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FIG. 4. Interactive musculoskeletal modeling and simulation involves 4 in Pennaraptoran Theropod Dinosaurs Past Progress And New Frontiers
FIG. 4. Interactive musculoskeletal modeling and simulation involves 4 steps: (1) Computed tomography (CT) scanning, (2) dissection, (3) measurement of kinematics, and (4) measurement of all external forces. Modified from Heers, et al., 2016, 2018.
FIG. 2 in Pennaraptoran Theropod Dinosaurs Past Progress And New Frontiers
FIG. 2. Simplified drawings of the crania of early-diverging pennaraptorans. A. Yi. Qualitative reconstruction of STM 31-2, modified from Xu et al. (2015). B. Epidexipteryx. Qualitative reconstruction of IVPP V15471, modified from Zhang et al. (2008). C. Incisivosaurus. Qualitative reconstruction of IVPP V13326, modified from Xu et al. (2002). D. Citipati. Qualitative reconstruction of IGM 100/978, modified from Clark et al. (2002). Scale is 1 cm.
FIG. 4 in Pennaraptoran Theropod Dinosaurs Past Progress And New Frontiers
FIG. 4. Phylomorphospace of hand evolution in Maniraptora. Phylogeny mapped over the scores of the first three principal components of shape. Color coding is consistent with figure 2. Asterisk indicates juvenile enantiornithine NIGP 130723 (Chiappe et al. 2007).
FIG. 6 in Pennaraptoran Theropod Dinosaurs Past Progress And New Frontiers
FIG. 6. Ancestral area estimation applying the DIVALIKE+J model with starting constraints to a dated coelurosaurian phylogeny (above and following two pages). Green shading denotes the period when the Apulian route (AR) connected northeast Africa and southwest Europe, while red shadings denote Bering land bridge (BLB) connections. The blue line denotes the time of separation between Laurasia and Gondwana (SL-G), while the yellow line denotes the time of separation between South America and Africa (SSA-A).
FIG. 4. Hypothesis 4 in Pennaraptoran Theropod Dinosaurs Past Progress And New Frontiers
FIG. 4. Hypothesis 4, Cretaceous North America–Asia faunal exchanges. This includes both the Early and Late Cretaceous establishments of the Bering land bridge. The green arrowed line denotes the approximate dispersal directions and route. Dotted lines denote paleogeography at 110 Ma, solid lines denote paleogeography at 75 Ma. Paleomap after (Matthews et al., 2016). Abbreviations: A, Asia; AO, Atlantic Ocean; E, Europe; F, Africa; I, India; M, Madagascar; N, North America; PO, Pacific Ocean; S, South America; T, Antarctica; TO, Tethys Ocean; U, Australia.
FIG. 1 in Pennaraptoran Theropod Dinosaurs Past Progress And New Frontiers
FIG. 1. Flight feather morphology across paravian phylogeny (modified from Feo et al., 2015). Early-diverging taxa (indicated by dashed pink lines) exhibit flight feather trailing edges characterized by narrow angles of barb-to-rachis attachment. The crownlike condition (broad angles of barb-to-rachis trailing edge attachment; blue dashed lines) arose on the internode subtending Ornithothoraces, and may have conferred a more flexible trailing edge of the wing during flight in order to increase feather-to-feather contact and maintenance of a coherent wing surface in flight during active downstrokes. Silhouettes from phylopic.org.
FIG. 4 in Pennaraptoran Theropod Dinosaurs Past Progress And New Frontiers
FIG. 4. Major evolutionary transformations in the avian furcula, coracoid and sternum, and manus in context of a simplified phylogeny, as documented in A. Archaeopteryx, B. Jeholornis, C. Confuciusornis, D. Sapeornis, E. Early Cretaceous Enantiornithes (Parabohaiornis), and F. Early Cretaceous Ornithuromorpha (Yanornis). Generally during early avian evolution, the furcula, coracoid, and sternum become more craniocaudally elongate, while the manual digits become reduced and fusion between the metacarpals increases. Illustrations not to scale.
FIG. 4. A in Pennaraptoran Theropod Dinosaurs Past Progress And New Frontiers
FIG. 4. A wide range of bacterial morphotypes observed in the decay experiments. Bacteria are shown in false colors in the SEM images: A, Club rods; B, E, spirochaetes; C, N, actinomycetes; D, flagellated vibrio; F, fusiform G, H, curved vibrio; I, J, O, cocci and coccobacilli; and K, M, bacilli; L, streptobacilli. Scale bars = 5 μm.
FIG. 3 in Pennaraptoran Theropod Dinosaurs Past Progress And New Frontiers
FIG. 3. Simplified phylogenetic hypothesis of theropod dinosaurs showing the tooth-reduction patterns in different clades (modified from Wang et al., 2014a, 2017a, 2019; and Zheng et al., 2018).
