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4,669 results for “Environment;”
Distribution. Discontinuous and limited to wetland environments in the Congo Basin N and W of the range of the Zambezi Sitatunga in S Benin (Porto Novo), S Nigeria, Cameroon, Central African Republic, Equatorial Guinea, Gabon, Republic of the Congo, N DR Congo; also several isolated populations in W Africa (Senegal, Gambia & Guinea-Bissau), NE Nigeria and W Chad, and perhaps extreme S Ghana. Maps and distributional information here are provisional pending future research. in Bovidae
Distribution. Discontinuous and limited to wetland environments in the Congo Basin N and W of the range of the Zambezi Sitatunga in S Benin (Porto Novo), S Nigeria, Cameroon, Central African Republic, Equatorial Guinea, Gabon, Republic of the Congo, N DR Congo; also several isolated populations in W Africa (Senegal, Gambia & Guinea-Bissau), NE Nigeria and W Chad, and perhaps extreme S Ghana. Maps and distributional information here are provisional pending future research.
Distribution. Discontinuous and limited to wetland environments in SE Sudan, perhaps the Rift Valley of Ethiopia, W Kenya surrounding Lake Victoria (two locations, very rare), Uganda, Burundi, Rwanda, NW Tanzania, and NE DR Congo. Maps and distributional information here are provisional pending future research. in Bovidae
Distribution. Discontinuous and limited to wetland environments in SE Sudan, perhaps the Rift Valley of Ethiopia, W Kenya surrounding Lake Victoria (two locations, very rare), Uganda, Burundi, Rwanda, NW Tanzania, and NE DR Congo. Maps and distributional information here are provisional pending future research.
Distribution. Discontinuous and limited to wetland environments in two areas of S Sudan: small swamps in SW Sudan near the DR Congo border, where the type specimen was collected, and the Sudd Swamps (Bahr-el-Ghazal) of the upper White Nile. Maps and distributional information here are provisional pending future research. in Bovidae
Distribution. Discontinuous and limited to wetland environments in two areas of S Sudan: small swamps in SW Sudan near the DR Congo border, where the type specimen was collected, and the Sudd Swamps (Bahr-el-Ghazal) of the upper White Nile. Maps and distributional information here are provisional pending future research.
Distribution. Discontinuous and limited to wetland environments from S Republic of the Congo through C DR Congo and SW Tanzania, S to Zambia, Angola, and Botswana. Maps and distributional information here are provisional pending future research. in Bovidae
Distribution. Discontinuous and limited to wetland environments from S Republic of the Congo through C DR Congo and SW Tanzania, S to Zambia, Angola, and Botswana. Maps and distributional information here are provisional pending future research.
Endogenous rhythm shift and adaptation to the tidal environment in the freshwater snail
<p><span>Organisms have an endogenous timekeeping system to coordinate their biological processes with environmental cycles, allowing adaptation to external rhythmic changes in their environment. Modification of biological clocks could contribute to range expansion in a novel rhythmic environment. We hypothesized that populations of freshwater species near estuaries have acquired a circatidal rhythm to synchronize with the tidal cycle. Here, we compared the locomotion activity and gene expression rhythms of the freshwater snail <em>Semisulcospira reiniana</em> between individuals inhabiting freshwater and brackish-water areas. Individuals inhabiting brackish-water areas exhibited a rhythmic activity pattern coordinated with the tidal cycle under both field and laboratory conditions. Individuals inhabiting upstream freshwater areas showed a nocturnal activity pattern. The proportion of circadian oscillating genes was greater in freshwater than </span><span>in </span><span>brackish-water individuals, while that of circatidal oscillating genes was greater in brackish-water than </span><span>in freshwater </span><span>individuals. Interestingly, expression of 16 genes exhibited circadian and circatidal rhythms in freshwater and brackish-water individuals, respectively. Additionally, transcriptome-wide population genetic analyses supported our assumption that these two populations are genetically almost identical. These findings suggest that the slight divergence contributed to the shift in the timekeeping system</span><span>, </span><span>and that endogenous rhythms could differ in their periods between freshwater and brackish-water populations. Our results provide evidence of the evolution of endogenous rhythm via range expansion to novel rhythmic environment in a single species.</span></p>
Distribution. The most widely distributed of all cetaceans, found in almost any marine environment from the Equator to both polar zones, including semi-enclosed seas such as the Mediterranean Sea, Red Sea, Persian Gulf, Gulf of California, Sea of Okhotsk, Yellow Sea, Sea ofJapan, Chukchi Sea, Beaufort Sea, Gulf of Saint Lawrence, and Ross Sea. in Delphinidae
Distribution. The most widely distributed of all cetaceans, found in almost any marine environment from the Equator to both polar zones, including semi-enclosed seas such as the Mediterranean Sea, Red Sea, Persian Gulf, Gulf of California, Sea of Okhotsk, Yellow Sea, Sea ofJapan, Chukchi Sea, Beaufort Sea, Gulf of Saint Lawrence, and Ross Sea.
