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15,560 results for “How long”
Short and long-term effects of endogenous cortisol on personality traits and behavioral syndromes
<p>Animals express consistent individual differences in some behaviours, termed animal personality but behaviours can also considerably vary within individuals, within minutes or hours, due to environmental stimuli. Consistent among-individual variation is often assumed to be mediated by hormonal mechanisms. Hormones are also involved in flexible and fast responses towards environmental stimuli. Even though basic mechanisms by which hormones regulate behaviours are known, much of the quantitative patterns underlying hormone-behaviour interactions within and among individuals, remain unclear. Here, we conducted two experiments to investigate the immediate, short-term effects of experimentally elevated cortisol titres on well-known animal personality traits (Experiment 1) and the potential long-term effects of such experimentally elevated cortisol titres (Experiment 2) in the medium-sized cavy (<em>Cavia aperea</em>). Therefore, we tested how personality traits related to stress-coping, novelty seeking and social behaviour react within hours towards elevated cortisol. In Experiment 2, we tested if a three-weeks elevation of cortisol affects the same personality traits after cessation of the hormone treatment. We investigated effects on the mean levels of behaviours, i.e., the personality type, the temporal consistency, i.e., repeatability and among-individual correlations of traits. In experiment 1, we found cortisol to lead to more aggressive behaviour and more passive stress-coping while other traits were unaffected. In experiment 2, we found no long-term persisting effects. Both measured hormones, cortisol and testosterone, showed correlations to several personality traits, these correlations were, however, unaffected by the cortisol treatment. Animals receiving the cortisol treatment showed higher repeatability, for one stress-coping trait and lower repeatability for testosterone concentration. Interestingly, sexes differed only in few mean trait expressions but showed different correlation structures across traits. Taken together, our data indicate that personality traits in adult individuals are very consistent and only react via short-term fluctuations towards internal hormonal signals.</p>
Data for: Coherent long-term body-size responses across all Northwest Atlantic herring populations to warming and environmental change despite contrasting harvest and ecological factors
<p>Body size is a key component of individual fitness and an important factor in the structure and functioning of populations and ecosystems. Disentangling the effects of environmental change, harvest, and intra- and inter-specific trophic effects on body size remains challenging for populations in the wild. Herring in the Northwest Atlantic provide a strong basis for evaluating hypotheses related to these drivers given that they have experienced significant warming and harvest over the past century, while also having been exposed to a wide range of other selective constraints across their range. Using data on mean length-at-age 4 for the sixteen principal populations over a period of 53 cohorts (1962-2014), we fitted a series of empirical models for temporal and between-population variation in the response to changes in sea surface temperature. We find evidence for a unified cross-population response in the form of a parabolic function according to which populations in naturally warmer environments have responded more negatively to increasing temperature compared with those in colder locations. Temporal variation in residuals from this function was highly coherent among populations, further suggesting a common response to a large-scale environmental driver. The synchrony observed in this study system, despite strong differences in harvest and ecological histories among populations and over time, clearly indicates a dominant role of environmental change on size-at-age in wild populations, in contrast to commonly reported effects of fishing. This finding has important implications for the management of fisheries as it indicates that a key trait associated with population productivity may be under considerably less short-term management control than currently assumed. Our study, overall, illustrates the need for a comparative approach within species for inferences concerning the many possible effects on body size of natural and anthropogenic drivers in the wild.</p>
Data/code from: Long-term data reveal that grazer density mediates climatic stress in salt marshes
