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FIGURE 4 in GroupStruct: An R Package for Allometric Size Correction

FIGURE 4. Results of the ANOVA and posthoc Tukey test comparing the means of each trait across all pairwise species comparisons for Dataset 1. Green boxes represent p ≤ 0.05 (reject the null of equal means), while red boxes represent p ≥ 0.05 (failure to reject the null of equal means). All p-values have been adjusted to correct for multiple comparisons using the singlestep method.

FIGURE 2. Scatter plots for Dataset 2 in GroupStruct: An R Package for Allometric Size Correction

FIGURE 2. Scatter plots for Dataset 2 (Amolops) showing the regression slopes of each trait variate plotted against SVL. Data were log-transformed but not size-adjusted. The blue line represents the best-fit regression line. Within-species slopes are presented in Table 1. Points represent individual measurements.

FIGURE 1. Scatter plots for Dataset 1 in GroupStruct: An R Package for Allometric Size Correction

FIGURE 1. Scatter plots for Dataset 1 (Cyrtodactylus) showing the regression slopes of each trait variate plotted against SVL. Data were log-transformed but not size-adjusted. The blue line represents the best-fit regression line. Within-species slopes are presented in Table 1. Points represent individual measurements.

FIGURE 3 in GroupStruct: An R Package for Allometric Size Correction

FIGURE 3. PCA plots of the first two principal components for Dataset 1 and 2. Ellipses around points represent a 95% confidence interval. Points represent PCA scores calculated from individual measurements.

FIGURE 5 in GroupStruct: An R Package for Allometric Size Correction

FIGURE 5. Results of the ANOVA and posthoc Tukey test comparing the means of each trait across all pairwise species comparisons for Dataset 2. Green boxes represent p ≤ 0.05 (reject the null of equal means), while red boxes represent p ≥ 0.05 (failure to reject the null of equal means). All p-values have been adjusted to correct for multiple comparisons using the singlestep method.

FIGURE 14. Mericarps. A. Sida anomala. B. Sida confusa. C. Sida farroupilhensis. D. Sida glaziovii. E. Sida cerradoensis. F. Sida cordifolia. G. Sida dubia. H. Sida linifolia. I. Sida lonchitis. J. Sida nemorensis. K. Sida paradoxa. L. Sida planicaulis. M. Sida potentilloides. N. Sida reitzii. O. Sida regnellii. P. Sida rhombifolia. Q. Sida riedelii. R. Sida rubifolia. S. Sida spinosa. T. Sida tuberculata. U. Sida urens. V in Synopsis of Sida (Malvoideae, Malvaceae) in the state of Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil

FIGURE 14. Mericarps. A. Sida anomala. B. Sida confusa. C. Sida farroupilhensis. D. Sida glaziovii. E. Sida cerradoensis. F. Sida cordifolia. G. Sida dubia. H. Sida linifolia. I. Sida lonchitis. J. Sida nemorensis. K. Sida paradoxa. L. Sida planicaulis. M. Sida potentilloides. N. Sida reitzii. O. Sida regnellii. P. Sida rhombifolia. Q. Sida riedelii. R. Sida rubifolia. S. Sida spinosa. T. Sida tuberculata. U. Sida urens. V. Sida viarum. Photographs by Martin Grings.

Subspecies and Distribution. R.m.muscatellumThomas,1903—EArabianPeninsulaatAl-HajarMts(EUnitedArabEmiratesandNEOman). R. m. secanum Thomas, 1913 — W & S Iran, S Afghanistan, and S Pakistan, up to 34° N; perhapsalso India, but records from Genji in Rajasthan and Gingee in Tamil Nadu are doubtful (suspected misidentification). in Rhinopomatidae

Subspecies and Distribution. R.m.muscatellumThomas,1903—EArabianPeninsulaatAl-HajarMts(EUnitedArabEmiratesandNEOman). R. m. secanum Thomas, 1913 — W & S Iran, S Afghanistan, and S Pakistan, up to 34° N; perhapsalso India, but records from Genji in Rajasthan and Gingee in Tamil Nadu are doubtful (suspected misidentification).