Improved boundary conditions for coupled geospace models: an application in modeling spacecraft surface charging environment
<p>These are simulation results from running the RAM-SCB model coupled with the BATS-R-US model via the Space Weather Modeling Framework (SWMF). Two simulations are conducted. One named as "Simulation I" contains simulation outputs from using the traditional outer boundary conditions for the RAM-SCB (i.e., assuming a Kappa distribution with MHD parameters obtained from the BATS-R-US model). The other one named as "Simulation II" contains simulation output from using the new outer boundary conditions for the RAM-SCB (i.e., combining the Denton's empirical electron flux distribution (E<40 keV) with the MHD-parameterized Kappa distribution). </p> <p>In "simulation_data.zip", three types of simulation results are included: </p> <ul> <li>"BC_simulation_?.zip": the outer boundary conditions of the electron flux at 6.5 Re at five different times (hour=6, 7, 10, 14, 19)</li> <li>"ram_e_d20130317_flux_simulation_?.zip": the differential electron flux in the equatorial plane within 6.5 Re during the March 17, 2013 event</li> <li>"RBSPB20130317.nc": the differential electron flux, and other parameters (ion flux, magnetic fields) along the RBSP-B trajectory.</li> </ul> <p>In "simulation20180410_alongRBSPa.zip", model results during the storm of 2018/04/10 are saved, including the differential electron flux and other parameters (ion flux, magnetic fields) along the RBSP-A trajectory. Both types of simulations are conducted.</p> <p>In "simulation20180826_alongRBSPa.zip", model results during the storm of 2018/08/25-26 are saved, including the differential electron flux, and other parameters (ion flux, magnetic fields) along the RBSP-A trajectory. Both type of simulations are conducted.</p>
Regional and local environment drive biogeographic patterns in intertidal microorganisms
<p><span>Aim:</span><span> Understanding large-scale spatial distribution patterns is not only a central goal of ecology but is also essential for conservation planning. Nevertheless, the biogeographical patterns of diversity and composition remain unclear for microorganisms and the role of various factors in structuring their assemblages is still poorly known. Here, we tested whether the diversity and community structure of ciliates are driven by both local environmental and regional dispersal-related processes.</span></p> <p><span>Location:</span><span> Coasts of China.</span></p> <p><span>Taxon:</span><span> Benthic ciliates.</span></p> <p><span>Results:</span><span> We found that local environmental factors including BI, salinity and MPS were more important in shaping ciliate alpha diversity than latitude. However, the Shannon alpha diversity index decreased with latitude, perhaps due to anthropogenic disturbances. DistLM analysis emphasized regional processes in shaping community structure. Both NMDS and PERMANOVA supported a clear separation among the three clusters matching with the ecoregional delineations suggested for macroorganisms. We also note that community trait composition was partially explained by a local factor, i.e. the maximum spring tide range of beaches.</span></p> <p><span>Main conclusions:</span><span> Ciliate communities were driven by both local environmental and regional factors. We suggest that these biogeographic patterns may have stemmed from large-scale environmental filtering related to the outflow of Yangtze River, rather than from dispersal limitation or historical events. The current study provides a new understanding of the biogeographic patterns and underlying mechanisms of marine microorganisms, thus helping improve their management and conservation in the face of future global change.</span></p>
Are behavioural responses to eyespots in sticklebacks influenced by the visual environment? An experimental examination
