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2,078 results for “soil data”
Data from: Effects of livestock grazing on soil, plant functional diversity and ecological traits vary between regions with different climate in northeastern Iran
Understanding the responses of vegetation characteristics and soil properties to grazing in different precipitation regimes is useful for the management of rangelands, especially in the arid regions. In northeastern Iran, we studied the responses of vegetation to livestock grazing in three regions with different climate: arid, semi-arid and sub-humid. In each region, we selected 6-7 pairwise sampling areas of high versus low grazing intensity and six traits of the present species were recorded on 1 m2 plots - 5 grazed and 5 ungrazed in each area. The overall fertility was compared using the dissimilarity analysis, linear mixed-effect models were used to compare the individual fertility parameters, functional diversity indices and species traits between the plots with high and low grazing intensity and between the climatic regions. Both climate and grazing, as well as their interaction, affected fertility parameters, functional diversity indices and the representation of species traits. Grazing reduced functional evenness, height of the community, the representation of annuals, but increased the community leaf area. In the sub-humid region, grazing also reduced functional richness. Further, grazing decreased the share of annual species in the semi-arid region and seed mass in the arid region. Larger leaf area and seed mass, smaller height and lower share of annuals were associated with intensive grazing. Species with large LA and seed mass, lower height and perennials can be therefore presumed to tolerate trampling and benefit from high nutrient levels, associated with intensive grazing. By providing a detailed view on the impacts of overgrazing, this study highlights the importance of protection from grazing as an effective management tool for maintaining the pastoral ecosystems. In general, the composition of plant traits across the pastures of northeastern Iran was more affected by intensive grazing compared to climate.
Data from: Effect of coupled reduced irrigation and nitrogen fertilizer on soil mite community composition in a wheat field
Overuse of groundwater and nitrogen fertilizer constitute a severe threat to crop production, thus, low inputs of irrigation and nitrogen fertilizer were required in current ecological agriculture. The effects of combined reduced irrigation and nitrogen fertilizer addition on soil organism (e.g., mite) community and biodiversity remain poorly understood. We analyzed soil mite community composition, wheat grain yields, and soil characteristics in a ten-year manipulation experiment with two levels of irrigation (reduced irrigation and conventional irrigation) and five levels of nitrogen fertilizer (0, 70, 140, 210, 280 kg N ha-1). The study showed that reduced irrigation (20% reduction, from 280 to 220 mm) and nitrogen fertilizer (25% reduction, from 280 to 210 kg N ha-1) addition did not significantly influence soil mite community and wheat yields. The relative abundances of fungivore and predator showed negative quadratic relationships with wheat yields, while that of plant parasite was positive. The relationships between soil mite trophic groups and wheat yields revealed that we can elevated the impacts of reduced irrigation and nitrogen fertilizer addition from the perspective of soil fauna. The soil mite community composition was altered by soil abiotic factors prior to reduced irrigation and nitrogen fertilizer addition. On the whole, moderate reductions of irrigation and nitrogen fertilizer may not threaten to soil mite community and diversity or decrease crop production, on the contrary, it will benefit to the development of mite community and the sustainable agriculture.
Data from: Effects of rhizoma peanut cultivars (Arachis glabrata Benth.) on the soil bacterial diversity and predicted function in nitrogen fixation
There is a growing awareness of the importance of soil microorganisms in agricultural management practices. Currently, much less is known about whether different crop cultivar has an effect on the taxonomic structure and diversity, and specific functions of soil bacterial communities. Here we examined the changes of the diversity and composition and enzyme-encoding nitrogenase genes in a long-term field experiment with seven different rhizoma peanut cultivars in southeastern USA, coupling high-throughput 16S rRNA gene sequencing and the sequence-based function prediction with Tax4Fun. Of the 32 phyla detected (Proteobacteria class), 13 were dominant: Acidobacteria, Alphaproteobacteria, Actinobacteria, Betaproteobacteria, Bacteroidetes, Verrucomicrobia, Gammaproteobacteria, Deltaproteobacteria, Gemmatimonadetes, Firmicutes, Nitrospirae, Chloroflexi and Planctomycetes (relative abundance >1%). We found no evidence that the diversity and composition of bacterial communities was significantly different among different cultivars, but the abundance of some dominant bacterial groups that have N-fixation potentials (at broad or fine taxonomic level) and predicted abundances of some enzyme-encoding nitrogenase genes showed significant across-cultivar differences. The nitrogenase genes were notably abundant in Florigraze and Latitude soils while remarkably lower in Arbook and UF_TITO soils when compared with other cultivars, indicating different nitrogen fixation potentials among different cultivars. The findings also suggest that the abundance of certain bacterial taxa and the specific function bacteria perform in ecosystems can have an inherent association. Our study is helpful to understand how microbiological responses and feedback to different plant genotypes through the variation in structure and function of their communities in the rhizosphere.