Subspecies and Distribution. R.c.cystopsThomas,1903—NAfricafromMoroccotoNileValleyinEgypt,Sudan,andNSouthSudan,alsoinSahelregioninEMali,BurkinaFaso,Niger,andNChad. R. c. arabium Thomas, 1913 — extreme SW Syria, Levant, W Arabia S to Yemen and SE to W Oman (including Socotra I) and Horn of Africa (S Eritrea, Ethiopia, Djibouti, and N Somalia). Also, in S Western Sahara, Mauritania, and Senegal but probably a separate not yet described species there. in Rhinopomatidae

Subspecies and Distribution. R.c.cystopsThomas,1903—NAfricafromMoroccotoNileValleyinEgypt,Sudan,andNSouthSudan,alsoinSahelregioninEMali,BurkinaFaso,Niger,andNChad. R. c. arabium Thomas, 1913 — extreme SW Syria, Levant, W Arabia S to Yemen and SE to W Oman (including Socotra I) and Horn of Africa (S Eritrea, Ethiopia, Djibouti, and N Somalia). Also, in S Western Sahara, Mauritania, and Senegal but probably a separate not yet described species there.

Subspecies and Distribution. S.r.rufumDesmarest,1820—USVirginIs(St.Thomas,St.John,andSt.Croix). S. r. darior Hall & Tamsitt, 1968 — Puerto Rico; probably on Vieques I. in Phyllostomidae

Subspecies and Distribution. S.r.rufumDesmarest,1820—USVirginIs(St.Thomas,St.John,andSt.Croix). S. r. darior Hall & Tamsitt, 1968 — Puerto Rico; probably on Vieques I.

Subspecies and Distribution. M.r.redmaniLeach,1821—Jamaica. M.r.clinedaphusG.S.Miller,1900—Cuba,Hispaniola,GonaveI,SBahamas(AcklinsandCrookedIs),andCaicosIs. M. r. portoricensis G. S. Miller, 1900 — Puerto Rico. in Phyllostomidae

Subspecies and Distribution. M.r.redmaniLeach,1821—Jamaica. M.r.clinedaphusG.S.Miller,1900—Cuba,Hispaniola,GonaveI,SBahamas(AcklinsandCrookedIs),andCaicosIs. M. r. portoricensis G. S. Miller, 1900 — Puerto Rico.

Subspecies and Distribution. D.r.rotundusE.GeoffroySaint-Hilaire,1810—Colombia,Venezuela,theGuianas,Ecuador,Peru,Brazil,Bolivia,Paraguay,NChile,Argentina,andUruguay;alsoonMargaritaandTrinidadIs. D. r. murinus Wagner, 1840 — from Sonora and Tamaulipas in N Mexico S through Central America to N & W Colombia and W Andean slopes in Ecuador and Peru. in Phyllostomidae

Subspecies and Distribution. D.r.rotundusE.GeoffroySaint-Hilaire,1810—Colombia,Venezuela,theGuianas,Ecuador,Peru,Brazil,Bolivia,Paraguay,NChile,Argentina,andUruguay;alsoonMargaritaandTrinidadIs. D. r. murinus Wagner, 1840 — from Sonora and Tamaulipas in N Mexico S through Central America to N & W Colombia and W Andean slopes in Ecuador and Peru.

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F i g u r e 1. K e r a t o d e l l i t h a b a s i l i s c i. H o l o t y p e NIGP174738 in Including fossils in phylogeny: a glimpse into the evolution of the superfamily Evanioidea (Hymenoptera: Apocrita) under tip-dating and the fossilized birth-death process

F i g u r e 1. K e r a t o d e l l i t h a b a s i l i s c i. H o l o t y p e NIGP174738 (female). A, habitus in right lateral view. B, habitus in left lateral view. Scale bars: 0.5 mm.