<p>Eyespots are taxonomically widespread colour patterns consisting of large concentric rings that are commonly assumed to protect prey by influencing the behaviours of predators. Although there is ample experimental evidence supporting an anti-predator function of eyespots in terrestrial animals, whether eyespots have a similar deterring function in aquatic animals remains unclear. Furthermore, studies in terrestrial systems suggest that the protective function of eyespots depends on ambient light conditions where predators encounter them, but this effect was never been tested in aquatic environments. Here, we examine how eyespots influence behavioural responses in an aquatic environment under different visual environments, using laboratory-reared three-spined sticklebacks (<em>Gasterosteus aculeatus</em>) as model predators. Specifically, we experimentally examined behavioural responses of sticklebacks towards artificial prey patterns (control vs eyespots) under two different light environment treatments (low vs high). We found that eyespots did not postpone attacks from sticklebacks. However, sticklebacks approaching eyespots stopped more frequently than sticklebacks approaching prey items with a control pattern. Sticklebacks were (marginally) slower to attack prey in the low light treatment, but light level did not influence stickleback behavioural responses towards eyespots. We conclude that that eyespots can modulate some behaviours of an aquatic predator, albeit with a different functional role than previously demonstrated in terrestrial species.</p>
FIGURES 9 in Marine Achnanthales (Bacillariophyceae) from New Caledonia (Melanesia): assemblage specificities, ultramafic environment
FIGURES 9–. Cocconeis pseudodiruptoides Foged. SEM (New Caledonia, Melanesia). SV hemi-fascia (external view 9, arrow) and slightly sigmoid sternum (9 and 11), complex loculate SV areolae (external views 10 and 11, arrow; internal view 12, arrowhead), RV with a strongly curved raphe ending (external view 14, arrowhead), RV areolae marginal short slits (external view 13, arrowhead), RV apex (external view 15). Scale bars = 3 µm (9, 11, 14), 2 µm (12), 1 µm (15), 500 nm (10), 300 nm (13).
FIGURES –. Rare taxa (SEM, New Caledonia, Melanesia). Cocconeis sp. 2 in Riaux-Gobin et al. 2015 (31, 32), short marginal SV striae between each short raised virgae (31, arrow; 32, arrowhead), SV narrow sternum, siliceous pearls (31), C. sp. 4 in Riaux-Gobin et al. 2015 (33–34), strong marginal crista marginalis, short marginal striae on top of each short raised virga (33, arrow; 34, arrowhead),?C. sp. 5 in Riaux-Gobin et al. 2015 (35–36), short SV striae and a raised axial structure (35, arrow). Scale bars = 3 µm (31), 2 µm (33, 35), 1 µm (32, 36), 500 nm (34). in Marine Achnanthales (Bacillariophyceae) from New Caledonia (Melanesia): assemblage specificities, ultramafic environment
FIGURES –. Rare taxa (SEM, New Caledonia, Melanesia). Cocconeis sp. 2 in Riaux-Gobin et al. 2015 (31, 32), short marginal SV striae between each short raised virgae (31, arrow; 32, arrowhead), SV narrow sternum, siliceous pearls (31), C. sp. 4 in Riaux-Gobin et al. 2015 (33–34), strong marginal crista marginalis, short marginal striae on top of each short raised virga (33, arrow; 34, arrowhead),?C. sp. 5 in Riaux-Gobin et al. 2015 (35–36), short SV striae and a raised axial structure (35, arrow). Scale bars = 3 µm (31), 2 µm (33, 35), 1 µm (32, 36), 500 nm (34).
FIGURES –8. Cocconeis coronatoides Riaux-Gobin & Romero forma 1. SEM (New Caledonia, Melanesia). SVVC partially attached (2, arrowhead), SV areolae domed hymenes with radial slits arranged by sectors (external view 3, arrowhead), marginal RV hyaline area (external view 4, arrowhead), uniseriate striae up to margin (4), open RVVC (5, ellipse), RVVC with irregularly spread fimbriae (6, arrowhead), SVVC still attached, small marginal chambers (internal view 7, arrowhead), SV margin (external view 8). Scale bars = 3 µm (8), 2 µm (2, 4, 7), 1 µm (6), 700 nm (5), 200 nm (3). in Marine Achnanthales (Bacillariophyceae) from New Caledonia (Melanesia): assemblage specificities, ultramafic environment
FIGURES –8. Cocconeis coronatoides Riaux-Gobin & Romero forma 1. SEM (New Caledonia, Melanesia). SVVC partially attached (2, arrowhead), SV areolae domed hymenes with radial slits arranged by sectors (external view 3, arrowhead), marginal RV hyaline area (external view 4, arrowhead), uniseriate striae up to margin (4), open RVVC (5, ellipse), RVVC with irregularly spread fimbriae (6, arrowhead), SVVC still attached, small marginal chambers (internal view 7, arrowhead), SV margin (external view 8). Scale bars = 3 µm (8), 2 µm (2, 4, 7), 1 µm (6), 700 nm (5), 200 nm (3).