<p>Understanding how climate and local stressors interact is paramount for predicting future ecosystem structure. The effects of stressors are often examined in small-scale and short-term field experiments, limiting understanding of the spatial and temporal generality of the findings. Using a 22-year observational dataset of plant and grazer abundance in a Southeastern US salt marsh, we analyzed how changes in drought and snail density combined to affect plant biomass. We found: (1) increased drought severity and higher snail density both correlated with lower plant biomass; (2) drought and snail effects interacted additively; and, (3) snail effects had a threshold, with additive top-down effects only occurring when snails were present at high densities. These results suggest that the emergence of multiple stressor effects can be density-dependent, and they validate short-term experimental evidence that consumers can exacerbate environmental stress. These findings have important implications for predicting future ecosystem structure and managing natural ecosystems.</p><p>The data and code included here can be used to replicate all analyses and figures in our manuscript.</p>
Long read genome assembly of Automeris io (Lepidoptera: Saturniidae) an emerging model for the evolution of deimatic displays
<p>Automeris moths are a morphologically diverse group with 145 described species that have a geographic range that spans from the New World temperate zone to the Neotropics. Many Automeris have hindwing eyespots that are thought to deter or disrupt the attack of potential predators, allowing the moth time to escape. Some species in the genus have vestigial eyespots or lack them completely, suggesting that this trait may provide a selective benefit. The Io moth (Automeris io), known for its striking eyespots, is the most widely studied species within the genus and is an emerging model system to study the evolution of deimatism, a predatory defense that combines visual stimuli and movement. Here we present a high-quality, PacBio HiFi genome assembly for Io moth to aid existing research on the molecular development of eyespots. Genomic research is needed to address questions involving antipredatory defenses and eyespot pattern development. BUSCO analysis for this genome shows a completeness of 98.4%, and N50 of 15.</p>
Dead mammal walking: a month-long march by a bison (Bison bison) after an ungulate-vehicle collision
<p>Globally, ungulate-vehicle collisions (UVC) are a major human safety concern and may also represent a significant source of mortality for some ungulate populations. However, records of UVC based on counts of roadside carcasses or reports by drivers involved in these incidents are assuredly underestimated because not all ungulates struck die immediately or at the roadside or are reported by drivers or authorities. Here, we provide an observation and analysis of the movements of a GPS-collared bison (<em>Bison bison</em>) that was involved in a UVC on the Alaska Highway and died in thick boreal forest 29 days later. During that time she moved 49.7 km from where she was hit. Her daily movement rate (km/hr) and daily net displacement (km/day) were significantly greater in the 29-day period before she was struck compared to 29 days afterward. This vivid example illustrates that individuals injured in a UVC can die several weeks later and at a considerable distance from where they were initially struck. Moreover, when they eventually die it may be where their carcass would not be found or associated with a UVC. Bison are the largest land mammal in North America and perhaps more robust to some lower-impact UVC than smaller-bodied species. Even so, if not for the GPS collar on this bison, we would have never known the fate of this individual, and the carcass likely never found. Taken together, the movements and final resting place of this bison illuminate how estimates of mortality as a result of UVC can be underestimated when the animal does not die immediately and in a location where it can be found. Given our data, we further urge managers to consider roadside counts of animals killed in UVC as a minimum estimate when considering options for mitigation.</p>
Effect of Long-Range Transported Fire Aerosols on Cloud Condensation Nuclei Concentrations and Cloud Properties at High Latitudes
<p>The tab-delimited files contain Aerosol chemical composition data, size distribution data measured by AMS, ACSM, MAAP, and SMPS, and DMPS at the SMEAR IV station (Puijo) and the Zepplein observatory (Zep) . Please read the file named 'Information.txt' for more details about the files.</p>
Plectus rhizophilus in Nematodes from the Summit of Long's Peak, Colorado
Plectus rhizophilus
Dorylaimus bryophilus in Nematodes from the Summit of Long's Peak, Colorado
Dorylaimus bryophilus
Data from: To lose is to win: long-term co-occurrence of two asexual populations realized by a dormant strategy of the inferior competitor
