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PLATE 2. Charopidae. A. Fruticicola adriana Hutton, 1883 in Catalogue of New Zealand land, freshwater and estuarine molluscan taxa named by Frederick Wollaston Hutton between 1879 and 1904
PLATE 2. Charopidae. A. Fruticicola adriana Hutton, 1883, Christchurch, lectotype, CMNZ M12774; B. Patula bianca Hutton, 1883, Point Elizabeth, Greymouth, topotype, NMNZ M.329345; C. Charopa cassandra Hutton, 1883, lectotype, CMNZ M240; D. Amphidoxa cornea Hutton, 1882, Auckland, lectotype CMNZ M12777; E. Amphidoxa costulata Hutton, 1882, Auckland, lectotype, CMNZ M12778; F. Pfeifferia cressida Hutton, 1883, Waiau, Southland, lectotype, CMNZ M231; G. Zonites fulminata Hutton, 1882, Stewart Island, holotype, CMNZ M252; H. Zonites helmsii Hutton, 1882, Greymouth, lectotype, CMNZ M12783. Scale bars 1 mm (A, E), 0.5 mm (B), 2 mm (C, D, F–H).
PLATE 5. Punctidae. A. Phrixgnathus ariel Hutton, 1883 in Catalogue of New Zealand land, freshwater and estuarine molluscan taxa named by Frederick Wollaston Hutton between 1879 and 1904
PLATE 5. Punctidae. A. Phrixgnathus ariel Hutton, 1883, Auckland, holotype, CMNZ M1386; B. Phrixgnathus celia Hutton, 1883, Dunedin, lectotype, CMNZ M1375.1; C. Phrixgnathus haasti Hutton, 1883, Mt Somers, Canterbury, lectotype, CMNZ M1389.1; D. Phrixgnathus marginatus Hutton, 1882, Greymouth, lectotype, CMNZ M1382.1; E. Endodonta marina Hutton, 1883, Auckland, lectotype, CMNZ M1402.1; F. Endodonta nerissa Hutton, 1883, Auckland, lectotype, CMNZ M1400; G. Phrixgnathus phrynia Hutton, 1883, Whanganui, lectotype, CMNZ M1384; H. Microphysa pumila Hutton, 1882, Christchurch, lectotype, CMNZ M1393.2. Scale bars 1 mm.
PLATE 4. Charopidae. A. Charopa planulata Hutton, 1883 in Catalogue of New Zealand land, freshwater and estuarine molluscan taxa named by Frederick Wollaston Hutton between 1879 and 1904
PLATE 4. Charopidae. A. Charopa planulata Hutton, 1883, Auckland, lectotype, CMNZ M12773; B. Charopa planulata Hutton, 1883, Auckland, paralectotype, CMNZ M1039; C. Thalassia propinqua Hutton, 1882, Weka Pass, lectotype, CMNZ M168.4; D. Patula sylvia Hutton, 1883, Bealey, lectotype, CMNZ M1363.2; E. Therasia tamora Hutton, 1883, Auckland, lectotype, CMNZ M10283; F. Patula tapirina Hutton, 1882, Dunedin, lectotype, CMNZ M390.9; G. Therasia thaisa Hutton, 1883, Waiau, Southland, lectotype, CMNZ M12784; H. Therasia valeria Hutton, 1883, Dunedin, lectotype, CMNZ M12779. Scale bars 1 mm (A, B, D–F) and 2 mm (C, G, H).
PLATE 3. Charopidae. A. Phacussa helmsi var. maculata Hutton, 1884 in Catalogue of New Zealand land, freshwater and estuarine molluscan taxa named by Frederick Wollaston Hutton between 1879 and 1904
PLATE 3. Charopidae. A. Phacussa helmsi var. maculata Hutton, 1884, Greymouth, syntype, CMNZ M253.1; B. Amphidoxa jacquenetta Hutton, 1883, Greymouth, lectotype, CMNZ M277; C. Patula jessica Hutton, 1883, Bealey, lectotype, NMNZ M.034443; D. Strobila leiodon Hutton, 1882, Greymouth, lectotype, CMNZ M59.3; E. Patula lucetta Hutton, 1884, Hawke's Bay, lectotype, CMNZ M217.2; F. Charopa miranda Hutton, 1883, Greymouth, lectotype, CMNZ M12780; G. Gerontia pantherina Hutton, 1882, Greymouth, lectotype, CMNZ M12781; H. Amphidoxa perdita Hutton, 1883, Auckland, lectotype, CMNZ M275.1. Scale bars 1 mm.
