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Fig. 6. Mazax pax Reiskind, 1969. A–B in Two fancy spines and a collar: a taxonomic review of the myrmecomorphic spider genus Mazax O. Pickard-Cambridge, 1898 (Araneae: Corinnidae: Castianeirinae) in South America
Fig. 6. Mazax pax Reiskind, 1969. A–B. ♀ (IBSP-221914). C–D. ♂ (IBSP-221924). A. Epigyne, dorsal view. B. Same, with details of copulatory duct (CD). C. Right palp, ventral view. D. Same, with details of embolus. Abbreviations: CD = copulatory duct; CP = chemocensory patch; FD = fertilization duct; ST I = primary spermatheca; ST II = secondary spermatheca. Scales: A, C = 100 µm; B, D = 50 µm.
Fig. 1 in Two fancy spines and a collar: a taxonomic review of the myrmecomorphic spider genus Mazax O. Pickard-Cambridge, 1898 (Araneae: Corinnidae: Castianeirinae) in South America
Fig. 1. Live specimens of the Mazax spinosa group. A. M. leonidas sp. nov. B. M. spinosa (Simon, 1898). Credits: A. Alejandra Alejandra Arroyave Muñoz, B. Luke Padon.
Fig. 4. Mazax pax Reiskind, 1969 in Two fancy spines and a collar: a taxonomic review of the myrmecomorphic spider genus Mazax O. Pickard-Cambridge, 1898 (Araneae: Corinnidae: Castianeirinae) in South America
Fig. 4. Mazax pax Reiskind, 1969, ♀ (IBSP-221914). A. Carapace, dorsal view. B. Details of posterior eye row (PER). C. Feathery hair on carapace. D. Feathery hair on pedicel collar. E. Abdomen, dorsal view (white arrow indicates pedicel collar). Scales: A–B = 500µm; C–D = 50 µm; E = 1 mm.
Fig. 5. Mazax pax Reiskind, 1969 in Two fancy spines and a collar: a taxonomic review of the myrmecomorphic spider genus Mazax O. Pickard-Cambridge, 1898 (Araneae: Corinnidae: Castianeirinae) in South America
Fig. 5. Mazax pax Reiskind, 1969, ♀ (IBSP-221914). A. Abdomen, lateral view, with pedicel collar and AS II. B. Abdomen, dorsal view, with details of AS II. Scales: 50 µm.
Fig. 11 in Two fancy spines and a collar: a taxonomic review of the myrmecomorphic spider genus Mazax O. Pickard-Cambridge, 1898 (Araneae: Corinnidae: Castianeirinae) in South America
Fig. 11.Mazax acanthaspis (Simon, 1896) comb. nov., ♂ (MPEG(ARA)-38442). A. Embolus, retrolateral view (black arrow indicates embolar dorsal projection). B. Same, ventrolateral view. Scales: 50 µm.
Fig. 3. Mazax pax Resikind, 1969. A–C, G–H in Two fancy spines and a collar: a taxonomic review of the myrmecomorphic spider genus Mazax O. Pickard-Cambridge, 1898 (Araneae: Corinnidae: Castianeirinae) in South America
Fig. 3. Mazax pax Resikind, 1969. A–C, G–H. ♀ (IBSP-221909). D–F, I–J. ♂ (ICN-Ar-8773). A. Dorsal view. B. Lateral view. C. Ventral view. D. Dorsal view. E. Lateral view (black arrow indicates AS II). F. Ventral view. G. Epigyne, ventral view. H. Same, dorsal view. I. Palp, ventral view. J. Same, retrolateral view. Abbreviations: CD = copulatory duct; CO = copulatory opening; CP = chemocensory patch; E = embolus; FD = fertilization duct; RTA = retrolateral tibial apophysis; ST I = primary spermatheca; ST II = secondary spermatheca. Scales: 0.5 mm.