<p><span>Asexual organisms are ubiquitous. While they are the same single species with the same ecological requirements, multiple asexual genotypes within a species are often found in a single habitat. Niche partitioning in time and space among genotypes has been proposed to explain this phenomenon. However, it is not clear whether these different genotypes co-occur in the long term. </span><span>Therefore, we examined the population dynamics of two asexual <em>Daphnia</em> cf. <em>pulex</em> genotypes (JPN1 and JPN2) over nine years in a small mountain lake. These two genotypes consistently occurred in the same seasons and layers, suggesting that niche partitioning cannot explain their long-term co-occurrence. The abundance of JPN1 was typically higher in most years. However, the abundance of dormant eggs in lake sediments was at the same level between the genotypes. </span><span>The laboratory experiment showed that JPN1 excluded JPN2. However, many JPN2 individuals produced the dormant eggs before JPN1 competitively excluded them from the experiment. Furthermore, the competitively inferior JPN2 produced the dormant eggs abundantly in the medium containing a crowding cue from JPN1. However, no such trend was observed for JPN1. </span><span>These results showed that the competitively inferior asexual genotype could maintain the population with the competitively superior genotype for a long period of time because it had the ability to detect the increase in competitors and produce the dormant eggs each year before being competitively eliminated. </span><span>Based on these results, we suggest that the variation in the genotype-specific response in dormant egg production to environmental change plays a key role in t</span><span>he long-term co-occurrence of different asexual genotypes in single habitats.</span></p>
Questionnaire and interview guidelines related to Süsser et al. (2024) on how the COVID-19 pandemic changed stakeholder engagement processes in sustainability research in the long-term
<p>The survey questionnaire and the interview guidelines have been designed in the framework of the EU H2020 projects SENTINEL to study the impact of the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) on the stakeholder engagement processes in susatinability research in the longterm. We conducted interviews with researchers and engaged stakeholders, using a semi-structured interview guideline. We designed the survey as an explorative, semi-quantitative, self-completion online questionnaire, using the online tool “LimeSurvey”. The survey was reworked based on our previous survey. The study was a follow-up study on our own work (<em>Süsser, D., Ceglarz, A., Stavrakas, V., & Lilliestam, J. COVID-19 vs. stakeholder engagement: the impact of coronavirus containment measures on stakeholder involvement in European energy research projects [version 1; peer review: awaiting peer review]. Open Research Europe 2021,1:57. doi: <a href="https://doi.org/10.12688/openreseurope.13683.1">https://doi.org/10.12688/openreseurope.13683.1</a>). </em></p> <p>If you use this questionnaire or the interview guideline in an academic publication, please cite the following article:</p> <p><em>Süsser, D., Schibline, A. Ceglarz, A., Lilliestam, J., Stavrakas, V., & Schweizer, P.J. (2024), How the COVID-19 pandemic changed stakeholder engagement processes in sustainability research in the long-term, F1000 Research (to be published).</em></p> <p><em> </em></p>
Data from: Stable isotope evidence for long-term stability of large-scale hydroclimate in the Neogene North American Great Plains
<p>The Great Plains of North America host a stark climatic gradient, separating the humid and well-watered eastern US from the semi-arid and arid western US, and this gradient shapes the region's water availability, its ecosystems, and its economies. This climatic boundary is largely set by the influence of two competing atmospheric circulation systems that meet over the Great Plains—the wintertime westerlies bring dominantly dry air that gives way to moist, southerly air transported by the Great Plains Low-Level Jet in the warmer months. Climate model simulations suggest that, as CO<sub>2</sub> rises, this low- level jet will strengthen, leading to greater precipitation in the spring, but less in the summer and, thus, no change in mean annual precipitation. Combined with rising temperatures that will increase potential evapotranspiration, semi-arid conditions will shift eastward, with potentially large consequences for the ecosystems and inhabitants of the Great Plains. We examine how hydroclimate in the Great Plains varied in the past in response to warmer global climate by studying the paleoclimate record within the Ogallala Formation, which underlies nearly the entire Great Plains and provides a spatially resolved record of hydroclimate during the globally warmer