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FIG. 7 in Ascidians from the tropical western Pacific

FIG. 7. — Aplidium macrolobatum Kott, 1992; A, zooid; B, larva. Scale bars: A, 1 mm; B, 0.5 mm.

FIG. 32 in Ascidians from the tropical western Pacific

FIG. 32. — Eudistoma ovatum (Herdman, 1886), larvae. Scale bar: 0.5 mm.

FIG. 36 in Ascidians from the tropical western Pacific

FIG. 36. — Eudistoma viride Tokioka, 1955, two zooids. Scale bar: 1 mm.

FIG. 27. — Cystodytes hapu Monniot C. & Monniot F., 1987 in Ascidians from the tropical western Pacific

FIG. 27. — Cystodytes hapu Monniot C. & Monniot F., 1987, spicules. Scale bar: 100 µm.

FIGURE 8 in The Agauopsis brevipalpus group (Acari: Halacaridae), descriptions of tropical Indo-West Pacific species, a key to all species, their geographical distribution and reflections on dispersal routes

FIGURE 8: Present day records of species of the Agauopsis brevipalpus group with three (circle) and four spines (quadrat) on telofemur I plotted on a map with Lower Jurassic land masses (solid line), ca 180 my ago (present-day plates in dotted line). A record from the Society Islands is omitted. (Lower Jurassic map modified from Howarth 1981; Vaughan & Livermore 2005; Stevens 2012).

FIGURE 7 in The Agauopsis brevipalpus group (Acari: Halacaridae), descriptions of tropical Indo-West Pacific species, a key to all species, their geographical distribution and reflections on dispersal routes

FIGURE 7: Geographical distribution of named and unnamed species of the Agauopsis brevipalpus group. Different symbols are used depending on number of spines on telofemur I. Species with one or two spines are marked by a diamond: (1, collaris; 2, rosea; X, Agauopsis sp.); with three spines by a circle: (1, filirostris; 2, glabra; 3, ivanomorselii; 4, luxtoni; 5, newelli; 6, novaezelandiae; 7, reticulata); with four spines by a quadrat (1, arabia; 2, arborea; 3, atacamae; 4, borealis; 5, brevipalpus; 6, dissimilis; 7, ibssi; 8, legionium; 9, littoralis;10, longirostris; 11, moorea; 12, obtusa; 13, ripa; 14, sordida; 15, youngilensis; X, Agauopsis sp.); with five or more spines by a triangle (1, tricuspis; X, Agauopsis sp.).

FIGURE 2 in The Agauopsis brevipalpus group (Acari: Halacaridae), descriptions of tropical Indo-West Pacific species, a key to all species, their geographical distribution and reflections on dispersal routes

FIGURE 2: Agauopsis dissimilis n.sp.: A – median part of PD level with ds-5, female; B – idiosoma, dorsal, female; C – idiosoma, ventral, female; D – gnathosoma, ventral, female; E – lateral margin of OC, female; F – gnathosomal base, dorsal, female; G – palp, lateral, female; H – AD, OC and PD, dorsal, male; I – idiosoma, ventral, male; J – genitoanal plate, male. (ds-5, fifth dorsal seta; glp, gland pore; L-Ba, length of gnathosomal base; L-Ro, length of rostrum; pa, porose areola; pc, pore canaliculus) Scale line = 50 µm

FIGURE 5 in The Agauopsis brevipalpus group (Acari: Halacaridae), descriptions of tropical Indo-West Pacific species, a key to all species, their geographical distribution and reflections on dispersal routes

FIGURE 5: Agauopsis ripa Otto, 1999, male: A – lateral margin of OC; B – genitoanal plate; C – gnathosoma, ventral; D – P-3 and P-4; E – tip of tarsus I, ventromedial; F – tip of tarsus II, ventromedial (one of lateral parambulacral setae obscured, the other in broken line); G – tip of tarsus III, ventral. (T, tectum) Scale line = 50 µm.

