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Figure 3 in The first known riodinid 'cuckoo' butterfly reveals deep-time convergence and parallelism in ant social parasites
Figure 3. Scanning electron micrographs of Aricoris arenarum egg. A, lateral view. B, hexagonal cells of the exochorion with aeropyles (Ac) in the rib intersections. C, micropylar area (Mp).
Figure 2 in The first known riodinid 'cuckoo' butterfly reveals deep-time convergence and parallelism in ant social parasites
Figure 2. Adults of Aricoris arenarum. (A) In copula in Castillos, Uruguay, showing the female (left) and male (right); note cryptic coloration on the ground. (B–F) Male (B–D) and female (E, F) genitalia of A. arenarum. B, lateral view. C, ventral view. D, eighth sternite in ventral view. E, ventral view. F, papilla analis. Scale bar: 0.5 mm.
Figure 5 in The first known riodinid 'cuckoo' butterfly reveals deep-time convergence and parallelism in ant social parasites
Figure 5. Scanning electron micrographs of the last instar (A–H) and pupa (I–L) of Aricoris arenarum. A, head and thorax in lateral view. B, head in laterofrontal view. C, long dorsal setae on mesothorax. D, vibratory papillae. E, detail of spiniform elevations (arrow) on cephalodorsal area. F, dendritic setae and PCOs on segment A2. G, opening of TNO (arrow). H, prothoracic spiracle. I, dorsal view of metathorax. J, cluster of dendritic setae and PCOs above spiracle (sp) on segment A5. K, detail of dendritic setae and PCOs. L, detail of cremaster crochet.
Data from: The ecology of spider sociality – A spatial model
<p>The emergence of animal societies offers unsolved problems for both evolutionary and ecological studies. Social spiders are specially well suited to address this problem given their multiple independent origins and distinct geographical distribution. Based on long term research on the spider genus <em>Anelosimus</em>, we developed a spatial model that recreates observed macroecological patterns in the distribution of social and subsocial spiders. We show that parallel gradients of increasing insect size and disturbance (rain, predation) with proximity to the lowland tropical rainforest would explain why social species are concentrated in the lowland wet tropics, but absent from higher elevations and latitudes. The model further shows that disturbance, which disproportionately affects small colonies, not only creates conditions that require group living, but also tempers the dynamics of large social groups. Similarly simple underlying processes, albeit with different players on a somewhat different stage, may explain the diversity of other social systems.</p> <p> </p>
11. Annexe 11 Tableu d'analyse finale Représentations Sociales en Colombie
<p>11. Annexe 11 Tableu d’analyse finale Représentations Sociales en Colombie</p>
12. Annexe 12 Tableau d'analyse finale Représentations Sociales en France
<p>12. Annexe 12 Tableau d’analyse finale Représentations Sociales en France</p>
Chimpanzee identification and social Network construction through an online citizen science platform
<p><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span>Citizen science has grown rapidly in popularity in recent years due to its potential to educate and engage the public while providing a means to address a myriad of scientific questions. However, the rise in popularity of citizen science has also been accompanied by concerns about the quality of data emerging from citizen science research projects. We assessed data quality in the online citizen scientist platform Chimp&See, which hosts camera trap videos of chimpanzees (<i>Pan troglodytes</i>) and other species across Equatorial Africa. In particular, we compared detection and identification of individual chimpanzees by citizen scientists to that of experts with years of experience studying those chimpanzees. We found that citizen scientists typically detected the same number of individual chimpanzees as experts, but assigned far fewer identifications (IDs) to those individuals. Those IDs assigned, however, were nearly always in agreement with the IDs provided by experts. We applied the data sets of citizen scientists and experts by constructing social networks from each. We found that both social networks were relatively robust and shared a similar structure, as well as having positively correlated individual network positions. Our findings demonstrate that, although citizen scientists produced a smaller data set based on fewer confirmed IDs, the data strongly reflect expert classifications and can be used for meaningful assessments of group structure and dynamics. This approach expands opportunities for social research and conservation monitoring in great apes and many other individually identifiable species. </span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></p>
Term map of European Social Survey publications
<p>This is a term-map which can be visualized using <a href="https://www.vosviewer.com/">VOSviewer</a>.</p> <p>We extracted terms from titles and abstracts from Europen Social Survey publication and visualized them using VOSviewer. Terms are located close to each other if they co-occur frequently. The axes themselves don’t have any special meaning, only the relative distances are relevant. The size of the terms reflect the number of publications.</p> <p>We provide so-called "overlay" views for various countries and institutions, showing where their activity.</p>
Reproductive skew in quasi-social parasitoids