late Miocene. We use the stable isotopes of oxygen (δ<sup>18</sup>O) as preserved in authigenic carbonates hosted within the abundant paleosol and fluvial successions that comprise the Ogallala Formation as a record of past hydroclimate. Today, and coincident with the modern aridity gradient, there is a sharp meteoric water δ<sup>18</sup>O gradient with high (−6 to 0‰) δ<sup>18</sup>O in the southern Great Plains and low (−12 to −18‰) δ<sup>18</sup>O in the northern Plains. We find that the spatial pattern of reconstructed late Miocene precipitation δ<sup>18</sup>O is indistinguishable from the spatial pattern of modern meteoric water δ<sup>18</sup>O. We use a recently developed vapor transport model to demonstrate that this δ<sup>18</sup>O spatial pattern requires air mass mixing over the Great Plains between dry westerly and moist southerly air masses in the late Miocene—consistent with today. Our results suggest that the spatial extent of these two atmospheric circulation systems have been largely unchanged since the late Miocene and any strengthening of the Great Plains Low-Level Jet in response to warming has been isotopically masked by proportional increases in westerly moisture delivery. Our results hold implications for the sensitivity of Great Plains climate to changes in global temperature and CO<sub>2</sub> and also for our understanding of the processes that drove Ogallala Formation deposition in the late Miocene.</p>
Antipsychotic drugs selectively decorrelate long-range interactions in deep cortical layers
<p>All raw data and Matlab code necessary to produce the figures of https://elifesciences.org/reviewed-preprints/86805</p>
Exceptionally preserved shark fossils from Mexico elucidate the long-standing enigma of the Cretaceous elasmobranch Ptychodus
<p>The fossil fish <em>Ptychodus</em> Agassiz, 1834, characterized by a highly distinctive grinding dentition and an estimated gigantic body size, has remained one of the most enigmatic extinct elasmobranchs (i.e. sharks, skates, and rays) for nearly two centuries. This widespread Cretaceous taxon is common in Albian to Campanian deposits from almost all continents. However, specimens mostly consist of isolated teeth or more or less complete dentitions, whereas cranial and post-cranial skeletal elements are very rare. Here we describe newly discovered material from the early Late Cretaceous of Mexico, including complete articulated specimens with preserved body outline, which reveals crucial information on the anatomy and systematic position of <em>Ptychodus</em>. Our phylogenetic and ecomorphological analyses indicate that ptychodontids were high-speed (tachypelagic) durophagous lamniforms (mackerel sharks), occupying a specialized predatory niche previously unreported among both extant and extinct elasmobranchs. Our results support the view that lamniforms were ecomorphologically highly diverse and represented the dominant group of sharks in Cretaceous marine ecosystems. <em>Ptychodus</em> may have fed predominantly on nektonic hard-shelled prey items such as ammonites and sea turtles rather than on benthic invertebrates, and its extinction during the Campanian, well before the end-Cretaceous crisis, might have been related to competition with emerging blunt-toothed globidensine and prognathodontine mosasaurs.</p>
Long-Tailed Anomaly Detection (LTAD) Dataset
<p><strong>Introduction</strong></p> <p>Anomaly detection (AD) aims to identify defective images and localize their defects (if any). Ideally, AD models should be able to: detect defects over many image classes; not rely on hard-coded class names that can be uninformative or inconsistent across datasets; learn without anomaly supervision; and be robust to the long-tailed distributions of real-world applications. To address these challenges, we formulate the problem of long-tailed AD by introducing several datasets with different levels of class imbalance for performance evaluation.</p> <p>To encourage more follow up works on long-tailed AD, we are publicly releasing the dataset split used in our paper (“Long-Tailed Anomaly Detection with Learnable Class Names” by Chih-Hui Ho, Kuan-Chuan Peng, and Nuno Vasconcelos, CVPR 2024).</p> <p>Files in the unzipped folder:</p> <p>1. ./README.md: This Markdown file</p> <p>2. ./dataset_split: Folder contains long-tail splits from three datasets. See below for details.</p> <p><strong> </strong></p> <p><strong>At a Glance</strong></p> <ul> <li>The size of the unzipped dataset is ~16MB</li> <li>Three datasets are used in this project, including [MVTec](https://www.mvtec.com/company/research/datasets/mvtec-ad), [VisA](https://github.com/amazon-science/spot-diff) and [DAGM](https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/mhskjelvareid/dagm-2007-competition-dataset-optical-inspection). Please download the datasets from their original repositories.