FIGURE 6 in The Agauopsis brevipalpus group (Acari: Halacaridae), descriptions of tropical Indo-West Pacific species, a key to all species, their geographical distribution and reflections on dispersal routes

FIGURE 6: Agauopsis sordida Bartsch, 1992: A – idiosoma, dorsal, female; B – idiosoma, ventral, female; C – lateral margin of OC, female; D – genitoanal plate, male; E – idiosoma, dorsal, male; F – idiosoma, ventral, male; G – gnathosoma, ventral, female. (pa, porose areola; spp, spermatopositor) Scale line = 50 µm.

FIGURE 1 in The Agauopsis brevipalpus group (Acari: Halacaridae), descriptions of tropical Indo-West Pacific species, a key to all species, their geographical distribution and reflections on dispersal routes

FIGURE 1: Agauopsis arabia Bartsch and Chatterjee, 2001: A – idiosoma, dorsal, female; B – lateral margin of OC, male; C – gnathosomal base, dorsal, female; D – gnathosoma, lateral, female; E – tip of tarsus IV, ventral, female. (glp, gland pore; pa, porose areola; pc, pore canaliculus; T, tectum) Scale line = 50 µm.

FIGURE 4 in The Agauopsis brevipalpus group (Acari: Halacaridae), descriptions of tropical Indo-West Pacific species, a key to all species, their geographical distribution and reflections on dispersal routes

FIGURE 4: Agauopsis moorea Bartsch, 1992: A – idiosoma, dorsal, male; B – idiosoma, ventral, male; C – lateral margin of OC, female; D – genitoanal plate, male; E – gnathosomal base, dorsal, female; F – gnathosoma, ventral, female; G – tip of tarsus II, ventromedial, male (lateral fossary seta and claw omitted). (spp, spermatopositor) Scale line = 50 µm.

FIGURE 3 in The Agauopsis brevipalpus group (Acari: Halacaridae), descriptions of tropical Indo-West Pacific species, a key to all species, their geographical distribution and reflections on dispersal routes

FIGURE 3: Agauopsis dissimilis n.sp.: A – leg I, medial, female; B – leg III, medial, female; C – leg IV, medial, female; D – malformed leg IV, medial, female; E – basifemur to tarsus II, medial, male; F – tip of tarsus I, lateral, female (medial setae and claw omitted); G – apical tibia and tarsus II, medial, male; H – tip of tarsus II, lateral, male (medial fossary seta and claw omitted); I – tip of tarsus II, medial, male (lateral fossary seta and claw omitted). (fa, membrane with famulus; so, solenidion) Scale line = 50 µm

opencc-by-4.0Apr 2004View details →

Figure 1 in The European Tertiary Neritiliidae (Mollusca, Gastropoda, Neritopsina): indicators of tropical submarine cave environments and freshwater faunas

Figure 1. Location of the fossil localities (★).

Diminishing potential for tropical reefs to function as coral diversity strongholds under climate change conditions

Aim: Forecasting the influence of climate change on coral biodiversity and reef functioning is important for informing policy decisions. Dominance shifts, tropicalisation and local extinctions are common responses of climate change, but uncertainty surrounds the reliability of predicted coral community transformations. Here, we use species distribution models (SDMs) to assess changes in suitable coral habitat and associated patterns in biodiversity across Western Australia (WA) under present-day and future climate scenarios (RCP 2.6 and RCP 8.5). Location: Coral reef systems in WA. Methods: We developed SDMs with model prediction uncertainty analyses, using specimen-based occurrence records of 188 hermatypic scleractinian coral species and seven variables to estimate present-day and future changes to coral species distribution and biodiversity patterns in WA under climate change conditions. Results: We found that suitable habitat is predicted to increase across all regions in WA under RCP2.6 2050, RCP8.5 2050 and RCP2.6 2100 scenarios with all tropical and subtropical regions remaining coral biodiversity strongholds. Under the extreme RCP8.5 2100 scenario however, a clear tropicalisation trend could be observed with coral species expanding their range to mid-higher latitude regions, while a substantial drop in coral species richness was predicted at low latitude tropical coral reefs, such as the inshore Kimberley and offshore NW reefs. Despite the predicted expansion south, we identified a net decline in biodiversity across the WA coastline. Main Conclusions: Results from the models predicted higher net biodiversity loss at low latitude tropical regions compared to net gains at mid-high latitude regions under RCP8.5 2100. These results are likely to be representative of latitudinal trends across the southern hemisphere and highlight that increases in habitat suitability at higher latitudes may not lead to equivalent biodiversity benefits. Urgent action is needed to limit climate change to prevent spatial erosion of tropical coral communities, extinction events and loss of tropical ecosystem services.