Data from: Effect of chemical additives on electrokinetic remediation of Cr-contaminated soil coupled with a permeable reactive barrier
Chromium(Cr) contamination in soil, especially Cr(VI) has a serious threat to the environment and human health. The electrokinetic remediation (EKR) is a promising technology to remediate the Cr(VI). Therefore, EKR coupled with a permeable reactive barrier (PRB) was used to treat the Cr(VI) contaminated soil in this study. The CTMAB-Z, a modified zeolite (prepared by cetyl trimethyl ammonium bromide) alone and a mixture of CTMAB-Z and Fe(0) were used as PRB-1 and PRB-2 reactive media, respectively. The effect of chemical enhancers/additives i.e. dl-tartaric acid and tween 80 on EKR of Cr(VI) was also analysed in the contrasting experiments. While, the effects of repair time, voltage gradient and dl-tartaric acid concentration on Cr(VI) remediation were investigated by utilizing multifactor orthogonal experiment which was based on contrasting experiments. The contrasting experiment results showed that the highest Cr(VI) removal rate(66.27%) and leaching efficiency(71.29%) were observed in the experimental group which had dl-tartaric acid and PRB-2. Furthermore, the multifactor orthogonal experiment results had depicted that the highest Cr(VI) removal rate(80.92%) and leaching efficiency(85.25%) were achieved after treating the samples at a voltage gradient of 2.5 v/cm for 8 days in presence of 0.15 M concentration of dl-tartaric acid. This study demonstrated that Cr(VI) remediation through EKR process could be significantly enhanced by the use of PRB and additives.
Data from: Contrasting effects of ammonium and nitrate additions on the biomass of soil microbial communities and enzyme activities in subtropical China
The nitrate to ammonium ratios in nitrogen (N) compounds in wet atmospheric deposits have increased over the recent past, which is a cause for some concern as the individual effects of nitrate and ammonium deposition on the biomass of different soil microbial communities and enzyme activities are still poorly defined. We established a field experiment and applied ammonium (NH4Cl) and nitrate (NaNO3) at monthly intervals over a period of 4 years. We collected soil samples from the ammonium and nitrate treatments and control plots in three different seasons, namely spring, summer, and fall, to evaluate the how the biomass of different soil microbial communities and enzyme activities responded to the ammonium (NH4Cl) and nitrate (NaNO3) applications. Our results showed that the total contents of phospholipid fatty acids (PLFAs) decreased by 24 and 11 % in the ammonium and nitrate treatments, respectively. The inhibitory effects of ammonium on Gram-positive bacteria (G+) and bacteria, fungi, actinomycetes, and arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) PLFA contents ranged from 14 to 40 % across the three seasons. We also observed that the absolute activities of C, N, and P hydrolyses and oxidases were inhibited by ammonium and nitrate, but that nitrate had stronger inhibitory effects on the activities of acid phosphatase (AP) than ammonium. The activities of N-acquisition specific enzymes (enzyme activities normalized by total PLFA contents) were about 21 and 43 % lower in the ammonium and nitrate treatments than in the control, respectively. However, the activities of P-acquisition specific enzymes were about 19 % higher in the ammonium treatment than in the control. Using redundancy analysis (RDA), we found that the measured C, N, and P hydrolysis and polyphenol oxidase (PPO) activities were positively correlated with the soil pH and ammonium contents, but were negatively correlated with the nitrate contents. The PLFA biomarker contents were positively correlated with soil pH, soil organic carbon (SOC), and total N contents, but were negatively correlated with the ammonium contents. The soil enzyme activities varied seasonally, and were highest in March and lowest in October. In contrast, the contents of the microbial PLFA biomarkers were higher in October than in March and June. Ammonium may inhibit the contents of PLFA biomarkers more strongly than nitrate because of acidification. This study has provided useful information about the effects of ammonium and nitrate on soil microbial communities and enzyme activities.
