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FIGURES 43–46 in Adlafia sinensis sp. nov. (Bacillariophyceae) from the Wuling Mountains Area, China, with reference to the structure of its girdle bands

FIGURES 43–46. Adlafia sinensis sp. nov., SEM. 43. Detail of Fig. 41, showing the hooked terminal raphe fissures continuing onto the mantle, open girdle band (arrow), and two rows of poroids become only one row distal the raphe fissure (curved arrow). 44. Detail of Fig. 40, showing the structure of the cingulum at the apex, note the valvocopulae (VC), two segmental bands (B2 and B3), and distinct gap. 45. Detail of Fig. 40, showing the deep mantle and the valvocopula connecting epivalve with the hypovalve. 46. Detail of Fig. 40, showing the structure of the cingulum at the apex, note the valvocopulae (VC), and distinct gap. Scale bars = 1 μm.

FIGURES 40–42 in Adlafia sinensis sp. nov. (Bacillariophyceae) from the Wuling Mountains Area, China, with reference to the structure of its girdle bands

FIGURES 40–42. Adlafia sinensis sp. nov., SEM. 40–42. Three types of frustules. 40. One very slightly dismembered frustule, showing the epivalve (EV), hypovalve (HV) and valvocopula (VC). 41. One slightly dismembered frustule, showing the epivalve (EV), hypovalve (HV) and valvocopula (VC). Note the deep mantle, striae continuing onto the mantle, but seven striae located only on the mantle (arrowheads). 42. One dismembered frustule or a released frustule after new sibling valve formation, note the hypovalve (HV), the epivalve (EV), and the valvocopula (VC). Scale bars = 5 μm.

FIGURES 2–35 in Adlafia sinensis sp. nov. (Bacillariophyceae) from the Wuling Mountains Area, China, with reference to the structure of its girdle bands

FIGURES 2–35. Adlafia sinensis sp. nov., LM. 2–35. 34 valves showing the variation in valve outline, note the central raphe endings discernible only in some specimens. 29. Photograph of holotype. Scale bar (in Fig. 1) =10 μm for all figures.

FIGURES 36–39 in Adlafia sinensis sp. nov. (Bacillariophyceae) from the Wuling Mountains Area, China, with reference to the structure of its girdle bands

FIGURES 36–39. Adlafia sinensis sp. nov., SEM. 36–38. External view of valves, showing hooked terminal raphe fissures, the areolae covered by hymenes externally and two rows of poroids on the girdle band (Fig. 38, arrow). 39. The internal view of valve, note the deep mantles. Scale bars = 5 μm.

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FIGURE 1. Polystichum alluvium Li Bing Zhang, N.T in Polystichum alluvium (subg. Haplopolystichum; Dryopteridaceae), a new cave species from Guizhou, China, with reference to new distribution records of P. leveillei

FIGURE 1. Polystichum alluvium Li Bing Zhang, N.T.Lu & Yi F.Duan.—A, B. Outside views of the cave where the new species was discovered.—C. Habitat inside the cave.—D. Abaxial view of leaf.—E. Abaxial view of lower portion of leaf.—F. Adaxial view of leaf.—G, I. Habit of the new fern in the cave.—H. Abaxial view of upper portion of leaf.

FIGURE 5 in The Ulva flexuosa complex (Ulvaceae, Chlorophyta): an updated identification key with special reference to the freshwater and hyperhaline taxa

FIGURE 5. Habitats and morphology of U. flexuosa subsp. paradoxa (Voucher code: AMU-DH-U0121). A—canal with Ulva thalli on the bottom (arrow) (station No. 38), B—numerous uniseriate branches (arrows), C and D—elongated and conical apical cells (arrows) of uniseriate branches, E—cells arranged in long rows (arrow), F—stained pyrenoids (2–3 in a single cell), G—formation of zoospores in the apical part of the thallus, H—uniseriate branch with elongated and rounded apical cell (arrow), I—branch with rectangular cells (arrow). Photo credits: A–I, A.S. Rybak.