</li> <li>The dataset split provided in this folder is organized as follows:<br>```<br>dataset_split<br>|---dagm_lt<br>|---mvtec_lt<br>|---visa_lt<br>|-----|-- exp<br>|-----|-----|----- 100<br>|-----|-----|----- |-----test.json<br>|-----|-----|----- |-----train.json<br>|-----|-----|----- 200<br>|-----|-- step<br>|-----|-- ...<br>```</li> <li>Each long-tailed dataset split contains a subfolder ``imbalance_type/imbalance_factor", where imbalance type can be [exponential (exp), step, reverse exponential (exp_reverse), reverse step (step_reverse)]. The definition of imbalance type and imbalance factor can be found in our paper. Each subfolder contains two json files, one for training and the other for testing.</li> <li>Each entry in the json file contains the meta information of an image and is similar to<br>```<br>{"filename": "candle/test/bad/000.JPG", "label": 1, "label_name": "defective", "clsname": "candle", "maskname": "candle/ground_truth/bad/000.png"}<br>```<br>- filename: location of the input image in the dataset<br>- label: indicates whether the input image is normal (labeled as 0) or defective (labeled as 1)<br>- label name: can be "good" or "defective"<br>- clsname: class name of the input image<br>- maskname (optional): location of the binary image that indicates the defect region. This is only available for test.json, because there is no defect image during training.</li> </ul> <p><strong>Citation</strong></p> <p>If you use the LTAD dataset in your research, please cite our contribution:</p> <pre><code>@InProceedings{Ho_2024_CVPR, author = {Ho, Chih-Hui and Peng, Kuan-Chuan and Vasconcelos, Nuno}, title = {Long-Tailed Anomaly Detection with Learnable Class Names}, booktitle = {The IEEE Conference on Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition (CVPR)}, month = {June}, year = {2024} } </code></pre> <p><strong>License</strong></p> <p>The LTAD dataset is released under <a href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/">CC-BY-SA-4.0 license</a>. For the images in the MVTec, VisA, and DAGM datasets, please refer to their websites for their copyright and license terms.</p> <pre><code>Created by Mitsubishi Electric Research Laboratories (MERL), 2023-2024 SPDX-License-Identifier: CC-BY-SA-4.0</code></pre>
CEC EPC-19-056 Long-Duration Energy Storage Modeling Dataset
<p>Modeling dataset to study the value of long-duration energy storage (LDES) as part of the California bulk electricity system. Based on California Public Utilities Commission (CPUC) Integrated Resource Planning (IRP) proceeding 2019-2020 cycle data.</p>
A multiomic characterization of the leukemia cell line REH using short- and long-read sequencing
<p>This is a public repository containing secondary datasets described in the publication <a href="https://doi.org/10.26508/lsa.202302481">"A multiomic characterization of the leukemia cell line REH using short- and long-read sequencing"</a>. Primary data for this project are available at NCBI/SRA under the BioProject accession numbers PRJNA600820 and PRJNA834955, and include the following sequencing datasets:</p> <p>REH cell line:</p> <ul> <li>PacBio WGS</li> <li>ONT Ultralong WGS</li> <li>Illumina short-read PCR-free WGS</li> <li>IsoSeq RNA-seq</li> <li>Illumina short-read RNA-seq</li> </ul> <p>GM12878 cell line:</p> <ul> <li>Illumina short-read RNA-seq</li> </ul> <p>This dataset includes the following files:</p> <p><strong>Depth of Coverage analysis</strong></p> <ul> <li>Output from `samtools coverage`: <em>samtools.coverage.illumina.txt, samtools.coverage.ont.txt, samtools.coverage.pb.txt</em></li> <li>Output from `copycat` (binned coverage): <em>copycat.ont.coverage.10kb.csv, copycat.pb.coverage.10kb.csv, copycat.pcrfree.coverage.10kb.csv</em></li> </ul> <p><strong>Structural Variant (SV) callsets</strong></p> <ul> <li><strong>Raw:</strong> <em>illumina.tiddit.vcf, ont.sniffles.vcf, pb.sniffles.vcf</em></li> <li><strong>Filtered: </strong><em>REH.svs.filtered.csv</em></li> </ul> <p><strong>SNV callsets</strong></p> <ul> <li><strong>Filtered and annotated:</strong> <em>REH.mutect.filtered.ann.vcf.gz</em></li> </ul> <p><strong>Fusion gene callsets</strong></p> <ul> <li><strong>Short-read: </strong><em>GM12878.fusionreport.txt, illumina.all.txt, illumina.filtered.csv, REH.arriba.fusions.tsv, REH.fusioncatcher.fusion-genes.txt, REH.pizzly.txt, REH.squid.fusions.annotated.txt, REH.starfusion.abridged.tsv, REH.pdf</em></li> <li><strong>Long-read: </strong><em>cupcake.long.csv, cupcake.std.csv, jaffa_results.csv</em></li> <li><strong>Filtered: </strong><em>REH.fusions.filtered.csv</em><br> </li> </ul> <p> </p>
Data from: Long-term climate and hydrologic regimes shape stream invertebrate community responses to a hurricane disturbance