Data from: Effects of forestry-driven changes to groundcover and soil moisture on amphibian desiccation, dispersal, and survival
Over 80% of amphibian species that are declining are forest dependent. Forestry practices are a major cause of forest alterations globally, and it is well documented that clearcutting can contribute to amphibian declines. However, there might be adverse effects of forestry practices other than clearcutting. For example, planting overstory trees in rows (plantations) can change groundcover microhabitats and soil moisture levels, but the effects of this common practice on amphibian populations are not well studied. We compared the impacts of common intensive pine plantation operations to naturally regenerated pine forests on the desiccation, movement rates, behavior, and survival of > 900 juvenile Southern toads (Anaxyrus terrestris). Pine plantations had significantly more accumulation of conifer needles and less exposed soil, herbaceous groundcover, broadleaf litter, and soil moisture than natural pine forests despite the greater canopy cover at plantations. Litter cover explained 85% of groundcover microhabitat variance among forest types and predicted minimum soil moisture levels. When toads were held in small outdoor enclosures that constrained microhabitat selection, 24-h desiccation rates and 72-h mortality were significantly greater in pine plantation than in naturally regenerated pine forest because of lower soil moisture, especially during low rainfall periods. In large outdoor pens where juvenile amphibians could select microhabitats, movement was strongly directed down slope and increased with precipitation. However, initial speeds were positively associated with pine density, likely because toads were trying to evacuate from the drier high-pine-density areas. High-intensity silviculture practices that eliminate herbaceous or vegetative groundcover, such as roller chopping and scalping, increase amphibian desiccation because planted conifers dry the upper soil layer. Our study highlights the importance of prioritizing lower intensity silviculture practices or lower pine densities to retain groundcover microhabitat that serves as amphibian refugia from dry conditions that are predicted to increase in frequency with climate change.
Data from: Modeling spatial patterns of soil respiration in maize fields from vegetation and soil property factors with the use of remote sensing and geographical information system
To examine the method for estimating the spatial patterns of soil respiration (Rs) in agricultural ecosystems using remote sensing and geographical information system (GIS), Rs rates were measured at 53 sites during the peak growing season of maize in three counties in North China. Through Pearson's correlation analysis, leaf area index (LAI), canopy chlorophyll content, aboveground biomass, soil organic carbon (SOC) content, and soil total nitrogen content were selected as the factors that affected spatial variability in Rs during the peak growing season of maize. The use of a structural equation modeling approach revealed that only LAI and SOC content directly affected Rs. Meanwhile, other factors indirectly affected Rs through LAI and SOC content. When three greenness vegetation indices were extracted from an optical image of an environmental and disaster mitigation satellite in China, enhanced vegetation index (EVI) showed the best correlation with LAI and was thus used as a proxy for LAI to estimate Rs at the regional scale. The spatial distribution of SOC content was obtained by extrapolating the SOC content at the plot scale based on the kriging interpolation method in GIS. When data were pooled for 38 plots, a first-order exponential analysis indicated that approximately 73% of the spatial variability in Rs during the peak growing season of maize can be explained by EVI and SOC content. Further test analysis based on independent data from 15 plots showed that the simple exponential model had acceptable accuracy in estimating the spatial patterns of Rs in maize fields on the basis of remotely sensed EVI and GIS-interpolated SOC content, with R2 of 0.69 and root-mean-square error of 0.51 µmol CO2 m−2 s−1. The conclusions from this study provide valuable information for estimates of Rs during the peak growing season of maize in three counties in North China.