Fig. 8 in Two fancy spines and a collar: a taxonomic review of the myrmecomorphic spider genus Mazax O. Pickard-Cambridge, 1898 (Araneae: Corinnidae: Castianeirinae) in South America
Fig. 8. Mazax spinosa (Simon, 1898). A–C, G–H. ♀ (IBSP-221867). D–F, I–J. ♂ (IBSP-221906). A. Dorsal view. B. Lateral view. C. Ventral view. D. Dorsal view. E. Lateral view (black arrow indicates AS II). F. Ventral view. G. Epigyne, ventral view. H. Same, dorsal view. I. Palp, ventral view. J. Same, retrolateral view. Abbreviations: CD = copulatory duct; CO = copulatory opening; CP = chemocensory patch; E = embolus; FD = fertilization duct; RTA = retrolateral tibial apophysis; ST I = primary spermatheca; ST II = secondary spermatheca. Scales: 0.5 mm.
Table 1 in Two new species of megasporangiate Sigillariostrobus Schimper (Sigillariostrobaceae) fructifications from the British Coal Measures
<p><b>Table 1.</b> Morphological comparison of <i>Sigillariostrobus</i> cones with in situ spores referable to <i>Laevigatisporites glabratus</i>.</p><table><tbody><tr><th></th><th><i>S. tieghemi</i></th><th><i>S. quadrangularis</i> (Les-</th><th><i>S. czarnockii</i> Bochen-</th><th><i>S. leiosporous</i> Abbott,</th><th><i>Sigillariostrobus</i></th></tr></tbody><tbody><tr><th></th><td>Zeiller, 1884</td><td>quereux) White, 1903</td><td>ski, 1936</td><td>1963</td><td><i>saltwellensis</i> sp.</td></tr><tr><th></th><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td>nov.</td></tr><tr><th>Cone size</th><td>160 mm long</td><td>Up to 160 mm long, av-</td><td>ca. 180 mm long, 17–</td><td>Up to 180 mm long,</td><td>At least 86 mm</td></tr><tr><th></th><td>25–50 mm</td><td>erage width 11.6 mm</td><td>25 mm broad</td><td>20 mm broad</td><td>long, 17–20 mm</td></tr><tr><th></th><td>broad</td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td>broad</td></tr><tr><th>Cone axis</th><td></td><td>1 mm</td><td>7–8 mm</td><td>4–7 mm</td><td>1.2 mm</td></tr><tr><th>Sporophyll</th><td>Alternating</td><td>In whorls</td><td>Helical with sporo-</td><td>Alternating verticils</td><td>Helical</td></tr><tr><th>arrangement</th><td>whorls with</td><td></td><td>phylls lying above one</td><td>of 4–5 sporophylls;</td><td></td></tr><tr><th></th><td>8–10 per whorl</td><td></td><td>another</td><td>3–4 mm between</td><td></td></tr><tr><th></th><td></td><td></td><td></td><td>verticils</td><td></td></tr><tr><th>Sporophyll</th><td>With prominent</td><td>Sporophyll laminae</td><td>Sporophylls 20–25 mm</td><td>Pedicels: 5–7 mm long,</td><td>Laminae ca.</td></tr><tr><th>shape</th><td>heel</td><td>9 mm long</td><td>long; upper part</td><td>1 mm broad at attach-</td><td>6.5 mm long,</td></tr><tr><th></th><td></td><td></td><td>sharply pointed with a</td><td>ment point, widening to</td><td>spreading out-</td></tr><tr><th></th><td></td><td></td><td>hollowed-out deltoid</td><td>4 mm</td><td>wards from</td></tr><tr><th></th><td></td><td></td><td>shape, margin ciliate.