Subspecies and Distribution. R.a.asiaticaLydekker,1908—NE&ETurkey. R. a. caucasica Lydekker, 1910 — Caucasus in S Russia, Georgia, and Azerbaijan. in Bovidae

Subspecies and Distribution. R.a.asiaticaLydekker,1908—NE&ETurkey. R. a. caucasica Lydekker, 1910 — Caucasus in S Russia, Georgia, and Azerbaijan.

Subspecies and Distribution. R.r.rupicapraLinnaeus,1758—Germany,Switzerland,Liechtenstein,Austria,France,[taly,Slovenia,andNWCroatia. R.r.balcanicaBolkay,1925—BosniaandHerzegovina,Serbia,Montenegro,Albania,Kosovo,Macedonia,Bulgaria,andGreece. R.r.cartusianaCouturier,1938—EFranceonWedgeofFrenchAlps. R. r. tatrica Blahout, 1972 — Tatras Mts in S Poland and N Slovakia. Subspecies rupicapra introduced into Czech Republic, Slovakia, Bulgaria, Argentina, and New Zealand. in Bovidae

Subspecies and Distribution. R.r.rupicapraLinnaeus,1758—Germany,Switzerland,Liechtenstein,Austria,France,[taly,Slovenia,andNWCroatia. R.r.balcanicaBolkay,1925—BosniaandHerzegovina,Serbia,Montenegro,Albania,Kosovo,Macedonia,Bulgaria,andGreece. R.r.cartusianaCouturier,1938—EFranceonWedgeofFrenchAlps. R. r. tatrica Blahout, 1972 — Tatras Mts in S Poland and N Slovakia. Subspecies rupicapra introduced into Czech Republic, Slovakia, Bulgaria, Argentina, and New Zealand.

Distribution. Nigeria to W Sudan. The Niger River is provisionally used as the boundary between the Nigerian Reedbuck and the Western Reedbuck (R. re dunca) to the west. in Bovidae

Distribution. Nigeria to W Sudan. The Niger River is provisionally used as the boundary between the Nigerian Reedbuck and the Western Reedbuck (R. re dunca) to the west.

Subspecies and Distribution. R.t.tarandusLinnaeus,1758—Norway. R.t.caribouGmelin,1788—SCanada(fromSYukontoLabradorandNewfoundland)andNWUSA(NEWashington,NIdaho&WMontana). R.t.fennicusLonnberg,1909—FinlandandNWRussia(Karelia). R.t.groenlandicusLinnaeus,1767—Alaska,NCanada,WGreenland. R.t.pearsoniLydekker,1903—NovayaZemlya(Russia). R.t.pearyiJ.A.Allen,1902—CanadianArcticIs. R. t. phylarchus Hollister, 1912 — Russian Far East (Amur region, Okhotsk area, Sakhalin, Kamchatka). R.t.platyrhynchusVrolik,1829—Svalbard(Norway). R.t.sibiricusMurray,1866—NSiberiantundra,RussianArcticIs. R. t. valentinae Flerov, 1933 — Ural Mts (Russia), Altai Mts, Mongolia. Feral Icelandic population originated from animals introduced from Norway in 1771; they have been introduced also into South Georgia Is (in 1911-1912 and 1925) and Kerguelen Is (in 1955). in Cervidae

Subspecies and Distribution. R.t.tarandusLinnaeus,1758—Norway. R.t.caribouGmelin,1788—SCanada(fromSYukontoLabradorandNewfoundland)andNWUSA(NEWashington,NIdaho&WMontana). R.t.fennicusLonnberg,1909—FinlandandNWRussia(Karelia). R.t.groenlandicusLinnaeus,1767—Alaska,NCanada,WGreenland. R.t.pearsoniLydekker,1903—NovayaZemlya(Russia). R.t.pearyiJ.A.Allen,1902—CanadianArcticIs. R. t. phylarchus Hollister, 1912 — Russian Far East (Amur region, Okhotsk area, Sakhalin, Kamchatka). R.t.platyrhynchusVrolik,1829—Svalbard(Norway). R.t.sibiricusMurray,1866—NSiberiantundra,RussianArcticIs. R. t. valentinae Flerov, 1933 — Ural Mts (Russia), Altai Mts, Mongolia. Feral Icelandic population originated from animals introduced from Norway in 1771; they have been introduced also into South Georgia Is (in 1911-1912 and 1925) and Kerguelen Is (in 1955).