FIGURES – 0. Cocconeis cf. delapunctata Hohn. SEM (New Caledonia, Melanesia). SV with axial void areas (external views 27–29, arrowheads), possible RV with areas devoid of areolae (30, arrowheads). Scale bars = 2 µm (27–30). in Marine Achnanthales (Bacillariophyceae) from New Caledonia (Melanesia): assemblage specificities, ultramafic environment
FIGURES – 0. Cocconeis cf. delapunctata Hohn. SEM (New Caledonia, Melanesia). SV with axial void areas (external views 27–29, arrowheads), possible RV with areas devoid of areolae (30, arrowheads). Scale bars = 2 µm (27–30).
FIGURE. Sampling sites in Province Sud (New Caledonia) and major mining Ni sites (* i.e.: Thio, Goro, La Tontouta), and major industrial Ni site (circle: Doniambo). in Marine Achnanthales (Bacillariophyceae) from New Caledonia (Melanesia): assemblage specificities, ultramafic environment
FIGURE. Sampling sites in Province Sud (New Caledonia) and major mining Ni sites (* i.e.: Thio, Goro, La Tontouta), and major industrial Ni site (circle: Doniambo).
FIGURES – 0. Cocconeis sp. (cf. capensis (Cholnoky) Witkowski). SEM (New Caledonia, Melanesia). External views. Biseriate SV striae (16, 18, twin arrows), narrow and straight SV sternum, marginal large area with one row of beads (16–18), SV marginal area with tiny pores (17), SV crater-like areolae with oblong in a zigzag lumen (19), SV areolae with sort of expansions (20). Scale bars: 4 µm (16), 3 µm (18), 700 nm (17), 400 nm (19–20). in Marine Achnanthales (Bacillariophyceae) from New Caledonia (Melanesia): assemblage specificities, ultramafic environment
FIGURES – 0. Cocconeis sp. (cf. capensis (Cholnoky) Witkowski). SEM (New Caledonia, Melanesia). External views. Biseriate SV striae (16, 18, twin arrows), narrow and straight SV sternum, marginal large area with one row of beads (16–18), SV marginal area with tiny pores (17), SV crater-like areolae with oblong in a zigzag lumen (19), SV areolae with sort of expansions (20). Scale bars: 4 µm (16), 3 µm (18), 700 nm (17), 400 nm (19–20).
FIGURES –. Cocconeis sp. (cf. C. bilicis F.Meister). SEM (New Caledonia, Melanesia). Different specimens with SV sectors separated (or not) by a crista marginalis (21, 24), SV striae uniseriae near the sternum and biseriate thereafter (21, 24), SV areolae lumen with circular ornamentation (23, arrow), crista marginalis (22), SVVC in advalvar view with digit fimbriae (25, arrowhead), large RV axial concave area (26). Scale bars = 6 µm (24), 5 µm (26), 4 µm (21), 3 µm (25), 1 µm (22–23). in Marine Achnanthales (Bacillariophyceae) from New Caledonia (Melanesia): assemblage specificities, ultramafic environment
FIGURES –. Cocconeis sp. (cf. C. bilicis F.Meister). SEM (New Caledonia, Melanesia). Different specimens with SV sectors separated (or not) by a crista marginalis (21, 24), SV striae uniseriae near the sternum and biseriate thereafter (21, 24), SV areolae lumen with circular ornamentation (23, arrow), crista marginalis (22), SVVC in advalvar view with digit fimbriae (25, arrowhead), large RV axial concave area (26). Scale bars = 6 µm (24), 5 µm (26), 4 µm (21), 3 µm (25), 1 µm (22–23).
Distribution. Andes and high Andean environments in S Peru, extreme N Chile, SW Bolivia, and NW Argentina. in Cricetidae
Distribution. Andes and high Andean environments in S Peru, extreme N Chile, SW Bolivia, and NW Argentina.