Dump of metadata from the Czech National Open Data Catalog, 2020-04-20, State Administration of Land Surveying and Cadastre datasets removed
<p>Dump of metadata using DCAT-AP from the Czech National Open Data Catalog, 2020-04-20, in RDF TriG.<br> Used in the paper "Modular Framework for Similarity-based Dataset Discovery using External Knowledge"<br> State Administration of Land Surveying and Cadastre datasets were removed from the dump for practical reasons.</p>
Integrating stakeholders' perspectives and spatial modelling to develop scenarios of future land use and land cover change in northern Tanzania
<p>Rapid rates of land use and land cover change (LULCC) in eastern Africa and limited instances of genuinely equal partnerships involving scientists, communities and decision makers challenge the development of robust pathways toward future environmental and socioeconomic sustainability. We use a participatory modelling tool, Kesho, to assess the biophysical, socioeconomic, cultural and governance factors that influenced past (1959-1999) and present (2000-2018) LULCC in northern Tanzania and to simulate four scenarios of land cover change to the year 2030. Simulations of the scenarios used spatial modelling to integrate stakeholders' perceptions of future environmental change with social and environmental data on recent trends in LULCC. From stakeholders' perspectives, between 1959 and 2018, LULCC was influenced by climate variability, availability of natural resources, agriculture expansion, urbanization, tourism growth, and legislation governing land access and natural resource management. Among other socio-environmental-political LULCC drivers, the stakeholders envisioned that from 2018 to 2030 LULCC will largely be influenced by land health, natural and economic capital, and political will in implementing land use plans and policies. The projected scenarios suggest that by 2030 agricultural land will have expanded by 8-20% under different scenarios and herbaceous vegetation and forest land cover will be reduced by 2.5-5% and 10-19% respectively. Stakeholder discussions further identified desirable futures in 2030 as those with improved infrastructure, restored degraded landscapes, effective wildlife conservation, and better farming techniques. The undesirable futures in 2030 were those characterized by land degradation, poverty, and cultural loss. Insights from our work identify the implications of future LULCC scenarios on wildlife and cultural conservation and in meeting the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) and targets by 2030. The Kesho approach capitalizes on knowledge exchanges among diverse stakeholders, and in the process promotes social learning, provides a sense of ownership of outputs generated, democratizes scientific understanding, and improves the quality and relevance of the outputs.</p>
Summer land surface temperature from MODIS Aqua and Terra satellites for Houston in 2014 and Phoenix in 2003 at 1km resolution
<p>Satellite remote-sensing is used to collect important atmospheric and geophysical data at various spatial resolutions, providing insight into spatiotemporal surface and climate variability globally. These observations are often plagued with missing spatial and temporal information of Earth's surface due to (1) cloud cover at the time of a satellite passing and (2) infrequent passing of polar-orbiting satellites. While many methods are available to model missing data in space and time, in the case of land surface temperature (LST) from thermal infrared remote sensing, these approaches generally ignore the temporal pattern called the 'diurnal cycle' which physically constrains temperatures to peak in the early afternoon and reach a minimum at sunrise. In order to infill an LST dataset, we parameterize the diurnal cycle into a functional form with unknown spatiotemporal parameters. Using multiresolution spatial basis functions, we estimate these parameters from sparse satellite observations to reconstruct an LST field with continuous spatial and temporal distributions. These estimations may then be used to better inform scientists of spatiotemporal thermal patterns over relatively complex domains. The methodology is demonstrated using data collected by MODIS on NASA's Aqua and Terra satellites over both Houston, TX and Phoenix, AZ USA.</p>
FIGURE 1 in Cataloguing Prof. Eudóxia M. Froehlich's wet collection of land planarians (Platyhelminthes, Geoplanidae): a bounty of type specimens of 78 species
FIGURE 1. Some of the 80 jars, containing specimens, after replacing the medium with new 80% ethanol.