Subspecies and Distribution. R. d. duvaucelii G. Cuvier, 1823 — N India, S Nepal. R. d. branderi Pocock, 1943 — C India. R. d. ranpitsinhi Groves, 1982 — NE India. in Cervidae

Subspecies and Distribution. R. d. duvaucelii G. Cuvier, 1823 — N India, S Nepal. R. d. branderi Pocock, 1943 — C India. R. d. ranpitsinhi Groves, 1982 — NE India.

Subspecies and Distribution. R.t.timorensisdeBlainville,1822—TimorI. R.t.djongaVanBemmel,1949-MunaandButonIs. R.t.flovesiensisHeude,1897—Flores1. R.t.macassaricaHeude,1896—Sulawesi. R.t.moluccensisQuoy&Gaimard,1830—MoluccanIs. R.t.renschiSody,1932—Bali. R. t. russa Muller & Schlegel, 1845 — Java. Possibly it is native only to Java and Bali islands, introduced into Lombok, Flores, Sumbawa, Sumba, Timor, Sulawesi, and Moluccan Islands in ancient times. It was introduced during the last centuries in many locations, including New Guinea, Aru Islands, New Britain Is, Australia, New Zealand, New Caledonia, Mauritius, and Comoro Is. The map represents the native range and the oldest introductions. in Cervidae

Subspecies and Distribution. R.t.timorensisdeBlainville,1822—TimorI. R.t.djongaVanBemmel,1949-MunaandButonIs. R.t.flovesiensisHeude,1897—Flores1. R.t.macassaricaHeude,1896—Sulawesi. R.t.moluccensisQuoy&Gaimard,1830—MoluccanIs. R.t.renschiSody,1932—Bali. R. t. russa Muller & Schlegel, 1845 — Java. Possibly it is native only to Java and Bali islands, introduced into Lombok, Flores, Sumbawa, Sumba, Timor, Sulawesi, and Moluccan Islands in ancient times. It was introduced during the last centuries in many locations, including New Guinea, Aru Islands, New Britain Is, Australia, New Zealand, New Caledonia, Mauritius, and Comoro Is. The map represents the native range and the oldest introductions.

Subspecies and Distribution. M.r.reeves:Ogilby,1838—SEChina. M. r. micrurus Sclater, 1875 — Taiwan. The subspecies from mainland China was introduced into England in the early 20" century. in Cervidae

Subspecies and Distribution. M.r.reeves:Ogilby,1838—SEChina. M. r. micrurus Sclater, 1875 — Taiwan. The subspecies from mainland China was introduced into England in the early 20" century.

Subspecies and Distribution. R.m.mariannaDesmarest,1822—Luzon|andassociatedsmallerIs. R.m.barandanaHeude,1888—MindoroI. R. m. nigella Hollister, 1813 — Mindanao, Basilan, Samar, and Leyte Is. In addition to its native range, introduced populations of this species are found on the islands of Guam, Saipan and Rota in the Mariana Is and Pohnpei in the Caroline Is. The Philippine Brown Deer was also introduced to the Japanese Bonin Islands, where it later became extinct. in Cervidae

Subspecies and Distribution. R.m.mariannaDesmarest,1822—Luzon|andassociatedsmallerIs. R.m.barandanaHeude,1888—MindoroI. R. m. nigella Hollister, 1813 — Mindanao, Basilan, Samar, and Leyte Is. In addition to its native range, introduced populations of this species are found on the islands of Guam, Saipan and Rota in the Mariana Is and Pohnpei in the Caroline Is. The Philippine Brown Deer was also introduced to the Japanese Bonin Islands, where it later became extinct.