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FIG. 4 in Ecomorphological diversity in the Patagonian assemblage of bats from Argentina

FIG. 4. Ordination diagram of PCA of the Patagonian bat assemblage for external variables using A) data set not size-corrected; and B) data set size-corrected. Polygons include specimens from each species: H. macrotus (▲), H. magellanicus (), H. montanus (▲), L. varius (■), M. chiloensis (●), and T. brasiliensis (£). Vectors show the strengh of correlation of each variable with the plane of PC1 and PC2. See text for abbreviations

IG. 6. Ordination diagram of PCA of the Patagonian bat assemblage for craniodental variables using A) data set not size-corrected; and B) data set size-corrected. Polygons include specimens from each species: H. macrotus (▲), H. magellanicus (), H. montanus (▲), L. varius (■), M. chiloensis (●), and T. brasiliensis (£). Vectors show the strengh of correlation of each variable with the plane of PC1 and PC2. See text for abbreviations in Ecomorphological diversity in the Patagonian assemblage of bats from Argentina

IG. 6. Ordination diagram of PCA of the Patagonian bat assemblage for craniodental variables using A) data set not size-corrected; and B) data set size-corrected. Polygons include specimens from each species: H. macrotus (▲), H. magellanicus (), H. montanus (▲), L. varius (■), M. chiloensis (●), and T. brasiliensis (£). Vectors show the strengh of correlation of each variable with the plane of PC1 and PC2. See text for abbreviations

FIG. 5 in Ecomorphological diversity in the Patagonian assemblage of bats from Argentina

FIG. 5. Ordination diagram of PCA of the Patagonian bats assemblage for wing variables using A) data set not size-corrected; and B) data set size-corrected. Polygons include specimens from each species: H. macrotus (▲), H. magellanicus (), H. montanus (▲), L. varius (■), M. chiloensis (●), and T. brasiliensis (£). Vectors show the strengh of correlation of each variable with the plane of PC1 and PC2. See text for abbreviations

FIG. 3 in A potent anti-inflammatory response in bat macrophages may be linked to extended longevity and viral tolerance

FIG. 3. Bat-specific sites under positive selection in the investigated immune genes. Sites that had statistically significant evidence of positive selection acting across eutherian mammals were investigated for any amino acid substitutions unique to the ancestral bat lineage, the vespertilionid lineage or the pteropodid lineage. Bat lineages-specific sites are highlighted in yellow

FIG. 2 in A potent anti-inflammatory response in bat macrophages may be linked to extended longevity and viral tolerance

FIG. 2. Signatures of adaptive evolution in genes involved in sensing of viral infection and activation of antiviral/proinflammatory signalling. Genes under positive selection (site-test) in mammals are highlighted in green. Genes with sites under positive selection in bat lineages are indicated with an asterix

FIG. 1. Myotis myotis and M in A potent anti-inflammatory response in bat macrophages may be linked to extended longevity and viral tolerance

FIG. 1. Myotis myotis and M. musculus macrophages present differential response to LPS and Poly(I:C) challenge. Change in gene expression of A — IFN-β, B — IL-1β, C — TNF, D — Il-10 in response to LPS and Poly(I:C) treatment at 1, 4 and 24 hr time points are presented as changes in delta Ct values normalized to actin-β. Ratios of the fold induction of anti-inflammatory Il-10 to proinflammatory TNF (E) and Il-1β (F) are also presented. G — Literature derived Il-10/TNF ratios for other mammals. H — NO generated by stimulated M. myotis and mouse macrophages. Bars represent the mean of two experimental repeats ± SEM. Presented P -values indicate the significance of the difference between species from analysis of variance (ANOVA)

FIG. 1 in Parasitism by bat flies on an urban population of Cynopterus brachyotis in Singapore

FIG. 1. Map of Singapore with the study area enlarged, showing the approximate areas covered by secondary forest in Kent Ridge Road and Kent Ridge Park

FIG. 3 in Parasitism by bat flies on an urban population of Cynopterus brachyotis in Singapore

FIG. 3. Scatter-plot of number of bat flies versus an index of bat body condition (quotient of body mass over forearm length). Circles indicate adult individuals and triangles indicate juveniles

FIG. 2 in Parasitism by bat flies on an urban population of Cynopterus brachyotis in Singapore

FIG. 2. Histograms showing frequency of L. f. ferrarii counts on parasitized C. brachyotis individuals by host (A) sex, (B) age, and (C) reproductive status

opennotspecifiedFeb 2017View details →

Fig. 2 in Timing and patterns of diversification in the Neotropical bat genus Pteronotus (Mormoopidae).