Tropical South America Diatom Database (TSADB)

Determining the mechanisms of community assembly forms the foundation of biogeography and community ecology. Studies of the biodiversity and distribution of Neotropical macro-organisms have revealed the roles of environmental, spatial, and historical factors in structuring communities at different spatial and temporal scales, but the role of these factors play for species and communities on microorganisms are still poorly known. Diatoms are a very species-rich group of algae, disperse widely, and sensitive to environmental variation due to their position in the base of aquatic food webs. Here, we present the Tropical South American Diatom Database (TSADB) which contains geographical and ecological information of species across lentic and lotic environments, including predictors that describe local (limnological) and regional (geo-climatic) factors. The database can be used to tackle fundamental questions in macroecology, including metacommunity ecology and biogeography theories that form the foundation for better understanding the rapid environmental change the tropical regions are experiencing. The TSADB includes diatom taxa from 437 samples in 326 sites containing distributed across 26 regions (0 to 5,070 m a.s.l, and between 8°N–35°S; 58–90°W). In addition, long-term, diatom-based paleolimnological records are presented as a complementary tool for identifying regions with available modern and paleo-datasets for a long-term limnological change observatory in the tropical Americas. We describe the TSADB structure and functionality, and R codes for data manipulation and visualization. Each of the 26 study regions is represented by 3 data matrices: sampling site information, environmental variables (limnology, climate, and landscape), and diatom community data (relative abundance or presence/absence). Access to data and future additions is through publicly available repositories and a guide to contributors, respectively, providing opportunities for complementing existing databases on diatoms and allowing optimal usage of TSADB by scientist including diatomists, limnologists, aquatic ecologists, and natural resource managers.

opencc-by-4.0Sep 2011View details →

Fig. 1 in Population structure and reproductive behavior of Sinaloa cichlid Cichlasoma beani (Jordan, 1889) in a tropical reservoir

Fig. 1. Aguamilpa Reservoir, Nayarit, Mexico. Black dots indicate landing sites and sampling areas.

opencc-by-4.0Dec 2020View details →

Conserved ancestral tropical niche but different continental histories explain the latitudinal diversity gradient in brush-footed butterflies

Supplementary Tree 1.nex Nymphalidae backbone tree inferred with RAxML and time-calibrated using BEAST, with mean posterior node ages and 95% credibility intervals summarized. More information can be found in Chazot et al. (2021). Conserved ancestral tropical niche but different continental histories explain the latitudinal diversity gradient in brush-footed butterflies. Nature Communications.   Supplementary Tree 2.nex Maximum clade credibility tree of all Nymphalidae included in "Chazot et al. (2021). Conserved ancestral tropical niche but different continental histories explain the latitudinal diversity gradient in brush-footed butterflies. Nature Communications.", with mean posterior node ages and 95% credibility intervals estimated from the posterior distribution of 1000 grafted trees (1000 subclades posterior trees combined with 1000 backbone posterior trees).  More information can be found in Chazot et al. (2021). Conserved ancestral tropical niche but different continental histories explain the latitudinal diversity gradient in brush-footed butterflies. Nature Communications.