<p><span>Primitively social <i>Sclerodermus </i>parasitoids form female multi-foundress groups on large, paralysed hosts and then cooperatively care for large broods of offspring throughout their development. We identified offspring with microsatellite markers and found that nearly every foundress produced offspring, implying that overall reproductive skew was thus not extreme. We expected that kinship may influence skew if, for instance, relatives within a group collectively suppress the reproduction of a non-relative or if non-relatives selfishly over-exploit group reproductive optima. We found slight skew, in favour of the non-sibling, when two full-sibling foundresses brooded with one non-sibling foundress but no skew when three sibs brooded with one non-sibling. All foundresses made similar contributions to the sexual composition of broods, which were highly female biased. We expected body size differences might promote skew via physical domination of some foundresses by others or via intrinsically differential fecundity. We found heterogeneity in the relative contributions of dissimilar-sized foundresses but no skew overall. Nonetheless, males within these broods were more often the progeny of the largest foundress, suggesting that larger females are able to dominate the production, or the survival, of males. We expected that temporal priority may generate skew via early individuals having a longer period in which to reproduce and/or become dominant. We found that the skew indeed favoured foundresses that had started to reproduce before a second foundress was introduced. Further, if eggs laid by a first foundress had started to hatch before a second foundress was introduced, the second foundress produced female offspring only. Overall, we found that skew is not strongly associated with kinship among foundresses, but does appear to be associated with intrinsic or acquired dominance and that where skew is manifest it can comprise brood sex ratio effects as well as overall reproduction effects.</span></p>
Phenotypic assortment by morphology in social partners of the forked fungus beetle Bolitotherus cornutus
<p>Social interactions with conspecifics can dramatically affect an individual's fitness. The positive or negative consequences of interacting with social partners typically depend on the value of traits that they express. These pathways of social selection connect the traits and genes expressed in some individuals to the fitness realized by others, thereby altering the total phenotypic selection on and evolutionary response of traits across the multivariate phenotype. The downstream effects of social selection are mediated by the patterns of phenotypic assortment between focal individuals and their social partners (the interactant covariance, C<sup>ij</sup> , or the multivariate form, C<sup>I</sup>). Depending on the sign and magnitude of the interactant covariance, the direction of social selection can be reinforced, reversed, or erased. We report estimates of C<sup>ij </sup>from a variety of studies of forked fungus beetles to address the largely unexplored questions of consistency and plasticity of phenotypic assortment in natural populations. We found that phenotypic assortment of male beetles based on body size or horn length was highly variable among subpopulations, but that those differences also were broadly consistent from year to year. At the same time, the strength and direction of C<sup>ij </sup>changed quickly in response to experimental changes in resource distribution and social properties of populations. Generally, interactant covariances were more negative in contexts in which the number of social interactions was greater in both field and experimental situations. These results suggest that patterns of phenotypic assortment could be important contributors to variability in multilevel selection through their mediation of social selection gradients.</p>
The density of anthropogenic features explains seasonal and behaviour-based functional responses in selection of linear features by a social predator
<p>Anthropogenic linear features facilitate access and travel efficiency for predators, and can influence predator distribution and encounter rates with prey. We used GPS collar data from eight wolf packs and characteristics of seismic lines to investigate whether (1) ease-of-travel or (2) access to areas presumed to be preferred by prey best explained seasonal selection patterns of wolves near seismic lines, and whether the density of anthropogenic features led to functional responses in habitat selection. At a broad scale, wolves showed evidence of habitat-driven functional responses by exhibiting greater selection for areas near low-vegetation height seismic lines in areas with low densities of anthropogenic features. We highlight the importance of considering landscape heterogeneity and habitat characteristics, and the functional response in habitat selection when investigating seasonal behaviour-based selection patterns. Our results support behaviour in line with search for primary prey during summer and fall, and ease-of-travel during spring, while patterns of selection during winter aligned best with ease-of-travel for the less-industrialized foothills landscape, and with search for primary prey in the more-industrialized boreal landscape. These results highlight that time-sensitive restoration actions on anthropogenic features can affect the probability of overlap between predators and threatened prey within different landscapes.</p>
Data from: Resource heterogeneity but not inbreeding affects growth and grouping behaviour in socially foraging juvenile cichlid fish