Data from: Anthropogenic N deposition increases soil C storage by reducing the relative abundance of lignolytic fungi
Atmospheric nitrogen (N) deposition has increased dramatically since preindustrial times and continues to increase across many regions of the Earth. In temperate forests, this agent of global change has increased soil carbon (C) storage, but the mechanisms underlying this response are not understood. One long-standing hypothesis proposed to explain the accumulation of soil C proposes that higher inorganic N availability may suppress both the activity and abundance of fungi which decay lignin and other polyphenols in soil. In field studies, elevated rates of N deposition have reduced the activity of enzymes mediating lignin decay, but a decline in the abundance of lignolytic fungi has not been definitively documented to date. Here, we tested the hypothesis that elevated rates of anthropogenic N deposition reduce the abundance of lignolytic fungi. We conducted a field experiment in which we compared fungal communities colonizing low-lignin, high-lignin, and wood substrates in a northern hardwood forest that is part of a long-term N deposition experiment. We reasoned that, if lignolytic fungi decline under experimental N deposition, this effect should be most evident among fungi colonizing high-lignin and wood substrates. Using molecular approaches, we provide evidence that anthropogenic N deposition reduces the relative abundance of lignolytic fungi on both wood and a high-lignin substrate. Furthermore, experimental N deposition increased total fungal abundance on a low-lignin substrate, reduced fungal abundance on wood, and had no significant effect on fungal abundance on a high-lignin substrate. We simultaneously examined these responses in the surrounding soil and forest floor, in which we did not observe significant reductions in the relative abundance of lignolytic fungi or in the size of the fungal community; however, we did detect a change in community composition in the forest floor that appears to be driven by a shift away from lignolytic fungi and towards cellulolytic fungi. Our results provide direct evidence that reductions in the abundance of lignolytic fungi are part of the mechanism by which anthropogenic N deposition increases soil C storage.
Data from: Secondary successional trajectories of structural and catabolic bacterial communities in oil polluted soil planted with hybrid poplar
Poplars have widely been used for rhizoremediation of a broad range of organic contaminants for the past two decades. Still, there is a knowledge gap regarding the rhizosphere associated bacterial communities of poplars and their dynamics during the remediation process. It is envisaged that a detailed understanding of rhizosphere associated microbial populations will greatly contribute to a better design and implementation of rhizoremediation. In order to investigate the long-term succession of structural and catabolic bacterial communities in oil polluted soil planted with hybrid poplar, we carried out a 2-year field study. Hybrid aspen (Populus tremula x tremuloides) seedlings were planted in polluted soil excavated from an accidental oil-spill site. Vegetated and un-vegetated soil samples were collected for microbial community analyses at 7 different time-points during the course of 2 years and sampling time-points were chosen to cover the seasonal variation in the boreal climate zone. Bacterial community structure was accessed by means of 16S rRNA gene amplicon pyrosequencing whereas catabolic diversity was monitored by pyrosequencing of alkane hydroxylase and extradiol dioxygenase genes. We observed a clear succession of bacterial communities on both structural and functional levels from early to late phase communities. Sphingomonas type extradiol dioxygenases and alkane hydroxylase homologs of Rhodococcus clearly dominated the early phase communities. The high dominance-low diversity functional gene communities underwent a transition to low-dominance-high diversity communities in the late phase. These results pointed towards increased catabolic capacities and a change from specialist to generalist strategy of bacterial communities during the course of secondary succession.