FIGURE 3 in Cataloguing Prof. Eudóxia M. Froehlich's wet collection of land planarians (Platyhelminthes, Geoplanidae): a bounty of type specimens of 78 species
FIGURE 3. Examples of preservation condition of type specimens: A: very good (Geoplana garua); B: good (Geoplana chalona); C: bad (Geoplana irua); D: very bad (Geoplana assu). At different scales.
Quantifying temporal variation in dietary niche to reveal drivers of past population declines; stable isotope, harvest trends, and land use
<p><b>1.</b> Given the long and dynamic history of anthropogenic disturbances to ecosystems, it is difficult to determine the drivers of past population declines. These uncertainties dilute the efficacy of conservation efforts and might hinder species and ecosystem recovery.</p> <p><b>2.</b> Niche quantification can be a useful tool for understanding drivers of past population declines. Niche parameters reflect key resources used, providing insight into the conditions needed to achieve population stability. By reconstructing a population's niche position and space over a period of decline and comparing to historic baselines, shifts in the realized niche of a species can be assessed. Comparing shifts to historic information on resource availability and timing of declines can allow practitioners to identify probable drivers of species decline.</p> <p><span><b>3.</b> We demonstrated the utility of this technique by reconstructing parameters of isotopic dietary niche over a 130 year period and comparing isotopic niche reconstructions to land use and crop harvests during this same period via regression and Bayesian standard ellipsoid (SIBER) analyses. We use a formerly widespread but now endangered species, the eastern spotted skunk (<i>Spilogale putorius</i>), addressing the hypothesis that land use change and agricultural intensification led to a historical collapse of key dietary resources which correlates with population declines in this species. To help control for isotopic variability unrelated to population decline, we compare trends to those of a secure, but ecologically similar generalist mesocarnivore, the striped skunk (<i>Mephitis mephitis</i>), across the same spatiotemporal scale. </span></p> <p><b>4.</b> We present evidence that historic dietary changes occurred in spotted skunks in the early 1900s but not to the same degree in striped skunks. Changes in isotopic composition correspond with the temporal period of decline and are explained by concurrent changes in land use. These results support the hypothesis that loss of key dietary resources as a result of land use change and agricultural intensification played a significant role in population declines of spotted skunks in this region.</p>
Data from: Combining climate, land use change and dispersal to predict the distribution of endangered species with limited vagility
<p><b>Aim: </b>Many rare species are dispersal-limited and minimal land use and climate changes can impact their colonization capacity. Most ecological niche models predict the distribution of species under future climate and land use change scenarios without incorporating specie-specific dispersal abilities. Here we investigated the effect of climate and land use change on low vagile species accounting for their dispersal capacity and defined accessible areas in the future.</p> <p><b>Location:</b> Europe.</p> <p><b>Taxon:</b> Saproxylic beetles.</p> <p><b>Methods:</b> We used the current (2007-2012) occurrences of six endangered saproxylics to develop ecological niche models using current climate and land use conditions. We projected species distributions under four future climate and land use change scenarios to estimate their potential occurrences. Finally, accounting for species-specific dispersal, we limited their distributions to accessible areas in 2040-50.</p> <p><b>Results:</b> Without accounting for dispersal abilities we found a strong and positive impact of climate change on the distribution of <i>Cerambix cerdo, Cucujus cinnaberinus, Morimus funereus</i> and <i>Rosalia alpina</i> and a positive effect of land use change on the distribution of <i>Lucanus cervus</i> and <i>Osmoderma eremita.</i> When species-specific dispersal was included, we found a strong and positive impact of land use change on the distribution of all the species. In this case climate change had a lower but positive effect on the distribution of <i>C. cerdo, C. cinnaberinus, L. cervus</i> and <i>R. alpina,</i> and a negative effect on the distribution of O.<i> eremita</i>.</p> <p><b>Main conclusion:</b> We found that climate change would promote the expansion of saproxylic beetles only in the unrealistic case of unlimited dispersal. Accounting for dispersal abilities, the expansion of our species would be mainly conditioned by the effect of land use change. Thus, we encourage researchers to combine climate and land use change with dispersal when projecting species distribution under future scenarios to accurately identify areas with fundamental species-specific resources.</p>
Cumulative impacts of land cover change and dams on the land-water interface of the Tocantins River
<p>This dataset accompanies the manuscript entitled "Cumulative impacts of land cover change and dams on the land-water interface of the Tocantins River". It contains shapefiles and geoTIFF files.</p>