</td><td>Laminae: broadly</td><td>cone</td></tr><tr><th></th><td></td><td></td><td></td><td>triangular, acuminate,</td><td></td></tr><tr><th></th><td></td><td></td><td></td><td>5–8 mm long, 4–6 mm</td><td></td></tr><tr><th></th><td></td><td></td><td></td><td>broad, margin ciliate</td><td></td></tr><tr><th>Sporangia</th><td>None observed</td><td>4 mm long, 5 mm high,</td><td>4–7 mm long, breadth</td><td>4–5 mm long, 2 mm</td><td>7 mm long,</td></tr><tr><th></th><td></td><td>4 mm broad</td><td>2–4.5 mm;</td><td>high, 4–4.5 mm wide;</td><td>2.5 mm high</td></tr><tr><th></th><td></td><td></td><td>contain three tetrads of</td><td>contains one tetrad of</td><td></td></tr><tr><th></th><td></td><td></td><td>megaspores</td><td>megaspores</td><td></td></tr><tr><th>Peduncle</th><td>Acicular leaves</td><td>None observed</td><td>At least 40 mm long</td><td>At least 65 mm long</td><td>None observed</td></tr><tr><th></th><td>or bracts</td><td></td><td>and 7–8 mm broad,</td><td>and 2–5 mm broad,</td><td></td></tr><tr><th></th><td>attached to the</td><td></td><td>uppermost 30 mm with</td><td>covered with minute</td><td></td></tr><tr><th></th><td>upper portion</td><td></td><td>long, triangular and</td><td>stiff spines up to 1 mm</td><td></td></tr><tr><th></th><td></td><td></td><td>pointed sterile leaves</td><td>long</td><td></td></tr><tr><th></th><td></td><td></td><td>25 mm long and 25 mm</td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><th></th><td></td><td></td><td>wide at the base</td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><th>Age and</th><td>Age unknown,</td><td>Brazil Formation,</td><td>Duckmantian, Upper</td><td>Upper Freeport (no.</td><td>Upper Langsettian–</td></tr><tr><th>locality</th><td>Valenciennes,</td><td>Upper Pottsville,</td><td>Silesian Basin, Poland</td><td>7) Coal Allegheny,</td><td>Duckmantian</td></tr><tr><th></th><td>France</td><td>Duckmantian/</td><td></td><td>mid-Pennsylvanian,</td><td></td></tr><tr><th></th><td></td><td>Bolsovian</td><td></td><td>Bolsovian/Asturian,</td><td></td></tr><tr><th></th><td></td><td>Indiana, USA</td><td></td><td>southeastern Ohio,</td><td></td></tr><tr><th></th><td></td><td></td><td></td><td>USA</td><td></td></tr></tbody></table>
Multi-milliwatt average power two-color air-plasma terahertz source at 100 kHz repetition rate
<p>These data sets are associated with the aforementioned paper and can be used to reproduce the figures of our article. An example for reading and plotting of the data sets is provided as a <em>jupyter notebook</em>.</p>
Figures 6 & 7 in On two species of Opogona Zeller, 1853 from St Helena Island (Tineoidea: Tineidae: Hieroxestinae)
Figures 6 & 7 – Female genitalia of Opogona species: 6. O. aenea sp. nov., with signum in dorsal view; 7. O. compositarum.
Figure 8 in On two species of Opogona Zeller, 1853 from St Helena Island (Tineoidea: Tineidae: Hieroxestinae)
Figure 8 – Neighbour-joining tree of COI sequences of O. aenea sp. nov., O. brunneomarmorata, O. apicalis syn. nov., O compositarum and O. omoscopa (Meyrick, 1893) (Kimura-2- parameter, composed with BOLD, after Ratnasingham & Hebert (2007).
Figures 1–3 in On two species of Opogona Zeller, 1853 from St Helena Island (Tineoidea: Tineidae: Hieroxestinae)
Figures 1–3 – Adult habitus of Opogona species: 1: O. aenea sp. nov., paratype, ♀; 2: O. compositarum, ♂; 3: O. compositarum, ♀.