FIG. 4 in Pennaraptoran Theropod Dinosaurs Past Progress And New Frontiers
FIG. 4. Ancestral-state reconstruction (above and following two pages) of the six functional characters across Pennaraptora under squared-change parsimony (above and on next two pages). A. Anterior jaw-closing mechanical advantage, AMA. B. Posterior jaw-closing mechanical advantage, PMA. C. Jaw-opening mechanical advantage, OMA. D. Relative articular offset, AO. E. Relative maximum mandible height, MMH. F. Relative average mandible height, AMH. Tree topology based on Lü et al. (2017) and Pei et al. (in press). Reconstructed nodal values for select nodes are given in table 2.
Fig 5 in Tyrannosaurus, upper Cretaceous carnivorous dinosaur. (Second communication.)
Fig 5. Sacrum of Tyrannosaurus. Amer. Mus. No. 973. I-5, sacrals x-5.
Fig. 6. B in Tyrannosaurus, upper Cretaceous carnivorous dinosaur. (Second communication.)
Fig. 6. B Scapula of Tyrannosaurus. A Scapula of A ilosaurus.
Fig. 9 in Tyrannosaurus, upper Cretaceous carnivorous dinosaur. (Second communication.)
Fig. 9. Femur of Tyrannosaiurus. Amer. Mus. No. 973. a, posterior view; b, internal view.
text-fig. 56. Phylogram of theropod relationships, based on the cladogram in ext-figure 55. in The interrelationships and evolution of basal theropod dinosaurs
text-fig. 56. Phylogram of theropod relationships, based on the cladogram in ext-figure 55.
Fig. 5 in Osteology of the dorsal vertebrae of the giant titanosaurian sauropod dinosaur Dreadnoughtus schrani from the Late Cretaceous of Argentina
Fig. 5. Comparison of lamina capture in dorsal vertebrae of titanosaurian sauropod Dreadnoughtus schrani Lacovara, Lamanna, Ibiricu, Poole, Schroeter, Ullmann, Voegele, Boles, Carter, Fowler, Egerton, Moyer, Coughenour, Schein, Harris, Martínez, and Novas, 2014, from Santa Cruz Province, Argentina; middle–late Campanian to early Maastrichtian (A–E, shown in non-standard views for best visualization) and "disconnection" (sensu Gallina 2011) in presacral vertebrae of Bonitasaura salgadoi Apesteguía, 2004 from Río Negro Province, Argentina; Santonian (F). A. Left side of MPM-PV 1156?-4, estimated as the ~4th dorsal vertebra. B. Left side of MPM-PV 1156?-5, ~5th. C. Right side of MPM-PV 1156-6 (mirrored), ~6th. D. Right side of MPM-PV 1156?-8 (mirrored), ~7th. E. Right side of MPM-PV 1156?-9 (mirrored), ~8th. Changes in the PODLs through the sequence are denoted by a dotted line. F. Presacral vertebrae reproduced from Gallina (2011) under a Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY 4.0). F, F, estimated13th? cervical ver1 7 tebra; F, F, ~1st dorsal vertebra; F, F, ~2nd dorsal vertebra; F, F, ~3rd dorsal vertebra; F, F, 6th? dorsal vertebra; F, F, ~10th? dorsal vertebra. 2 8 3 9 4 10 5 11 6 12 Photographs (F1–F6) and explanatory drawings (F7–F12). Abbreviations: DI, diapophysis; PODL, postzygodiapophyseal lamina; "PODL", "new incipient horizontal lamina arises from the postzygapophysis pointing towards the diapophysis", as per Gallina (2011: fig. 6A); POZ, postzygapophysis.
Fig. 1 in The endocranium of the theropod dinosaur Ceratosaurus studied with computed tomography
Fig. 1. Ceratosaurus magnicornis (MWC 1, Fruita, Colorado, Morrison Formation, Upper Jurassic). Specimen photographs of the braincase in posterior (A), left lateral (B), ventral (C), right lateral (D), and dorsal (E) views.