Data from: Top-down control of carbon sequestration: grazing affects microbial structure and function in salt marsh soils
Tidal wetlands have been increasingly recognized as long-term carbon sinks in recent years. Work on carbon sequestration and decomposition processes in tidal wetlands focused so far mainly on effects of global-change factors such as sea-level rise and increasing temperatures. However, little is known about effects of land use, such as livestock grazing, on organic matter decomposition and ultimately carbon sequestration. The present work aims at understanding the mechanisms by which large herbivores can affect organic matter decomposition in tidal wetlands. This was achieved by studying both direct animal-microbe interactions and indirect animal-plant-microbe interactions in grazed and ungrazed areas of two long-term experimental field sites at the German North Sea coast. We assessed bacterial and fungal gene abundance using quantitative PCR, as well as the activity of microbial exo-enzymes by conducting fluorometric assays. We demonstrate that grazing can have a profound impact on the microbial community structure of tidal wetland soils, by consistently increasing the fungi-to-bacteria ratio by 38-42%, and therefore potentially exerts important control over carbon turnover and sequestration. The observed shift in the microbial community was primarily driven by organic matter source, with higher contributions of recalcitrant autochthonous (terrestrial) vs. easily degradable allochthonous (marine) sources in grazed areas favoring relative fungal abundance. We propose a novel and indirect form of animal-plant-microbe interaction: top-down control of aboveground vegetation structure determines the capacity of allochthonous organic matter trapping during flooding and thus the structure of the microbial community. Furthermore, our data provide the first evidence that grazing slows down microbial exo-enzyme activity and thus decomposition through changes in soil redox chemistry. Activities of enzymes involved in C cycling were reduced by 28-40%, while activities of enzymes involved in N cycling were not consistently affected by grazing. It remains unclear if this is a trampling-driven direct grazing effect, as hypothesized in earlier studies, or if the effect on redox chemistry is plant mediated and thus indirect. This study improves our process-level understanding of how grazing can affect the microbial ecology and biogeochemistry of semi-terrestrial ecosystems that may help explain and predict differences in C turnover and sequestration rates between grazed and ungrazed systems.
Data from: Small mammal herbivores mediate the effects of soil nitrogen and invertebrate herbivores on grassland diversity
1. Simultaneous reductions in herbivore abundance and increases in nitrogen deposition have led to radical shifts in plant communities worldwide. While the individual impacts of these human-caused disturbances are apparent, few studies manipulate both herbivory and N, nor differentiate among herbivore guilds, to understand contingencies in the ability of these drivers to affect producer diversity and productivity. As such, understanding how the main and combined effects of increasing soil N with declining herbivores may influence plant community structure and function is critical to better understand the future of grassland ecosystems under multiple global change drivers. 2. In this study, we asked: (1) What are the main effects of small mammal herbivores, invertebrate herbivores, and soil N on plant community structure and function? and (2) Are the effects of invertebrate herbivores and soil N on plant community structure and function contingent on small mammal herbivory? We used a design, with invertebrate and soil N treatments nested within small mammal manipulations in an existing tall grass prairie. We quantified plant community structure ( plant richness, evenness, diversity, and composition). We also recorded total aboveground biomass to quantify grassland productivity. 3. We found that small mammal herbivores strongly shaped plant diversity, species composition, and productivity. Small mammal herbivores also mediated the effects of soil N and invertebrate herbivores on grassland community structure, but not composition or productivity. Small mammal reduction lowered plant species richness while increasing above ground biomass and altering compositional similarity. Invertebrate herbivores, in the presence of small mammals, promoted plant dominance by reducing evenness without altering compositional similarity. Additionally, soil nitrogen addition reduced plant richness, but only when small mammals were reduced, and no effects on compositional similarity or productivity. 4. Our findings provide further evidence that temperate grasslands productivity and diversity are driven by top and bottom up factors.
