflicts: In early Drosophila embryos, rapid onset of transcription after mitosis depends on DNA replication"
<p>This dataset includes the custom codes related to the publication: Mitigating transcription-replication conflicts: In early Drosophila embryos, rapid onset of transcription after mitosis depends on DNA replication, Cell Reports 2022.</p> <p>The raw imaging data can be found at https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7102432</p>
Defect-induced tuning of polarity-dependent adsorption in hydrophobic–hydrophilic UiO-66
<p>Simulations outputs from DFT and MC calculations on UiO-66 structures</p>
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These curated guides explain access requirements, typical timelines, costs, and reuse considerations for widely used research datasets.
Allen Brain Atlas
Allen Brain Atlas is an Allen Institute collection of brain map atlases, datasets, APIs, and analysis tools covering mouse, human, and non-human primate brain resources.
Annotated Behaviour and Observability Dataset (ABODe)
ABODe is a University of Edinburgh DataShare dataset for behavior classification in group-housed mice using home-cage video, identities, bounding boxes, ground-plate positions, and annotator labels.
DANDI Archive for NWB datasets
DANDI is a BRAIN Initiative archive for publishing and sharing neurophysiology data, including electrophysiology, optophysiology, and behavioral data packaged as NWB and related standards.
International Brain Laboratory public data
The International Brain Laboratory public data releases expose standardized mouse decision-making experiments, including Neuropixels recordings, widefield calcium imaging, behavior, and session metadata accessed through the ONE API.
OpenNeuro
OpenNeuro is a free, open platform for sharing neuroimaging datasets, with public search, dataset pages, and download paths for web, S3, DataLad, and the OpenNeuro CLI.