Data from: Predation, metabolic priming and early life-history rearing environment affect the swimming capabilities of growth hormone transgenic rainbow trout
The period of first feeding, when young salmonid fishes emerge from natal stream beds, is one fraught with predation risk. Experiments conducted in semi-natural stream mesocosms have shown that growth hormone transgenic salmonids are at greater risk of predation than their non-transgenic siblings, due partly to the higher metabolic demands associated with transgenesis, which force risky foraging behaviours. This raises questions as to whether there are differences in the swim-performance of transgenic and non-transgenic fishes surviving predation experiments. We tested this hypothesis in wild-origin rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) that were reared from first feeding in semi-natural stream mesocosms characterized by complex hydrodynamics, the presence of predators and oligotrophic conditions. Using an open-flume raceway, we swam fish and measured their capacity for burst-swimming against a sustained flow. We found a significant genotype effect on burst-performance, with transgenic fish sustaining performance longer than their wild-type siblings, both in predator and predator-free stream segments. Importantly, this effect occurred before differences in growth were discernable. We also found that mesocosm-reared fish had greater burst-performance than fish reared in the controlled hatchery environment, despite the latter being unexposed to predators and having abundant food. Our results suggest a potential interaction between predation and metabolic priming, which leads to greater burst capacity in transgenic trout.
Data from: A submersible, off-axis holographic microscope for detection of microbial motility and morphology in aqueous and icy environments
Sea ice is an analog environment for several of astrobiology's near-term targets: Mars, Europa, Enceladus, and perhaps other Jovian or Saturnian moons. Microorganisms, both eukaryotic and prokaryotic, remain active within brine channels inside the ice, making it unnecessary to penetrate through to liquid water below in order to detect life. We have developed a submersible digital holographic microscope (DHM) that is capable of resolving individual bacterial cells, and demonstrated its utility for immediately imaging samples taken directly from sea ice at several locations near Nuuk, Greenland. In all samples, the appearance and motility of eukaryotes were conclusive signs of life. The appearance of prokaryotic cells alone was not sufficient to confirm life, but when prokaryotic motility occurred, it was rapid and conclusive. Warming the samples to above-freezing temperatures or supplementing with serine increased the number of motile cells and the speed of motility; supplementing with serine also stimulated chemotaxis. These results show that DHM is a useful technique for detection of active organisms in extreme environments, and that motility may be used as a biosignature in the liquid brines that persist in ice. These findings have important implications for the design of missions to icy environments and suggest ways in which DHM imaging may be integrated with chemical life-detection suites in order to create more conclusive life detection packages.
Data from: Correlation of shell phenotype and local environment suggests a role for natural selection in the evolution of Placostylus snails
The giant edible Placostylus snails of New Caledonia occur across a wide range of environmental conditions, from the dry southwest to the wetter central and northeastern regions. In large, slow-moving animals such as Placostylus, speciation could be assumed to be largely driven by allopatry and genetic drift as opposed to natural selection. We examined variation in shell morphology using geometric morphometrics and genetic structure within two species of Placostylus (P. fibratus, P. porphyrostomus), to determine the drivers of diversity in this group. Despite the current patchy distribution of snails on New Caledonia, both mtDNA and nuclear SNP data sets (>3000 loci) showed weak admixing between populations and species. Shell morphology was concordant with the genetic clusters we identified and had a strong relationship with local environment. The genetic data, in contrast to the morphological data, did not show concordance with climatic conditions, suggesting the snails are not limited in their ability to adapt to different environments. In sympatry, P. fibratus and P. porphyrostomus maintained genetic and morphological differences, suggesting a genetic basis of phenotypic variation. Convergence of shell shape was observed in two adjacent populations that are genetically isolated but experience similar habitat and climatic conditions. Conversely, some populations in contrasting environments were morphologically distinct although genetically indistinguishable. We infer that morphological divergence in the Placostylus snails of New Caledonia is mediated by adaptation to the local environment.
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Allen Brain Atlas
Allen Brain Atlas is an Allen Institute collection of brain map atlases, datasets, APIs, and analysis tools covering mouse, human, and non-human primate brain resources.
Annotated Behaviour and Observability Dataset (ABODe)
ABODe is a University of Edinburgh DataShare dataset for behavior classification in group-housed mice using home-cage video, identities, bounding boxes, ground-plate positions, and annotator labels.
DANDI Archive for NWB datasets
DANDI is a BRAIN Initiative archive for publishing and sharing neurophysiology data, including electrophysiology, optophysiology, and behavioral data packaged as NWB and related standards.
International Brain Laboratory public data
The International Brain Laboratory public data releases expose standardized mouse decision-making experiments, including Neuropixels recordings, widefield calcium imaging, behavior, and session metadata accessed through the ONE API.
OpenNeuro
OpenNeuro is a free, open platform for sharing neuroimaging datasets, with public search, dataset pages, and download paths for web, S3, DataLad, and the OpenNeuro CLI.