Data from: On the inconsistency of pollinator species traits for predicting either response to land-use change or functional contribution
The response and effect trait framework, if supported empirically, would provide for powerful and general predictions about how biodiversity loss leads to loss in ecosystem function. This framework proposes that species traits will explain how different species respond to disturbance (i.e. response traits) as well as their contribution to ecosystem function (i.e. effect traits). However, predictive response and effect traits remain elusive for most systems. Here, we use data on crop pollination services provided by native, wild bees to explore the role of six commonly used species traits in determining both species' response to land-use change and the subsequent effect on crop pollination. Analyses were conducted in parallel for three crop systems (watermelon, cranberry, and blueberry) located within the same geographical region (mid-Atlantic USA). Bee species traits did not strongly predict species' response to land-use change, and the few traits that were weakly predictive were not consistent across crops. Similarly, no trait predicted species' overall functional contribution in any of the three crop systems, although body size was a good predictor of per capita efficiency in two systems. Overall we were unable to make generalizable predictions regarding species responses to land-use change and its effect on the delivery of crop pollination services. Pollinator traits may be useful for understanding ecological processes in some systems, but thus far the promise of traits-based ecology has yet to be fulfilled for pollination ecology.
Data from: Surface-water dynamics and land use influence landscape connectivity across a major dryland region
Landscape connectivity is important for the long-term persistence of species inhabiting dryland freshwater ecosystems, with spatiotemporal surface-water dynamics (e.g., flooding) maintaining connectivity by both creating temporary habitats and providing transient opportunities for dispersal. Improving our understanding of how landscape connectivity varies with respect to surface-water dynamics and land use is an important step to maintaining biodiversity in dynamic dryland environments. Using a newly available validated Landsat TM and ETM+ surface-water time series, we modelled landscape connectivity between dynamic surface-water habitats within Australia's 1 million km2 semi-arid Murray Darling Basin across a 25-year period (1987 to 2011). We identified key habitats that serve as well-connected 'hubs', or 'stepping-stones' that allow long-distance movements through surface-water habitat networks. We compared distributions of these habitats for short- and long-distance dispersal species during dry, average and wet seasons, and across land-use types. The distribution of stepping-stones and hubs varied both spatially and temporally, with temporal changes driven by drought and flooding dynamics. Conservation areas and natural environments contained higher than expected proportions of both stepping-stones and hubs throughout the time series; however, highly modified agricultural landscapes increased in importance during wet seasons. Irrigated landscapes contained particularly high proportions of well-connected hubs for long-distance dispersers, but remained relatively disconnected for less vagile organisms. The habitats identified by our study may serve as ideal high-priority targets for land-use specific management aimed at maintaining or improving dispersal between surface-water habitats, potentially providing benefits to biodiversity beyond the immediate site scale. Our results also highlight the importance of accounting for the influence of spatial and temporal surface-water dynamics when studying landscape connectivity within highly variable dryland environments.
Data from: The present and future effects of land use on ecological assemblages in tropical grasslands and savannas in Africa
The world is currently experiencing a period of rapid, human-driven biodiversity loss. Over the past decade, numerous metrics for biodiversity have been used to create indicators to track change in biodiversity. However, our ability to predict future changes has been limited. In this study, we use two very different models to predict the status and possible futures for the composition and diversity of ecological assemblages in African tropical grasslands and savannas under land-use change. We show that ecological assemblages are affected more by land use in African grasslands and savannas than in other biomes. We estimate that average losses of assemblage composition and diversity are already between 9.7 and 42.0%, depending on the model and measure used. If current socio-economic trajectories continue ('business-as-usual'), the likely associated land-use changes are predicted to lead to a further 5.6–12.3% loss of assemblage composition and diversity. In contrast, a scenario that assumes more efficient use of agricultural areas (thus requiring a smaller total area) could be associated with a partial reversal ‒ of as much as 3.2% ‒ of past losses. While the agriculture that causes the majority of land-use change is an important source of economic growth, projections of the effects of land use on ecological assemblages can allow for more informed decisions.