A biophysical model of two interacting cortical areas
<p>We present a large-scale, data-driven, biophysically-detailed computational model of two interacting cortical areas, based on data from rodent somatosensory cortex.</p> <p>This model is derived from a previous model (described in two manuscripts: <a href="https://doi.org/10.7554/eLife.99688.1" target="_blank" rel="noopener">anatomy</a>, <a href="https://doi.org/10.1101/2023.05.17.541168" target="_blank" rel="noopener">physiology</a>), but it consists of a reduced setting tailored to the study of inter-areal interactions in cortical sensory processing. Details of the model and initial results can be found <a href="https://doi.org/10.1101/2024.10.13.618022" target="_blank" rel="noopener">here</a>.</p> <h3>Description</h3> <p>The model describes a system of two otherwise isolated cortical areas (X and Y), where area X is a primary sensory and area Y is the first higher-order area in a cortical processing hierarchy. Each area consists of about 200K morphologically-detailed conductance-based neurons, distributed across six cortical layers and of 60 different morphological types and 212 morpho-electrical types.</p> <p>The model incorporates the following connectivity:</p> <ul> <li>Local touch-based connectivity within each area.</li> <li>Thalamocortical innervation from both VPM (core-type) and POm (matrix-type) nuclei to area X.</li> <li>Long-range data-driven projections between both areas with characteristic laminar termination profiles.</li> </ul> <p>Additionally, each area receives nonspecific background noise to exhibit spontaneous activity comparable to experimental recordings of per-layer mean firing rates.</p> <h3>Setup</h3> <p>The model is provided in the <a href="https://journals.plos.org/ploscompbiol/article?id=10.1371/journal.pcbi.1007696" target="_blank" rel="noopener">SONATA</a> format and can be run using <a href="https://github.com/BlueBrain/neurodamus/" target="_blank" rel="noopener">Neurodamus</a>, a simulator frontend for <a href="https://www.neuron.yale.edu/neuron/" target="_blank" rel="noopener">NEURON</a>. Synaptic and ion channel mechanisms specific for <a href="https://github.com/BlueBrain/neurodamus-models/tree/main/neocortex" target="_blank" rel="noopener">neocortical</a> neurons are also required to run this model (build instructions <a href="https://github.com/BlueBrain/neurodamus#build-special-with-mod-files" target="_blank" rel="noopener">here</a>).</p> <p>To setup the model, all files must be placed in the same directory and all the <a href="https://www.nongnu.org/lzip/" target="_blank" rel="noopener">Lzip</a>-compressed TAR archives must be extracted. The total uncompressed size is 219 GB.</p> <pre><code>$ mkdir model_root # download all files into model_root $ cd model_root $ for file in *.tar.lz; do tar -xf $file; done</code></pre> <h3>Simulation</h3> <p>We provide some example configuration files (under<em> </em><strong>example_simulation_configs</strong>) for simulations of spontaneous and evoked activity, as well as some network manipulations (layer-wise pathway blocks and TTX application).</p> <p>In order to run a simulation, copy <strong>simulation_config.json</strong> into a new directory and set the <em>network</em> key to the path of the directory containing the extracted model (optionally, set the <em>output</em> key as well). Instructions for running a simulation can be found <a href="https://github.com/BlueBrain/neurodamus?tab=readme-ov-file#examples" target="_blank" rel="noopener">here</a> and documentation for the simulation configuration file can be found <a href="https://sonata-extension.readthedocs.io/en/latest/sonata_simulation.html" target="_blank" rel="noopener">here</a>.</p> <h3>Analysis</h3> <p>Analysis of model composition and connectivity, as well as of simulation outputs, can be performed using <a href="https://github.com/BlueBrain/snap" target="_blank" rel="noopener">Blue Brain SNAP</a> or by directly accessing the HDF5 files with <a href="https://github.com/BlueBrain/libsonata" target="_blank" rel="noopener">libsonata</a>. Documentation on the SONATA format for all files making up the model can be found <a href="https://sonata-extension.readthedocs.io/en/latest/sonata_overview.html" target="_blank" rel="noopener">here</a>.</p> <h3>Computational resources</h3> <p>Approximate scaling of computational resources is as follows (based on simulations of 5 s biological time running on a cluster with 40 cores @ 2.5 GHz and 376 GB of RAM per node, one MPI process per core, using <a href="https://doi.org/10.3389/fninf.2019.00063" target="_blank" rel="noopener">CoreNEURON</a>):</p> <ul> <li>Memory per process = 1106 GB / N ** 0.87</li> <li>Simulation time = 4278 h / N ** 0.93</li> </ul> <p>For example, running with N = 1000 processes (25 nodes) results in 107 GB memory usage per node and 7h16m simulation time for 5 s biological time. Longer simulations scale approximately linearly in time, taking 13h13m for 10 s biological time and 21h48m for 15 s biological time.</p> <h3>Changelog</h3> <p>v1.0.1<br>Fixed (unused) key "node_sets_file" in example simulation configuration files.</p>