Fig. 2. Geographic range evolution in the genus Pteronotus. (a) Current distribution of genus Pteronotus (coloured map) with biogeographical areas scored for species presence/absence matrix. ME = Mexico; CA = Central America; CC = Caribean Coast of South America; LA = Lesser Antilles; AM = Amazon; CE = Brazilian Dry Diagonal: Cerrado and Caatinga; AF = Northern Atlantic Forest; JC = Jamaica and Cuba; HI = Hispaniola; PR = Puerto Rico. (b) Geographic range estimates with the highest marginal probabilities for Pteronotus ancestral nodes according to DIVAj model. Dashed-line borders indicate area combinations with probabilities smaller than 10% in the model, but still being the most probable state in that node among the 638 possible combinations. Curved arrows represent splits in the ancestral geographic ranges explained by vicariance; many of them were succeeded by anagenetic dispersal/extinction events, as highlighted by the linear black arrows; Dotted-line straight arrows highlight shifts in nodes geographic ranges due to dispersal jumps.

opennotspecifiedFeb 2017View details →

Fig. 1 in Timing and patterns of diversification in the Neotropical bat genus Pteronotus (Mormoopidae).

Fig. 1. Maximum clade credibity tree with divergence estimates in the genus Pteronotus using fossil calibration. Bars correspond to the 95% High Posterior Density (HPD) time interval of each node. Bayesian Posterior Probabilities (BPP) of all nodes were higher than 0.95.

Fig. 4 in Geographic variation in a South American clade of mormoopid bats, Pteronotus (Phyllodia), with description of a new species

Fig. 4.—Range of the discriminant function (DF) values for the 2 species according to their geographic position or populations (left) and their mode of distribution (right). Notice the difference between the mean DF values in the populations of Pteronotus rubiginosus from the sympatric area of occurrence with Pteronotus sp. 1 (samples 1–5) and the populations from the allopatric area (samples 6–9).

Fig. 5 in Geographic variation in a South American clade of mormoopid bats, Pteronotus (Phyllodia), with description of a new species

Fig. 5.—Dorsal, ventral, and lateral views of the skull and ventral and lateral views of the mandible of the holotype of Pteronotus alitonus sp. nov. (INPA 6942). Scale bar = 5 mm. INPA = Instituto Nacional de Pesquisas da Amazônia.

Fig. 1 in Geographic variation in a South American clade of mormoopid bats, Pteronotus (Phyllodia), with description of a new species

Fig. 1.——Sampling localities of the common mustached bat (Pteronotus cf. rubiginosus) included in the present study.

Fig. 3 in Geographic variation in a South American clade of mormoopid bats, Pteronotus (Phyllodia), with description of a new species

Fig. 3.—Principal component analysis displaying the cranial morphometric variation in the 2 sympatric species of the South American clade of Phyllodia (Clade 4C, Supplementary Data SD1). The correlation of the cranial variables with the 2 first principal components (PCs) is displayed in the center of the plot. The PC1 and PC2 correspond to 86.5% and 4.7% of the total variation, respectively. Higher values in PC1 represent larger cranial sizes while values in PC2 show variation in cranial breadth contrasted to the overall size. Numbers indicate the geographic location of individuals, whereas polygons delimit the area of each of these groups in the morphometric space.

Fig. 2 in Geographic variation in a South American clade of mormoopid bats, Pteronotus (Phyllodia), with description of a new species

Fig. 2.——Haplotype network showing the geographic variation and intraspecific diversity in the COI fragment for the 2 South American sympatric species of common mustached bats (subgenus Phyllodia). Each haplotype found in our molecular dataset is labeled with a number. The haplotypes belonging to each cluster (representing the 2 species) differ in at least 20 mutational steps among them. Geographic samples within both species are identified by distinct colors according to the labels.

Fig. 6 in Geographic variation in a South American clade of mormoopid bats, Pteronotus (Phyllodia), with description of a new species

Fig. 6.—Single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) among observed haplotypes of Pteronotus rubiginosus and P. alitonus sp. nov. in the 651 bp fragment of COI gene analyzed. Four haplotypes of each species (P. rubiginosus: HAP1, 14, 16, 32; P. alitonus: HAP2, 3, 11, 12) are shown. Fixed SNPs between the most frequent haplotype of each species (HAP1 × HAP2) are highlighted in bold.

Fig. 7 in Geographic variation in a South American clade of mormoopid bats, Pteronotus (Phyllodia), with description of a new species

Fig. 7.—Comparison of the cranial morphology between Pteronotus rubiginosus (MHNG 1978.083) and P. alitonus sp. nov. (MHNG 1978.082) from Grotte Mathilde, French Guiana. A) Dorsal and ventral views of the skull of P. rubiginosus (left) and P. alitonus (right); B) frontal view of the skull, contrasting the sizes of the internal (I1) and external (I2) incisors in the 2 species; C) ventral view of 1st half of the palate, highlighting the form outlined by the incisors and the gap between I2 and canines in P. alitonus; D) ventral view of the basicranial region, with arrows indicating the foramina in the pterygoid canal with different sizes in the 2 species. Scale bar in top right of A = 5 mm. MHNG = Musée d'Histoire Naturelle – Genève.

opennotspecifiedAug 2022View details →

FIG. 1 in A new species of horseshoe bat (Chiroptera: Rhinolophidae) from Mount Namuli, Mozambique

FIG. 1. Regional overview (A) and zoom in of the study area on Mount Namuli (B), showing specimen collection sites and extant montane forest and woodland cover, overlaid onto a hillshade DEM (SRTM, 90 m resolution)