FIGURE 4 in The Ulva flexuosa complex (Ulvaceae, Chlorophyta): an updated identification key with special reference to the freshwater and hyperhaline taxa

FIGURE 4. Habitats and morphology of U. flexuosa subsp. pilifera (Voucher code: AMU-DH-U0122). A—thallus of Ulva (arrow) in the littoral zone of the Jacewo Pond (station No. 39), B—enlarged basal cells (arrows) in the apical part of the thallus, C—slightly conical and rounded apical cells (arrow) of uniseriate branches, D—cells forming a rosette (arrow) around the basal cell of branch, E—cells with 1–4 pyrenoids (arrows) in a single chromatophore, F and G—basal cells (arrows) of branches, H—rounded apical cell (arrow) of a uniseriate branch. Photo credits: A—H, A.S. Rybak.

FIGURE 3 in The Ulva flexuosa complex (Ulvaceae, Chlorophyta): an updated identification key with special reference to the freshwater and hyperhaline taxa

FIGURE 3. Examples of herbarium sheets. A—U. flexuosa subsp. pilifera (Voucher code: AMU-DH-U0004), B—U. flexuosa subsp. paradoxa (Voucher code: AMU-DH-U0121).

FIGURE 1 in The Ulva flexuosa complex (Ulvaceae, Chlorophyta): an updated identification key with special reference to the freshwater and hyperhaline taxa

FIGURE 1. Distribution of Ulva sampling locations in Poland (numbers provided are compatible with numbering of the stations in Table 2).

FIGURE 2 in The Ulva flexuosa complex (Ulvaceae, Chlorophyta): an updated identification key with special reference to the freshwater and hyperhaline taxa

FIGURE 2. Methodology of morphometric measurement. A—single thallus with apical, middle and basal-rhizoidal part (a—length of thallus, b—width of thallus), B–D—single cells (c—length of cell, d—width of cell, e—diameter of pyrenoid, f—width of cell wall), E– H—shape of chromatophores (E—flat chromatophore, F—cup-shaped chromatophore with equal edges ["U"—shaped], G—cup-shaped chromatophore with uneven edges, H—star-shaped chromatophore), I—regular pattern of cells in the thallus (in the form of short parallel rows), J—irregular pattern of the cells, K—cell arrangement around the enlarged basal cell of monoseriate branch, L—monoseriate branch, made up of 7 cells (with circular basal cell and rounded apical cell on the top of the branch), M–R—different shapes of apical cells (M—slightly rounded cell, N—conical cell, O—rounded cell with thin cell wall on the front and coarse sides, P—rounded cell with equal cell walls, R—elongated cell with a thin cell wall on the front and thicker side walls.

FIGURE 16. Polystichum superum Li Bing Zhang, M.Q in Eight new species of Polystichum (subg. Haplopolystichum; Dryopteridaceae) from limestone caves in Guangdong and Yunnan, China, with reference to species diversity in the karst terrains at high elevations in subtropical areas

FIGURE 16. Polystichum superum Li Bing Zhang, M.Q.Han & Yan Liu.—A. Habit of plants.—B. Portion of abaxial lamina.

FIGURE 14. Polystichum rectum Li Bing Zhang, M.Q in Eight new species of Polystichum (subg. Haplopolystichum; Dryopteridaceae) from limestone caves in Guangdong and Yunnan, China, with reference to species diversity in the karst terrains at high elevations in subtropical areas

FIGURE 14. Polystichum rectum Li Bing Zhang, M.Q.Han & Yan Liu.—A. Habit.—B. Portion of abaxial lamina.—C. Portion of adaxial lamina.

FIGURE 12. Polystichum pingbianense Li Bing Zhang, M.Q in Eight new species of Polystichum (subg. Haplopolystichum; Dryopteridaceae) from limestone caves in Guangdong and Yunnan, China, with reference to species diversity in the karst terrains at high elevations in subtropical areas

FIGURE 12. Polystichum pingbianense Li Bing Zhang, M.Q.Han & Yan Liu.—A. Habit of plants.—B. Portion of abaxial lamina.—C. Apex of lamina.