Determining aligner-induced tooth movements in three dimensions using clinical data of two patients: datasets
<h2>Abstract</h2> <p>The effectiveness of a series of optically transparent aligners for orthodontic treatments depends on the anchoring of each tooth. In contrast with the roots, the crowns’ positions and orientations are measurable with intraoral scans, thus avoiding any X-ray dose. Exemplified by two patients, we demonstrate that three-dimensional crown movements could be determined with micrometer precision by registering weekly intraoral scans. The data show the movement and orientation changes in the individual crowns of the upper and lower jaws as a result of the forces generated by the series of aligners. During the first weeks, the canines and incisors were more affected than the premolars and molars. We detected overall tooth movement of up to about 1 mm during a nine-week active treatment. The data on these orthodontic treatments indicate the extent to which actual tooth movement lags behind the treatment plan, as represented by the aligner shapes. The proposed procedure can not only be used to quantify the clinical outcome of the therapy, but also to improve future planning of orthodontic treatments for each specific patient. This study should be treated with caution because only two cases were investigated, and the approach should be applied to a reasonably large cohort to reach strong conclusions regarding the efficiency and efficacy of this therapeutic approach.</p> <h2>Data</h2> <p>The repository contains the data of the intraoral scans and all data where manual interactions were performed to allow reproducing the results. </p> <p>The directory and file names are as follows:</p> <table> <tbody> <tr> <td><strong>Name</strong></td> <td><strong>Level, type<br></strong></td> <td><strong>Description</strong></td> </tr> <tr> <td><em>p</em>_Clinical_Trial</td> <td>1st, directory</td> <td>Patient <em>p</em>: <em>p</em>=3485 stands for patient A, <em>p</em>=6457 stands for patient B</td> </tr> <tr> <td>Bottmedical</td> <td>2nd, directory</td> <td>Planning data</td> </tr> <tr> <td>Sirona</td> <td>2nd, directory</td> <td>Intraoral scan data</td> </tr> <tr> <td>T<em>n</em></td> <td>3rd, directory</td> <td>Time step <em>n</em> for <em>n</em>=0: before treatment, <em>n</em>=1-9: after 1-9 weeks of treatment; <em>n</em>=10: end of treatment</td> </tr> <tr> <td>Lower_Aligner_<em>n</em>_cut1.stl</td> <td>4th, file</td> <td>Manually cut surface mesh of planned data, lower jaw for time step <em>n</em></td> </tr> <tr> <td>Upper_Aligner_<em>n</em>_cut1.stl</td> <td>4th, file</td> <td>Manually cut surface mesh of planned data, upper jaw for time step <em>n</em></td> </tr> <tr> <td><em>p</em>_OnyxCeph3_Export_<em>j</em>_cut1.stl</td> <td>4th, file</td> <td>Manually cut surface mesh from intraoral scan, for lower (<em>j</em>=UK) or upper (<em>j</em>=OK) jaw</td> </tr> <tr> <td><em>p</em>_OnyxCeph3_Export_<em>j</em>.stl</td> <td>4th, file</td> <td>Original surface mesh from intraoral scan, for lower (<em>j</em>=UK) or upper (<em>j</em>=OK) jaw</td> </tr> <tr> <td>teethSeg</td> <td>4th, directory</td> <td>Segmented crowns via OnyxCeph3 TM</td> </tr> <tr> <td>teethSeg_noSnap_TolS</td> <td>4th, directory</td> <td>Transferred crown segmentations and occlusion plane points</td> </tr> <tr> <td><em>p</em>_Z<em>i</em>.stl</td> <td>5th, file</td> <td> <p>Surface mesh of crown segmentation for tooth number <em>i </em>of patient<em> p<br></em></p> </td> </tr> <tr> <td><em>p</em>_<em>j</em>.stl</td> <td>5th, file</td> <td> <p>Surface mesh of all crown segmentations for lower (<em>j</em>=UK) or upper (<em>j</em>=OK) jaw of patient <em>p</em></p> </td> </tr> <tr> <td><em>p</em>_<em>j</em>_occPlane.mat</td> <td>5th, file</td> <td> <p>Binary Matlab file of saved variable occPlane, which defines transferred occlusion plane points for lower (<em>j</em>=UK) or upper (<em>j</em>=OK) jaw of patient <em>p</em></p> </td> </tr> </tbody> </table> <p>File formats:</p> <p>stl files describe an unstructured triangulates surface by vertices and triangles. These files can be read by the open source software freecad or the MATLAB function stlread.</p> <p>mat files are MATLAB files and can be read via MATLAB function load.</p>
Filling the data gap between GRACE and GRACE-FO based on a two-step reconstruction method
<p><span>GRACE, </span><span>GRACE-FO</span><span>, Data gap, long short-term memory Bayesian convolutional neural network (LSTM-BCNN)</span></p>
Fig. 5. Cortinarius dhakuricus A.Bose & K in Two new species and a new record of Cortinarius subgenus Telamonia (Agaricales) from India
Fig. 5. Cortinarius dhakuricus A.Bose & K.Das sp. nov. (holotype; A. Bose & K. Das, AB23-033, CAL). a. Basidiospores. b. Basidia. c. Marginal cells. d–e. Transverse section of pileipellis through squamules. Scale bars = 10 µm.