Data from: Water salinity and inundation control soil carbon decomposition during salt marsh restoration: an incubation experiment
Coastal wetlands are a significant carbon (C) sink since they store carbon in anoxic soils. This ecosystem service is impacted by hydrologic alteration and management of these ecosystems. Efforts to restore tidal flow to former salt marshes has increased in recent decades, and is generally associated with alteration of water inundation levels and salinity. This study examined the effect of water level and salinity changes on soil organic matter decomposition during a 60-day incubation period. Intact soil cores from impounded freshwater marsh and salt marsh were incubated after addition of either seawater or fresh water under flooded and drained water levels. Elevating freshwater marsh salinity to 6 to 9 ppt enhanced CO2 emission by 50% -80% and most typically decreased CH4 emissions, whereas, decreasing the salinity from 26 ppt to 19 ppt in salt marsh soils had no effect on CO2 or CH4 fluxes. The effect from altering water levels was more pronounced with drained soil cores emitting ~10-fold more CO2 than the flooded treatment in both marsh sediments. Draining soil cores also increased dissolved organic carbon (DOC) concentrations. Stable carbon isotope analysis of CO2 generated during the incubations of freshwater marsh cores in drained soils demonstrates that relict peat OC that accumulated when the marsh was saline was preferentially oxidized when seawater was introduced. This study suggests that restoration of tidal flow that raises the water level from drained conditions would decrease aerobic decomposition and enhance C sequestration. It is also possible that the restoration increase soil C decomposition of deeper deposits by anaerobic oxidation, however this impact would be minimal compared to lower emissions expected due to the return of flooding conditions.
Data from: Incorporating the disease triangle framework for testing the effect of soil-borne pathogens on tree species diversity
1. The enemies-induced Janzen-Connell (JC) effect, a classic model invoking conspecific negative density dependence (CNDD) and distance dependence, is a primary biodiversity maintenance hypothesis. Yet, conflicting evidence for the JC effect leads to disagreement about its role in maintaining forest diversity. 2. We focus this review on soil-borne pathogens, which are the primary agent inducing the JC effect in many forest ecosystems. Although the test of the pathogen-induced JC effect in ecology critically rests on the seedling mortality caused by soil pathogens, what has not been explicitly explored in the early literature but has increasingly received attention is the long-recognized fact that the environment can alter virulence of pathogens and host susceptibility (and thus pathogen-host interactions), as predicted by the classic disease triangle framework enlightened by pathology research in agricultural systems. 3. Here, following the disease triangle framework we review evidence on how the pathogen-induced JC effect may be contingent on context (e.g., environmental conditions, pathogen inoculum load, and genetic divergence in host and pathogen populations). The reviewed evidence reveals and clarifies the conditions where pathogens may or may not cause disease to hosts, thus contributing to reconciling the inconsistent results about the pathogen-induced JC effect in the literature. The context-dependence of the disease triangle predicts that the pathogen-induced JC effect would change under global change. 4. Gaining insights from evidence that the pathogen-induced JC effect is context-dependent, we suggest that future tests on the JC hypothesis be conducted under the framework of disease triangle, and we stress the necessity by controlling the effect of context factors on plant-pathogen interactions when testing for the JC effect. We conclude the review by proposing three lines of future research for testing the importance of the JC effect in maintaining global forest tree species diversity, with a particular emphasis on testing the effect of global warming on the strength of pathogen-host interactions for better predicting changes of forest biodiversity under climate change.
Data from: Differences in the soil microbial community and carbon use efficiency following development of Vochysia guatemalensis tree plantations in unproductive pastures in Costa Rica
This study shows that Vochysia guatemalensis tree plantations were associated with enhanced soil biotic and abiotic characteristics in previously cleared forests in the Northern Zone of Costa Rica, suggesting the possible use of this practice as a restoration strategy for local land owners. Soil samples from a primary forest (PF), secondary forest (SF), and a 13-year-old (OV) plantation of V. guatemalensis had greater relative abundances of DNA sequences of microbial genera critical for C-use efficiency (i.e., the saprobe, complex C and wood rot/lignin decomposer fungi, and bacterial lignin and other complex C degraders), and greater levels of total organic C, C-biomass, and Microbial Quotients as indicators of enhanced C-use efficiency, than found in soils of adjacent 5-year-old (NV) V. guatemalensis plantations and abandoned non-productive pasture/grasslands (GR). The major research conclusions were that: 1) conversion of forested land into abandoned pasture/grasslands decreased the C-use efficiency in the soils and the microbial groups associated with C-use efficiency; 2) soils in plantations of V. guatemalensis were associated with increased abundances of the DNA of these same microbial groups and enhanced C-use efficiency; 3) DNA-based taxonomic analysis of microbes and analysis of the Microbial Quotient values can be used to monitor soil ecosystems for assessment of the efficacy of restoration activities. Thus, planting V. guatemalensis on damaged lands in the Maquenque National Wildlife Refuge (MNWR) should be encouraged to provide a sustainable forestry crop that can be harvested rotationally, while improving soil ecosystem health and reducing the pressure to harvest other forest sites.