Table 2 in A new theropod dinosaur from the Callovian Balabansai Formation of Kyrgyzstan
<p><b>Table 2.</b> Measurements of hindlimb elements of <i>A. kyrgyzicus</i> (in cm).</p><table><tbody><tr><th><b>Element</b></th><th><b>Number</b></th><th><b>Length</b></th><th><b>Proximal width</b></th><th><b>Proximal depth</b></th><th><b>Distal width</b></th><th><b>Distal depth</b></th><th><b>Shaft circumference</b></th></tr></tbody><tbody><tr><th>Femur right</th><td>IGB 2-33</td><td>90</td><td>15.5a</td><td>10.5</td><td>16</td><td>15.5</td><td>29</td></tr><tr><th>Femur left</th><td>IGB 2-32</td><td>88</td><td>18.5</td><td>10</td><td>15.5b</td><td>15.5</td><td></td></tr><tr><th>Tibia left</th><td>IGB 2-34</td><td>72</td><td>13</td><td>22</td><td>19.5</td><td>9.5</td><td>25</td></tr><tr><th>Tibia right</th><td>IGB 2-35</td><td>71.5</td><td>12c</td><td></td><td></td><td>7.5c</td><td></td></tr><tr><th>Mt II right</th><td>IGB 2-41</td><td>34.7</td><td>7.2</td><td>9</td><td>6.5</td><td>6</td><td></td></tr><tr><th>Mt III right</th><td>IGB 2-42</td><td>40</td><td>8.5</td><td>10.5d</td><td>7.7</td><td>6</td><td></td></tr><tr><th>Mt III left</th><td>IGB 2-43</td><td>39.8</td><td>9e</td><td>10.5e</td><td>7.5</td><td>5.5</td><td></td></tr><tr><th>Tibia right (Paratype)</th><td>IGB 2-48</td><td>60.5</td><td>7</td><td>11f</td><td>11</td><td>4.5</td><td>17</td></tr></tbody></table><p><sup>aLaterally</sup> incomplete. <sup>bDistorted</sup>. <sup>cSlightly</sup> damaged. <sup>dPosteriorly</sup> slightly incomplete. <sup>eSlightly</sup> rotated. <sup>fSomewhat</sup> eroded.</p>
Table 1. Vertebral measurements for A in A new theropod dinosaur from the Callovian Balabansai Formation of Kyrgyzstan
<p><b>Table 1.</b> Vertebral measurements for <i>A. kyrgyzicus</i> (in mm)</p><table><tbody><tr><th><b>Element</b></th><th><b>Number</b></th><th><b>Centrum length</b></th><th><b>Anterior height</b></th><th><b>Anterior width</b></th><th><b>Mid-centrum width</b></th><th><b>Posterior height</b></th><th><b>Posterior width</b></th></tr></tbody><tbody><tr><th>Dorsal</th><td>IGB 2-10</td><td>115</td><td>122</td><td><i>c</i>. 105</td><td><i>c</i>. 55</td><td>124</td><td>105</td></tr><tr><th>Dorsal</th><td>IGB 2-11</td><td>120</td><td>124</td><td>108</td><td><i>c</i>. 64</td><td><i>c</i>. 120</td><td><i>c</i>. 107</td></tr><tr><th>Sacral 5</th><td>IGB 2-15</td><td>110</td><td><i>c</i>. 100</td><td><i>c</i>. 88</td><td><i>c</i>. 60</td><td>127</td><td>106</td></tr></tbody></table>
Linked collectors and determiners for: Dinosaur National Monument Herbarium.
Natural history specimen data linked to collectors and determiners held within, "Dinosaur National Monument Herbarium". Claims or attributions were made on Bionomia by volunteer Scribes, <a href="https://bionomia.net/dataset/e2bec7d1-c0fe-4315-bac9-6c1ce3128309">https://bionomia.net/dataset/e2bec7d1-c0fe-4315-bac9-6c1ce3128309</a> using specimen data from the dataset aggregated by the Global Biodiversity Information Facility, <a href="https://gbif.org/dataset/e2bec7d1-c0fe-4315-bac9-6c1ce3128309">https://gbif.org/dataset/e2bec7d1-c0fe-4315-bac9-6c1ce3128309</a>. Formatted as a Frictionless Data package.
Linked collectors and determiners for: Annotated catalogue of the dinosaurs (Reptilia, Archosauria) in the collections of Carnegie Museum of Natural History.
Natural history specimen data linked to collectors and determiners held within, "Annotated catalogue of the dinosaurs (Reptilia, Archosauria) in the collections of Carnegie Museum of Natural History". Claims or attributions were made on Bionomia by volunteer Scribes, <a href="https://bionomia.net/dataset/1aa43d9b-a9da-41f9-b4a3-70b84c3cc978">https://bionomia.net/dataset/1aa43d9b-a9da-41f9-b4a3-70b84c3cc978</a> using specimen data from the dataset aggregated by the Global Biodiversity Information Facility, <a href="https://gbif.org/dataset/1aa43d9b-a9da-41f9-b4a3-70b84c3cc978">https://gbif.org/dataset/1aa43d9b-a9da-41f9-b4a3-70b84c3cc978</a>. Formatted as a Frictionless Data package.
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Allen Brain Atlas
Allen Brain Atlas is an Allen Institute collection of brain map atlases, datasets, APIs, and analysis tools covering mouse, human, and non-human primate brain resources.
Annotated Behaviour and Observability Dataset (ABODe)
ABODe is a University of Edinburgh DataShare dataset for behavior classification in group-housed mice using home-cage video, identities, bounding boxes, ground-plate positions, and annotator labels.
DANDI Archive for NWB datasets
DANDI is a BRAIN Initiative archive for publishing and sharing neurophysiology data, including electrophysiology, optophysiology, and behavioral data packaged as NWB and related standards.
International Brain Laboratory public data
The International Brain Laboratory public data releases expose standardized mouse decision-making experiments, including Neuropixels recordings, widefield calcium imaging, behavior, and session metadata accessed through the ONE API.
OpenNeuro
OpenNeuro is a free, open platform for sharing neuroimaging datasets, with public search, dataset pages, and download paths for web, S3, DataLad, and the OpenNeuro CLI.