Fig. 4. Cortinarius dhakuricus A.Bose & K in Two new species and a new record of Cortinarius subgenus Telamonia (Agaricales) from India
Fig. 4. Cortinarius dhakuricus A.Bose & K.Das sp. nov. (holotype; A. Bose & K. Das, AB23-033, CAL). a–b. Fresh basidiomata. c. Basidia. d–e. Basidiospores (SEM). f. Transverse section through squamules. Scale bars: c–e = 10 µm; f = 20 µm.
Fig. 3. Cortinarius thindii A.Bose & K in Two new species and a new record of Cortinarius subgenus Telamonia (Agaricales) from India
Fig. 3. Cortinarius thindii A.Bose & K.Das sp. nov. (holotype; A. Bose & K. Das, AB23-025, CAL). a. Basidiospores. B. Basidia. c. Elements of pileipellis. d. Marginal elements. Scale bars = 10 µm.
Fig. 7 in Two new species and a new record of Cortinarius subgenus Telamonia (Agaricales) from India
Fig. 7. Cortinarius pseudotorvus (Arunima Bose, AB23-039, CAL). a. Basidiospores. b. Basidia. c. Elements of pileipellis. d. Marginal elements. Scale bars = 10 µm.
Fig. 1 in Two new species and a new record of Cortinarius subgenus Telamonia (Agaricales) from India
Fig. 1. Phylogram generated by maximum likelihood analysis based on ITS sequence data for C. thindii A.Bose & K.Das sp. nov., C. dhakuricus A.Bose & K.Das sp. nov., C. pseudotorvus A.Naseer, J.Khan, & A.N.Khalid and allied species. Maximum likelihood bootstrap support values (MLbs) ≥ 70% are shown on the left of "/". C. thindii and C. dhakuricus are placed in bold red and C. pseudotorvus placed in bold blue font, respectively, to highlight their phylogenetic positions in the tree.
ScienceDex guides
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These curated guides explain access requirements, typical timelines, costs, and reuse considerations for widely used research datasets.
Allen Brain Atlas
Allen Brain Atlas is an Allen Institute collection of brain map atlases, datasets, APIs, and analysis tools covering mouse, human, and non-human primate brain resources.
Annotated Behaviour and Observability Dataset (ABODe)
ABODe is a University of Edinburgh DataShare dataset for behavior classification in group-housed mice using home-cage video, identities, bounding boxes, ground-plate positions, and annotator labels.
DANDI Archive for NWB datasets
DANDI is a BRAIN Initiative archive for publishing and sharing neurophysiology data, including electrophysiology, optophysiology, and behavioral data packaged as NWB and related standards.
International Brain Laboratory public data
The International Brain Laboratory public data releases expose standardized mouse decision-making experiments, including Neuropixels recordings, widefield calcium imaging, behavior, and session metadata accessed through the ONE API.
OpenNeuro
OpenNeuro is a free, open platform for sharing neuroimaging datasets, with public search, dataset pages, and download paths for web, S3, DataLad, and the OpenNeuro CLI.