Data from: Soil carbon accumulation differences: allocation of visible plant biomass, carbon and nitrogen in two turfgrasses
<p><span>Carbon accumulation in turfgrass soils by plant material may be beneficial to CO<sub>2</sub> sequestration and soil health, but at high rates can easily lead to declined turfgrass quality (i.e. thatch and mat layer formation). In a field study it was investigated how the fraction of visible plant biomass of turfgrass (sub)species monocultures, with two or three varieties as monoculture per (sub)species, and its C and N concentration and CN ratio in this visible plant biomass in thatch, mat and soil layers contributes to C accumulation. In total three <em>Festuca rubra</em> subspecies; <em>Festcua rubra commutata</em> (Frc), <em>Festuca rubra trichophylla </em>(Frt), <em>Festuca rubra rubra</em> (Frr), and three Agrostis species; <em>Agrostis canina</em> (Acn), <em>Agrostis capillaris</em> (Acp), Agrostis stolonifera (As), were studied. The study was conducted on 3 years old turfgrass demonstration fields of two turfgrass seed companies: <em>Festuca rubra</em> subspecies samples were collected at a site of Barenbrug in Wolfheze (52°00´N, 5°46´E), and <em>Agrostis </em>species were sampled at a site of DLF in Moerstraten (51°32´N, 4°20´E), both in the Netherlands. Both sites were built on a sandy soil. </span></p> <p><span>For every variety, cores of the top 20 cm of the soil including aboveground biomass were taken with a core sampler (diameter 28 mm). The core was immediately divided into 4 distinctive layers, thatch + aboveground biomass, mat, remaining upper 10 cm soil and 10-20 cm soil. Distinction of these layers followed the protocol of Evers et al. (2024). </span><span>Aboveground biomass was separated from the thatch with scissors. Sediment from thatch, mat, remaining upper 10 cm of soil and 10-20 cm soil was carefully washed out with tap water, after which the remaining below-ground (dead and living) visible plant biomass and aboveground biomass was dried at 65 °C until stable weight and weighed. Total C and N analyses were carried out with a Vario Micro Cube Element Analyzer (Elementar, Langenselbold, Germany), from which C and N concentrations (in % of dry matter of plant biomass) and C to N ratios (CN ratio) were calculated.</span></p>
UCLM_UJA_OPEN_Pesticides Copper Data SOIL O-LIVE PROJECT 2024 RP1
<p>Database with Pesticides and Copper Data within the frame of the WP2 Diagnosis phase in SOIL O-LIVE PROJECT</p>
Gentsch et al.:Soil nitrogen and water management by winter-killed catch crops. Open data and R scripts.