Data from: Patterns of rangeland productivity and land ownership: implications for conservation and management
Rangelands cover 40-50% of the earth's terrestrial surface. While often characterized by limited, yet variable resource availability, rangelands are vital for humans, providing numerous ecosystem goods and services. In the conterminous United States (CONUS) the dominant component of rangeland conservation is a network of public rangelands, concentrated in the west. Public rangelands are interspersed with private and tribal rangelands resulting in a complex mosaic of land tenure and management priorities. We quantify ownership patterns of rangeland production at multiple scales across CONUS and find that both total production and average productivity of private rangelands more than doubles that of public and tribal rangelands. At finer scales, private rangelands are consistently more productive than their public counterparts. We also demonstrate an inverse relationship between public rangeland acreage and productivity. While conserving acreage is crucial to rangeland conservation, just as critical are broad scale ecological patterns and processes that sustain ecosystem services. Across CONUS, ownership regimes capture distinct elements of these patterns and services, demonstrated through disparate production dynamics. As ownership determines the range of feasible conservation actions, and the technical and financial resources available to implement them, understanding ownership-production dynamics is critical for effective and sustained conservation of rangeland ecosystem services.
Data from: Exploiting Poisson additivity to predict fire frequency from maps of fire weather and land cover in boreal forests of Québec, Canada
Predictive models of fire frequency conditional on weather and land cover are essential to assess how future cover-type distributions and weather conditions may influence fire regimes. We modelled the effects of bottom-up variables (e.g. land cover) and top-down variables (e.g. fire weather) simultaneously with data aggregated or interpolated to spatial and temporal units of 100 km2 and 1yr in the boreal forest of Québec, Canada. For models of human-caused fires, we used road density as a surrogate for human access and behaviour. We exploited the additive property of Poisson distributions to estimate cover-type specific fire count rates, which would normally not be possible with data of this spatial resolution. We used piecewise linear functions to model nonlinear relations between fire weather and fire frequency for each cover-type simultaneously. The estimated conditional rates may be considered as expected mean counts per unit area and time. It follows that these rates can be rescaled to arbitrary spatial and temporal extents. Our results showed fire frequency increased nonlinearly as aridity increased and more quickly in disturbed areas than other types. Road density exerted the strongest influence on the frequency of human-caused fires, which were positively correlated with road density. The estimates may be used to parameterize the fire ignition component of spatial simulation models, which often have a resolution different from that at which the data were collected. This is an essential step in incorporating biotic and abiotic feedbacks, land-cover dynamics, and climate projections into ecological forecasting. The insight into the power of Poisson additivity to reveal high-resolution ecological processes from low-resolution data could have applications in other areas of ecology.
Data from: Differences in Al sensitivity affect establishment of Populus genotypes on acidic forest land
Forest lands hold great potential for Populus plantations, but in native boreal forests, soils normally have low pH and thus higher levels of aluminum ions (Al3+ and hydroxides). Aluminum (Al) is one of the major factors limiting plant growth on these soils by inhibiting root growth, thus reducing water and nutrient uptake and slowing growth. There is a large variation in Al resistance both among and within species. In this study, growth responses of greenhouse-grown hybrid aspen (P. tremula × tremuloides) and poplar (P. trichocarpa hybrids) were monitored in relation to changes in Al concentrations. In quartz sand, hybrid aspen was more tolerant to exogenous application of Al than P. trichocarpa hybrids. This difference in Al-tolerance was further confirmed by hematoxylin staining of the roots, with hybrid aspen displaying less staining after Al treatment than poplar clones. When planted on forest land with low pH, hybrid aspen increased growth after planting and showed low mortality. This was not the case for poplar clones; plant height decreased after planting and mortality increased. Together, our results suggest that differences in initial growth and survival on forest land among hybrid aspen and the tested poplar clones may be connected to differences in Al tolerance. Our findings that staining with hematoxylin can identify Al-tolerant Populus genotypes may help identify Al-tolerant genotypes suitable for forest land.