<p>1. Spatial food distribution determines resource profitability, defensibility and encounter rate of foragers. Clumped food distribution can promote aggressiveness and resource monopolisation, in turn increasing within-group variation in food intake and growth. However, the effects of food distribution may depend on foraging strategies. Little is known about the impact of spatial food heterogeneity on growth and grouping behaviour in social foragers in the absence of monopolisation.</p> <p>2. Social foraging is present in many fishes, particularly at early juvenile life stages when fish are especially sensitive to environmental variation. Here, a heterogeneous food distribution may impair foraging success and growth and juveniles may increase sociability to attain social information about food resources.</p> <p>3. We examined the impact of the spatial distribution of food as well as inbreeding on growth and social behaviour in juveniles of the cichlid fish <i>Pelvicachromis pulcher. </i>Inbred individuals often show poorer performance than outbred individuals (inbreeding depression), but inbreeding effects can be environment-dependent. In the experiment, in- and outbred fish were reared in a split-clutch design either under homogeneously distributed or spatially clumped food conditions for eight weeks starting one week after juveniles could actively feed. We documented growth and performed a shoaling assay and a sociality test (choice between a large vs. a small shoal) after six weeks.</p> <p>4. Spatial food distribution did not affect within-group body length variation, but individuals reared under clumped food conditions were smaller. Shoals of the different feeding conditions differed in social behaviour. Shoals of the clumped treatment group showed higher variation in inter-individual distances compared to shoals of the homogeneous treatment group. Furthermore, focal fish of the clumped treatment adjusted their association preference to the position of the groups' largest individual. We did not find significant inbreeding or environment-dependent inbreeding effects regarding growth or social behaviour.</p> <p>5. Our study suggests that a clumped food distribution can impede localisation of food resources and thus growth in juvenile social foragers. Accordingly, in heterogeneous environments, the use of social information may be highly relevant to increase individuals' foraging success potentially explaining orientation on successful foragers, i.e. large individuals. Inter-individual variation in juvenile social behaviour may precede variation in food monopolisation capability and in growth emerging at later life stages.</p>
Metrics of Social Curiosity: The WhatsApp Case
<p>We provide a database file with the anonymized messages shared in WhatsApp. </p>
Datasets from the publication "Delineating the geographic context of physical activities: A systematic search and scoping review of the methodological approaches used in social ecological research over two decades"
<p>Data from research article Rinne, T., Kajosaari, A., Söderholm, M., Berg, B., Pesola, A.J., Smith, M., Kyttä, M. (2022). Delineating the geographic context of physical activities: A systematic search and scoping review of the methodological approaches used in social ecological research over two decades, <em>Health and Place</em>.</p> <p>This data includes supplementary materials 1, 2, 3 and 4, PRISMA checklist and a translated research protocol.</p>
Supplementary material 3 from: Schmidt K, Walz A (2021) Ecosystem-based adaptation to climate change through residential urban green structures: co-benefits to thermal comfort, biodiversity, carbon storage and social interaction. One Ecosystem 6: e65706. https://doi.org/10.3897/oneeco.6.e65706
Mean values of microclimatic parameters between 9am and 9pm, based on measurements in the four courtyards (CY): CY 1: light green, CY 2: dark green, CY 3: orange, CY 4: red
Supplementary material 6 from: Schmidt K, Walz A (2021) Ecosystem-based adaptation to climate change through residential urban green structures: co-benefits to thermal comfort, biodiversity, carbon storage and social interaction. One Ecosystem 6: e65706. https://doi.org/10.3897/oneeco.6.e65706
Results from tree mapping and allometric equations, indicating above-ground biomass and carbon stocks
Supplementary material 5 from: Schmidt K, Walz A (2021) Ecosystem-based adaptation to climate change through residential urban green structures: co-benefits to thermal comfort, biodiversity, carbon storage and social interaction. One Ecosystem 6: e65706. https://doi.org/10.3897/oneeco.6.e65706
Results from habitat mapping and biodiversity scores. Domin values = 1: < 4% cover with few individuals; 2: < 4% with several individuals; 3: < 4% with many individuals; 4: 4–10%; 5: 11–25%; 6: 26–33%; 7: 34–50%; 8: 51–75%; 9: 76–90%; 10: 91–100% cover
Evolution of social organization: phylogenetic analyses of ecology and sexual selection in weavers
<p><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span>Crook published a landmark study on the social organization of weavers (or weaverbirds, family Ploceidae) that contributed to the emergence of sociobiology, behavioral ecology, and phylogenetic comparative methods. By comparing ecology, spatial distribution, and mating systems, Crook suggested that the spatial distribution of food resources and breeding habitats influence weaver aggregation, both during the breeding season (colonial vs solitary breeding) and non-breeding season (flocking vs solitary foraging), and the food resources distribution and breeding aggregation of individuals in turn impact mating systems and sexual selection. Although Crook's study stimulated much follow-up research, his conclusions have not been scrutinized using phylogenetically controlled analyses. We revisited Crook's hypotheses using modern phylogenetic comparative methods and an extended dataset of 107 weaver species. We showed that both diet and habitat type are associated with spatial distribution and the latter predicts mating system, consistent with Crook's propositions. The best supported phylogenetic path model (PPA) also supported Crook's arguments, and uncovered a direct relationship between non-breeding distribution and mating system. Taken together, our phylogenetically corrected analyses confirm Crook's conjectures on the roles of ecology in social organizations of weavers; however, our analyses also uncovered an association between non-breeding distributions and mating systems, which was not envisaged by Crook.</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></p>
