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Inventory of Rock Glaciers along the Ghunsa Valley, Kanchanjunga Himal, Eastern Nepal, Version 1

This dataset provides information on a number of Nepali rock glaciers distributed above 4250 m ASL along the Ghunsa valley and the Kanchanjunga glacier (originating from the summit of Mt. Kanchanjunga, 8586 m ASL). The rock glaciers were identified on the basis of air photo analysis and were visited in October and November 1999. The longitude, latitude, and elevation of each rock glacier are given. Geographic coordinates were determined using a 1:50,000 topographic map of Nepal. Two categories of rock glaciers are described: glacier-derived and talus-derived rock glaciers. The internal structure of two rock glaciers (KR4 and KR23) were investigated by DC resistivity imaging.

DISCOVER-AQ California Deployment San Joaquin Valley Air Pollution Control District Ground Site Data

DISCOVERAQ_California_Ground_SJV_Data contains data collected by the San Joaquin Valley (SJV) Air Pollution Control District at ground sites around the study area, including Bakersfield, Clovis, Corcoran, Fresno, Hanford, Huron, Madera, Parlier, Porterville, Tranquility and Visalia Airport as part of the California (San Joaquin Valley) deployment of NASA's DISCOVER-AQ field study. This data product contains data for only the California deployment and data collection is complete.Understanding the factors that contribute to near surface pollution is difficult using only satellite-based observations. The incorporation of surface-level measurements from aircraft and ground-based platforms provides the crucial information necessary to validate and expand upon the use of satellites in understanding near surface pollution. Deriving Information on Surface conditions from Column and Vertically Resolved Observations Relevant to Air Quality (DISCOVER-AQ) was a four-year campaign conducted in collaboration between NASA Langley Research Center, NASA Goddard Space Flight Center, NASA Ames Research Center, and multiple universities to improve the use of satellites to monitor air quality for public health and environmental benefit. Through targeted airborne and ground-based observations, DISCOVER-AQ enabled more effective use of current and future satellites to diagnose ground level conditions influencing air quality.DISCOVER-AQ employed two NASA aircraft, the P-3B and King Air, with the P-3B completing in-situ spiral profiling of the atmosphere (aerosol properties, meteorological variables, and trace gas species). The King Air conducted both passive and active remote sensing of the atmospheric column extending below the aircraft to the surface. Data from an existing network of surface air quality monitors, AERONET sun photometers, Pandora UV/vis spectrometers and model simulations were also collected. Further, DISCOVER-AQ employed many surface monitoring sites, with measurements being made on the ground, in conjunction with the aircraft. The B200 and P-3B conducted flights in Baltimore-Washington, D.C. in 2011, Houston, TX in 2013, San Joaquin Valley, CA in 2013, and Denver, CO in 2014. These regions were targeted due to being in violation of the National Ambient Air Quality Standards (NAAQS).The first objective of DISCOVER-AQ was to determine and investigate correlations between surface measurements and satellite column observations for the trace gases ozone (O3), nitrogen dioxide (NO2), and formaldehyde (CH2O) to understand how satellite column observations can diagnose surface conditions. DISCOVER-AQ also had the objective of using surface-level measurements to understand how satellites measure diurnal variability and to understand what factors control diurnal variability. Lastly, DISCOVER-AQ aimed to explore horizontal scales of variability, such as regions with steep gradients and urban plumes.

Rock glacier inventory, Printse Valley, Valais, Switzerland, Version 1

The Printse Valley is a 16-km-long north-orientated basin. The south-part (summits at 300 m asl) is glacierized. The intermediate sector, more continental, is very rich in rock glaciers. We have inventoried 46 rock glaciers. A second sector is the south-orientated basin of Louvie, in which we have inventoried 25 rock glaciers. For each rock glacier a file exists with different characteristics like orientation, width, length, elevation of the spring and the front, type of form, type of material, activity, lithology, etc. Measurements of spring temperatures and BTS (Bottom temperature under snow cover) exist for some rock glaciers, especially in the Tortin zone (see maps). Data collected during 1992 and 1997. These data are presented on the CAPS Version 1.0 CD-ROM, June 1998.

Borehole permafrost data, Kumtor and Taragai Valleys, Tienshan, Kazakhstan, Version 1

This dataset includes observations of the permafrost temperatures in the Inner Tien Shan were started in 1986 by Kazakhstan Alpine Permafrost Laboratory. Observations are carried out on more than 40 boreholes, at altitudes between 3300-4200 m. The depths of the boreholes vary from 30 to 600 m. The boreholes are located in both loose (moraines) sediments and bedrock. Several boreholes are situated in the territory of the 'Kumtor' goldmine. The geocryological conditions of goldmine 'Kumtor' and nearby territory have been discussed in scientific reports 1988, 1989 and articles (see references). Two boreholes were drilled in body of glacier 'Davydov' and located in the central and lateral parts of the glacier (depth - 30 m). A third borehole passed through the glacier, moraine and bedrock to a depth of 600 m. In the Kumtor and Taragai valleys, permafrost temperature in 14 boreholes from 25 to 50 m depth, between 3300-3750 m ASL were observed. The distance between outermost boreholes is about 40 km.Temperature measurements in 9 geological prospecting adits [tunnels] (lengthwise 1500-1900 m) located in the four neighboring valleys (altitudes from 3920 to 4010 m) were carried out. At the same sites, but in natural conditions, the thermal conductivity of the bedrock was determined by the cylindrical sounding method. Grain size, soil moisture content, cryogenic structure and depth of seasonal thaw were also obtained from 15 pits located in differing altitudinal levels and exposures. At two further sites, ground temperatures measurements at depths of 0, 2, 5, 10, 15, 20 and 40 cm were taken every hour during daylight hours every 5 days over a two year period. Air temperature, wind velocity and duration of daylight were measured at the same time as the ground temperature measurements. These data are presented on the CAPS Version 1.0 CD-ROM, June 1998.