Data from: Divergence before and after the isolation of islands: phylogeography of the Bradybaena land snails on the Ryukyu Islands of Japan
Aim: Vicariance events have been proposed as a major source of lineage divergence on continental islands, whereas dispersal events followed by isolation have been proposed as the major cause on oceanic islands. However, organisms on continental islands may include taxa with characteristics similar to those on oceanic islands. Lineage divergence unassociated with the geological events that separated islands may also have occurred. This study addresses these possibilities through morphological and molecular phylogeographic analyses of land snails (Bradybaena) on continental islands. Location: Samples were mainly collected on the Ryukyu and Izu Islands in Japan Methods: Molecular phylogenetic analyses using mtDNA (16S rRNA + COI) and nDNA (18S rRNA + ITS1 + 5.8S rRNA + ITS2 + 28S rRNA) were conducted for 225 individuals comprising B. circulus, B. phaeogramma, and four of its subspecies endemic to the Ryukyu Islands. Shell and genital morphologies were also examined using qualitative and statistical methods. Results: The Bradybaena populations examined were phylogenetically classified into six major clades whose divergence occurred during either Miocene-Pliocene or Pliocene-Pleistocene. Although phylogeographic patterns estimated on the basis of the 16S rRNA gene support the vicariance hypothesis for the origin of the major clades of Bradybaena, the phylogeographic patterns estimated by COI showed that these major clades resulted from diversification before the archipelagos separated from the continent. Both of these phylogeographic patterns suggest that genetic divergence occurred by dispersal from the southern to northern islands after divergence of major clades. The inferred phylogenies document parallel morphological evolution, yielding phylogenetic, morphological, and taxonomic incongruences that created mosaic geographical patterns in the distribution of nominal taxa. Main conclusions: Lineage diversification in endemic species on continental islands can occur before archipelago separation or subsequently via dispersal, as is seen in species on oceanic islands. Mechanisms other than vicariance should also be considered when estimating processes that created geographical patterns of genetic variations on continental islands.
Effects of flowers on land surface albedo and soil microclimate
<p>The phenology of vegetation, namely leaf-out and senescence, can influence the Earth's climate over regional spatial scales and long time periods (e.g., over 30 years or more), in addition to microclimates over local spatial scales and shorter time periods (weeks to months). However, the effects of flowers on climate and microclimate are unknown. We investigate whether flowers can influence light reflected by the land surface and soil microclimate in a subalpine meadow. We conducted a flower removal experiment with a common sunflower species, Helianthella quinquenervis, for 3 years (2015, 2017, and 2019). The flower removal treatment simulates the appearance of the meadow when Helianthella flowers earlier under climate change and loses its flowers to frost (other plant structures are not damaged by frost). We test the hypotheses that a reduction in cover of yellow flowers leads to a greener land surface, lower reflectance, warmer and drier soils, and increased plant water stress. Flower removal plots are greener, reflect less light, exhibit up to 1.2 °C warmer soil temperatures during the warmest daylight hours, and contain ca. 1% less soil moisture compared to controls. However, soils were warmer in only 2 of the 3 years, when flower abundance was high. Helianthella water use efficiency did not differ between removal and control plots. Our study provides evidence for a previously undocumented effect of flowers on soil microclimate, an effect that is likely mediated by climate change and flowering phenology. Many anthropogenic environmental changes alter landscape albedo, all of which could be mediated by flowers: climate change, plant invasions, and agriculture. This study highlights how further consideration of the effects of flowers on land surface albedo could improve our understanding of the effects of vegetation on microclimate.</p>
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Allen Brain Atlas
Allen Brain Atlas is an Allen Institute collection of brain map atlases, datasets, APIs, and analysis tools covering mouse, human, and non-human primate brain resources.
Annotated Behaviour and Observability Dataset (ABODe)
ABODe is a University of Edinburgh DataShare dataset for behavior classification in group-housed mice using home-cage video, identities, bounding boxes, ground-plate positions, and annotator labels.
DANDI Archive for NWB datasets
DANDI is a BRAIN Initiative archive for publishing and sharing neurophysiology data, including electrophysiology, optophysiology, and behavioral data packaged as NWB and related standards.
International Brain Laboratory public data
The International Brain Laboratory public data releases expose standardized mouse decision-making experiments, including Neuropixels recordings, widefield calcium imaging, behavior, and session metadata accessed through the ONE API.
OpenNeuro
OpenNeuro is a free, open platform for sharing neuroimaging datasets, with public search, dataset pages, and download paths for web, S3, DataLad, and the OpenNeuro CLI.