Constructing a social-behavioral association network to study management impact on waterbird community ecology using digital video recording cameras
<p>Studying social behavior and species associations in ecological communities is challenging because it is difficult to observe the interactions in the field. Animal behavior is especially difficult to observe when selection of habitat and activities are linked to energy costs of long-distance movement. Migrating communities tend to be resource specific and prefer environments that offer more suitability for coexisting in a shared space and time. Given the recent advances in digital technologies, digital video recording systems are gaining popularity in wildlife research and management. We used digital video recording cameras to study social interactions and species-habitat linkages for wintering waterbird communities in shared habitats. Examining over 8,640 hours of video footages, we built tetrapartite social behavioral association network of wintering waterbirds over habitat (n=5) selection events in sites with distinct management regimes. We analyzed these networks to identify hub species and species role in activity persistence, and to explore the effects of hydrological regime on these network characteristics. Although the differences in network attributes were not significant at treatment level (<i>p</i> = 0.297) in terms of network composition and keystone species composition, our results indicated that network attributes were significantly different (<i>p </i>= 0.000, <i>r<sup>2</sup></i><sup> </sup>= 0.278) at habitat level. There were evidences suggesting that the habitat quality was better at the managed sites, where the formed networks had more species, more network nodes and edges, higher edge density, and stronger intra- and inter-species interactions. In addition, we also calculated the species interaction preference scores (SIPS) and behavioral interaction preference scores (BIPS) of each network. The results showed that species synchronize activities in shared space for temporal niche partitioning in order to avoid or minimize any potential competition for shared space. Our social network analysis (SNA) approach is likely to provide a practical use for ecosystem management and biodiversity conservation.</p>
Data from: Dynamics in brain activation and behaviour in acute and repeated social defensive behaviour
<p>In nature, confrontations between conspecifics are recurrent and related, in general, due to the lack of resources such as food and territory. Adequate defences against a conspecific aggressor are essential for the individual's survival and the group integrity. However, repeated social defeat is a significant stressor promoting several behavioural changes including social defence per se. What would be the neural basis of these behavioural changes? To build new hypotheses about this, we here investigate the effects of repeated social stress on the neural circuitry underlying motivated social defence behaviour in male mice. We observed that animals re-exposed to the aggressor three times spent more time in passive defence during the last exposure than in the first one. These animals also show less activation of the amygdalar and hypothalamic nuclei related to the processing of conspecific cues. In turn, we found no changes in the activation of the hypothalamic dorsal pre-mammillary nucleus (PMD) that is essential for passive defence. Therefore, our data suggest that the balance between the activity of circuits related to conspecific processing and the PMD determines the pattern of social defence behaviour. Changes in this balance may be the basis of the adaptations in social defence after repeated social defeat.</p>
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Allen Brain Atlas
Allen Brain Atlas is an Allen Institute collection of brain map atlases, datasets, APIs, and analysis tools covering mouse, human, and non-human primate brain resources.
Annotated Behaviour and Observability Dataset (ABODe)
ABODe is a University of Edinburgh DataShare dataset for behavior classification in group-housed mice using home-cage video, identities, bounding boxes, ground-plate positions, and annotator labels.
DANDI Archive for NWB datasets
DANDI is a BRAIN Initiative archive for publishing and sharing neurophysiology data, including electrophysiology, optophysiology, and behavioral data packaged as NWB and related standards.
International Brain Laboratory public data
The International Brain Laboratory public data releases expose standardized mouse decision-making experiments, including Neuropixels recordings, widefield calcium imaging, behavior, and session metadata accessed through the ONE API.
OpenNeuro
OpenNeuro is a free, open platform for sharing neuroimaging datasets, with public search, dataset pages, and download paths for web, S3, DataLad, and the OpenNeuro CLI.