<p>Disturbances can produce a spectrum of short- and long-term ecological consequences that depend on complex interactions of the characteristics of the event, antecedent environmental conditions, and the intrinsic properties of resistance and resilience of the affected biological system. We used Hurricane Harvey's impact on coastal rivers of Texas to examine the roles of storm-related changes in hydrology and long-term precipitation regime on the response of stream invertebrate communities to hurricane disturbance. We detected declines in richness, diversity, and total abundance following the storm, but responses were strongly tied to direct and indirect effects of long-term aridity and short-term changes in stream hydrology. The amount of rainfall a site received drove both flood duration and flood magnitude across sites, but lower annual rainfall amounts (i.e., aridity) increased flood magnitude and decreased flood duration. Across all sites, flood duration was positively related to the time it took for invertebrate communities to return to a long-term baseline and flood magnitude drove larger invertebrate community responses (i.e., changes in diversity and total abundance). However, invertebrate response per unit flood magnitude was lower in sub-humid sites, potentially because of differences in refuge availability or ecological-evolutionary interactions. Interestingly, sub-humid streams had temporary large peaks in invertebrate total abundance and diversity following recovery period that may be indicative of the larger organic matter pulses expected in these systems because of their comparatively well-developed riparian vegetation. Our findings show that hydrology and long-term precipitation regime predictably affected invertebrate community responses and, thus, our work underscores the important influence of local climate to ecosystem sensitivity to disturbances.</p>
Long-term individual-based records of mountain goat mortality and terrain use in relation to avalanches in coastal Alaska during 2005-2022
<p>Snow is a major, climate-sensitive feature of the Earth's surface and a catalyst of fundamentally important ecosystem processes. Understanding how snow influences sentinel species in rapidly changing mountain ecosystems is particularly critical. Whereas the effects of snow on food availability, energy expenditure, and predation are well documented, we report how avalanches exert major impacts on an ecologically significant mountain ungulate - the coastal Alaskan mountain goat (<em>Oreamnos americanus</em>). Using long-term GPS data and field observations across four populations (421 individuals over 17 years), we show that avalanches caused 23-65% of all mortality, depending on area. Deaths varied seasonally and were directly linked to spatial movement patterns and avalanche terrain use. Population-level avalanche mortality, 61% of which comprised reproductively important prime-aged individuals, averaged 8% annually and exceeded 22% when avalanche conditions were severe. Our findings reveal a widespread but previously undescribed pathway by which snow can elicit major population-level impacts and shape demographic characteristics of slow-growing populations of mountain-adapted animals.</p>
Fig. 14 in To the knowledge of long-horned beetles (Coleoptera: Cerambycidae) of the Oriental Region (with new synonymy). Part 4
Fig. 14. Callimetopus stanleyi Dela Cruz & Adorada, 2012
Fig. 2. Atimura spinigera Holzschuh, 2010 in To the knowledge of long-horned beetles (Coleoptera: Cerambycidae) of the Oriental Region (with new synonymy). Part 4
Fig. 2. Atimura spinigera Holzschuh, 2010
ScienceDex guides
Understand access before you commit
These curated guides explain access requirements, typical timelines, costs, and reuse considerations for widely used research datasets.
Allen Brain Atlas
Allen Brain Atlas is an Allen Institute collection of brain map atlases, datasets, APIs, and analysis tools covering mouse, human, and non-human primate brain resources.
Annotated Behaviour and Observability Dataset (ABODe)
ABODe is a University of Edinburgh DataShare dataset for behavior classification in group-housed mice using home-cage video, identities, bounding boxes, ground-plate positions, and annotator labels.
DANDI Archive for NWB datasets
DANDI is a BRAIN Initiative archive for publishing and sharing neurophysiology data, including electrophysiology, optophysiology, and behavioral data packaged as NWB and related standards.
International Brain Laboratory public data
The International Brain Laboratory public data releases expose standardized mouse decision-making experiments, including Neuropixels recordings, widefield calcium imaging, behavior, and session metadata accessed through the ONE API.
OpenNeuro
OpenNeuro is a free, open platform for sharing neuroimaging datasets, with public search, dataset pages, and download paths for web, S3, DataLad, and the OpenNeuro CLI.