Data for: The El Nino-Southern Oscillation dramatically reduces the frequency of reproduction and reproductive rate of a tropical forest bird

Although climate change has been implicated in population declines of tropical forest birds, there is a critical lack of data on the mechanisms underlying these declines. Attempts to link climatic factors to variation in adult survival, fecundity, or nest success have been largely inconclusive. Recent community-scale analyses have suggested that tropical birds may be less likely to breed under adverse conditions, but long-term data on individual reproduction are needed to test this hypothesis. Here we leverage 12 years of data on a lowland forest bird, the greater ani (Crotophaga major), to investigate how demographic parameters vary with phase of the El Niño – Southern Oscillation (ENSO), a major driver of climatic conditions in tropical wet forest. The likelihood of breeding and annual reproductive rate both decreased dramatically in El Niño-like years, with only 37.5% of adults attempting breeding in 2015 (a strong El Niño year). For birds that did breed, however, clutch size and daily nest predation rate were unaffected by climate. Of the local climate variables investigated, dry season length and the frequency of high temperatures were most closely associated with reproductive failure. These results indicate that El Niño conditions alter the demography of greater anis by reducing the likelihood of reproduction, a response that may be more widespread than currently recognized. We suggest that reduced reproduction under adverse conditions represents an important and understudied aspect of the life histories of tropical forest birds.

Aboveground net primary productivity in regenerating seasonally dry tropical forest: contributions of rainfall, forest age, and soil

Identifying factors controlling forest productivity is critical to understanding forest-climate change feedbacks, modeling vegetation dynamics, and carbon finance schemes. However, little research has focused on productivity in regenerating tropical forest which are expanding in their fraction of global area have an order of magnitude larger carbon uptake rates relative to older forest. We examined aboveground net primary productivity (ANPP) and its components (wood production and litterfall) over ten years in forest plots that vary in successional age, soil characteristics, and species composition using band dendrometers and litterfall traps in regenerating seasonally dry tropical forests in northwestern Costa Rica. We show that the components of ANPP are differentially driven by age and annual rainfall and that local soil variation is important. Total ANPP was explained by a combination of age, annual rainfall, and soil variation. Wood production comprised 35% of ANPP on average across sites and years, and was explained by annual rainfall but not forest age. Conversely, litterfall increased with forest age and soil fertility yet was not affected by annual rainfall. In this region, edaphic variability is highly correlated with plant community composition. Thus, variation in ecosystem processes explained by soil may also be partially explained by species composition. These results suggest that future changes in annual rainfall can alter the secondary forest carbon sink, but that this effect will be buffered by the litterfall flux which varies little among years. In determining the long-term strength of the secondary forest carbon sink, both rainfall and forest age will be critical variables to track. We also conclude that a detailed understanding of local site variation in soils and plant communities may be required to accurately predict the impact of changing rainfall on forest carbon uptake. Synthesis We show that in seasonally dry tropical forests, annual rainfall has a positive relationship with the growth of aboveground woody tissues of trees and that droughts lead to significant reductions in aboveground productivity. These results provide evidence for climate change – carbon cycle feedbacks in the seasonal tropics and highlight the value of longitudinal data on forest regeneration.

Temporal stability in species richness but reordering in species abundances within avian assemblages of a Tropical Andes conservation hot spot

As the pace of environmental change increases, there is an urgent need for quantitative data revealing the temporal dynamics of local communities in tropical areas. Here we quantify the stability of avian assemblages in the highly threatened, but poorly studied, Andean biodiversity hot spot. We evaluated the temporal variation in species richness and community composition of local bird assemblages in three habitat types (native forest, introduced forest, native shrub) using a unique, relatively long-term data series from Cajas National Park and Mazán Reserve in the Southern Andes of Ecuador. We sampled birds with mist nets using a standardized protocol over 11 years, from 2006 to 2016. Species richness remained stable over time across habitats, but community composition changed in the native forest. In particular, we observed taxonomic reordering in the native forest, in which the evenness in the distribution of abundances of taxa decreased over time. This finding is consistent with other studies where species richness remained constant over time while community composition changed. Our study highlights the value of long-term studies in the tropical Andes as we show that species composition of birds in a montane forest is changing, consistent with global trends in biodiversity change.