FIGURE 11. Polystichum pingbianense Li Bing Zhang, M.Q in Eight new species of Polystichum (subg. Haplopolystichum; Dryopteridaceae) from limestone caves in Guangdong and Yunnan, China, with reference to species diversity in the karst terrains at high elevations in subtropical areas

FIGURE 11. Polystichum pingbianense Li Bing Zhang, M.Q.Han & Yan Liu.—A. Habitat and plant.—B. Adaxial view of leaves.—C, F. Abaxial views of laminae.—E. Lower portion of leaf.—G. Portion of abaxial lamina.—H. Sporangium before dehiscence.—K. Equatorial views of spores with and partially without perispores under SEM.—J. Portion of the village where the new species was discovered.

FIGURE 10. Polystichum oblongipinnarum Li Bing Zhang, M.Q in Eight new species of Polystichum (subg. Haplopolystichum; Dryopteridaceae) from limestone caves in Guangdong and Yunnan, China, with reference to species diversity in the karst terrains at high elevations in subtropical areas

FIGURE 10. Polystichum oblongipinnarum Li Bing Zhang, M.Q.Han & Yan Liu.—A. Habit of plants.—B. Adaxial lamina.—C. Abaxial lamina.

FIGURE 15. Polystichum superum Li Bing Zhang, M.Q in Eight new species of Polystichum (subg. Haplopolystichum; Dryopteridaceae) from limestone caves in Guangdong and Yunnan, China, with reference to species diversity in the karst terrains at high elevations in subtropical areas

FIGURE 15. Polystichum superum Li Bing Zhang, M.Q.Han & Yan Liu.—A. Habitat and plant.—B. Petioles.—C–E, G, H. Portions of abaxial lamina.—D, E. Portions of rachises with pinnae.—F, L. Polar and equatorial views of spores under SEM.—J. Sporangium before dehiscence.—K. Outside view of the cave where the new species was discovered.

FIGURE 13. Polystichum rectum Li Bing Zhang, M.Q in Eight new species of Polystichum (subg. Haplopolystichum; Dryopteridaceae) from limestone caves in Guangdong and Yunnan, China, with reference to species diversity in the karst terrains at high elevations in subtropical areas

FIGURE 13. Polystichum rectum Li Bing Zhang, M.Q.Han & Yan Liu.—A. Habitat and plant.—B. Portions of petioles.—C. Abaxial view of leaf.—D, E. Portions of rachises with pinnae.—F. Portion of abaxial lamina.—G, K. Polar and equatorial views of spores with and without perispores under SEM.—H. Sporangium before dehiscence.—J. Limestone mountain where the new species was discovered.

FIGURE 9. Polystichum oblongipinnarum Li Bing Zhang, M.Q in Eight new species of Polystichum (subg. Haplopolystichum; Dryopteridaceae) from limestone caves in Guangdong and Yunnan, China, with reference to species diversity in the karst terrains at high elevations in subtropical areas

FIGURE 9. Polystichum oblongipinnarum Li Bing Zhang, M.Q.Han & Yan Liu.—A. Habitat and plant.—B. Abaxial view of lamina.—C. Adaxial view of lamina.—D. Portion of lamina.—E, F. Outside and inside views of the cave where the new species was discovered.

FIGURE 8. Polystichum malipoense Li Bing Zhang, M.Q in Eight new species of Polystichum (subg. Haplopolystichum; Dryopteridaceae) from limestone caves in Guangdong and Yunnan, China, with reference to species diversity in the karst terrains at high elevations in subtropical areas

FIGURE 8. Polystichum malipoense Li Bing Zhang, M.Q.Han & Yan Liu.—A. Two leaves.—B. Portion of abaxial lamina.

FIGURE 7. Polystichum malipoense Li Bing Zhang, M.Q in Eight new species of Polystichum (subg. Haplopolystichum; Dryopteridaceae) from limestone caves in Guangdong and Yunnan, China, with reference to species diversity in the karst terrains at high elevations in subtropical areas

FIGURE 7. Polystichum malipoense Li Bing Zhang, M.Q.Han & Yan Liu.—A. Habitat and plant.—B. Adaxial view of leaves.—C. Abaxial view of lamina.—D. Portion of abaxial lamina.—E. Adaxial view of pinna.—F. Portions of petioles.—G. Portion of pinna.—H, K. Polar and equatorial views of spores with and without perispores under SEM.—J. Inside view of the cave where the new species was discovered.