<p>The file contains metadata on catch crop biomass, soil water contents, and ammonia and nitrate contents in different soil depth from the CATCHY experimental field site Asendorf. R scripts are provided for statistic evaluation of the metadata, plots for publication and spatiotemporal visualization. The article to this data set ist published in the lournal SOIL from Copernicus publisher: <a href="https://soil.copernicus.org/articles/8/269/2022/">https://soil.copernicus.org/articles/8/269/2022/</a></p>
Soil incubation data along a water gradient
<p><span>The dataset is from an incubation experiment which was carried out in the dark at the temperature of 15°C and the relative humidity of 40% for 72 days. </span> <span>The predominant soil is sandy loam, with sand, silt and clay percentages of 54%, 41% and 5%, respectively. </span><span>The SOC content of the 0 – 10 cm layer is 4.2% and the pH is 6.9. </span><span>Four treatments with four replicates were set up at the SWC of 12%, 24%, 43% and 61%, respectively. The average cumulative respiration of the four replicates and its standard deviation (SD) are provided in the dataset.</span></p>
Model output data of the paper: "Management induced changes of soil organic carbon on global croplands"
<p># Model output data of the paper: "Management induced changes of soil organic carbon on global croplands"<br> This data was prodused using the the MadRat framework and the mrsoil R-library by the R-script SOCBudget.R, which is stored together with the data. mrsoil is based on the R-libraries mrcommons, mrmagpie and mrvalidation.</p> <p>### REFERENCES<br> Dietrich J, Baumstark L, Wirth S, Giannousakis A, Rodrigues R, Bodirsky B, Kreidenweis U, Klein D (2020). _madrat: May All Data be<br> Reproducible and Transparent (MADRaT)_. doi: 10.5281/zenodo.1115490 (URL: https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.1115490), R package version<br> 1.86.0, <URL: https://github.com/pik-piam/madrat>.</p> <p>rstens K, Dietrich J (2020). _mrsoil: MadRat Soil Organic Carbon Budget Library_. doi: 10.5281/zenodo.4317933 (URL:<br> https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4317933), R package version 1.1.0, <URL: https://github.com/pik-piam/mrsoil>.</p> <p>Bodirsky B, Karstens K, Baumstark L, Weindl I, Wang X, Mishra A, Wirth S, Stevanovic M, Steinmetz N, Kreidenweis U, Rodrigues R, Popov<br> R, Humpenoeder F, Giannousakis A, Levesque A, Klein D, Araujo E, Beier F, Oeser J, Pehl M, Leip D, Molina Bacca E, Martinelli E,<br> Schreyer F, Dietrich J (2020). _mrcommons: MadRat commons Input Data Library_. doi: 10.5281/zenodo.3822009 (URL:<br> https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3822009), R package version 0.11.10, <URL: https://github.com/pik-piam/mrcommons>.</p> <p>Karstens K, Dietrich J, Chen D, Windisch M, Alves M, Beier F, v. Jeetze P, Mishra A, Humpenoeder F (2020). mrmagpie: madrat based MAgPIE Input Data Library. doi: 10.5281/zenodo.4319612 (URL: https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4319612), R package version 0.31.0, <URL: https://github.com/pik-piam/mrmagpie>.</p> <p>Bodirsky B, Wirth S, Karstens K, Humpenoeder F, Stevanovic M, Mishra A, Biewald A, Weindl I, Chen D, Molina Bacca E, Kreidenweis U, W. Yalew A, Humpenoeder<br> F, Wang X, Dietrich J (2020). _mrvalidation: madrat data preparation for validation purposes_. doi: 10.5281/zenodo.4317826 (URL:<br> https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4317826), R package version 2.5.0, <URL: https://github.com/pik-piam/mrvalidation>.</p> <p>## LICENSE<br> This data is open-source: you can redistribute it and/or modify it under the terms of the **CC Attribution 4.0 International** as published by the Creative Commons Corporation at https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/legalcode.</p> <p>## CONTACT<br> karstens@pik-potsdam.de</p>
Code and data for GRL paper: The role of soil moisture in predicting photosynthesis and evapotranspiration
<p>The scripts used for collecting and processing raw data for the study are included as well as the datasets after processing which are used to train the models in the study. The results are also included. </p>
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Allen Brain Atlas
Allen Brain Atlas is an Allen Institute collection of brain map atlases, datasets, APIs, and analysis tools covering mouse, human, and non-human primate brain resources.
Annotated Behaviour and Observability Dataset (ABODe)
ABODe is a University of Edinburgh DataShare dataset for behavior classification in group-housed mice using home-cage video, identities, bounding boxes, ground-plate positions, and annotator labels.
DANDI Archive for NWB datasets
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The International Brain Laboratory public data releases expose standardized mouse decision-making experiments, including Neuropixels recordings, widefield calcium imaging, behavior, and session metadata accessed through the ONE API.
OpenNeuro
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