Ground Temperatures from Deep Boreholes in the Ob River Valley, Russia (VK-1615 and ZS-124/124a), Version 1

This data set contains soil temperature data from three deep boreholes in the Ob River valley in Russia. Boreholes were drilled in 1967 (VK-1615), 1977 (ZS-124), and 1980 (ZS-124a) in discontinuous permafrost of approximately 70 m depth. Borehole VK-1615 was sampled to a depth of 100 m between 1971 and 2002, ZS-124 was sampled monthly to a depth of 13 m between 1978 and 1980, and ZS-124a was sampled monthly to a depth of 33.7 m between 1980 and 2002.

Ground temperatures in ice-cemented ground at Linnaeus Terrace, Dry Valleys, Antarctica, Version 1

Soil temperatures were measured with Campbell 107 soil thermistors. Thermistors were placed at 0, 17, 23 (just above the ice-cemented permafrost) and 40 cm depth. To emplace the sensors, first a soil pit was dug to the level of ice-cemented permafrost. Then a hammer drill was used to make a narrow, 15 cm deep hole into the ice-cemented ground. The thermistor was placed into the drill hole. This procedure caused minimal disturbance to the ice-cemented ground. Air temperature and humidity were measured with a Campbell 207 air probe. The temperature on the surface of an outcrop of Beacon sandstone was measured with a T-type thermocouple. Sunlight was measured with a LiCor 200 pyranometer. The sensors were deployed during Jan 1993 but (due to equipment failure) data storage began only on 6 Jan 1994 and was continued until 16 Jan 1995. All temperature sensors were removed after the data collection interval and calibrated in the laboratory. Calibrations were applied using the Steinhart and Hart (1968) representations for the temperature dependence of the thermistor resistance. This was necessary since the instrumental calibration for the 107 thermistor provided by Campbell did not extend below -40C. After correction, the error in the temperature measurement is estimated to be less than 0.2 C and error in the humidity measurement was Campbell 207 RH sensor has high errors for relative humidity values below 15% --- tending to systematically overestimate values by more than 10% humidity. The error in the averaged light measurement is less than 10 W/m2. All sensors were sampled once every 10 minutes and averages of three measurements were written to final memory every 30 minutes corresponding to 48 recordings each day. Data are stored in columns of ASCII data; entries are 1. Digital day of year in 1994 2. Air temperature 3. Air relative humidity 4. Sunlight, W/m2 5. Soil surface temperature 4. Sunlight, W/m2 5. Soil surface temperature 6. Temperature at 17 cm depth 7. Temperature at 23 cm depth 8. Temperature at 40 cm depth 9. Temperature on surface of rock Data are presented on the CAPS Version 1.0 CD-ROM, June 1998.

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CEOS Cal Val Test Site - Railroad Valley Playa, USA - Instrumented Site

On the background of these requirements for sensor calibration, intercalibration and product validation, the subgroup on Calibration and Validation of the Committee on Earth Observing System (CEOS) formulated the following recommendation during the plenary session held in China at the end of 2004, with the goal of setting-up and operating an internet based system to provide sensor data, protocols and guidelines for these purposes: Background: Reference Datasets are required to support the understanding of climate change and quality assure operational services by Earth Observing satellites. The data from different sensors and the resulting synergistic data products require a high level of accuracy that can only be obtained through continuous traceable calibration and validation activities. Requirement: Initiate an activity to document a reference methodology to predict Top of Atmosphere (TOA) radiance for which currently flying and planned wide swath sensors can be intercompared, i.e. define a standard for traceability. Also create and maintain a fully accessible web page containing, on an instrument basis, links to all instrument characteristics needed for intercomparisons as specified above, ideally in a common format. In addition, create and maintain a database (e.g. SADE) of instrument data for specific vicarious calibration sites, including site characteristics, in a common format. Each agency is responsible for providing data for their instruments in this common format. Recommendation : The required activities described above should be supported for an implementation period of two years and a maintenance period over two subsequent years. The CEOS should encourage a member agency to accept the lead role in supporting this activity. CEOS should request all member agencies to support this activity by providing appropriate information and data in a timely manner. Instrumented Sites: Railroad Valley Playa, USA is one of eight instrumented sites that are CEOS Reference Test Sites. The CEOS instrumented sites are provisionally being called LANDNET. These instrumented sites are primarily used for field campaigns to obtain radiometric gain, and these sites can serve as a focus for international efforts, facilitating traceability and inter-comparison to evaluate biases of in-flight and future instruments in a harmonized manner. In the longer-term it is anticipated that these sites will all be fully automated and provide surface and atmospheric measurements to the WWW in an autonomous manner reducing some of the cost of a manned campaign, at present three can operate in this manner.

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Comparison of MBT/Pas and BALB/cByJ MEFs response after infection with Rift Valley Fever virus

GEO Series GSE18064. Mus musculus. 12 samples. Type: Expression profiling by array.

openGEO-OpenAug 2010View details →

FIGURE 4 in Description of a new diminutive Hyloxalus (Anura: Dendrobatidae: Hyloxalinae) from the Magdalena Valley of Colombia

FIGURE 4. Hyloxalus arliensis sp. nov. in preservative. Adult female, IAVH-Am-8850 (SVL =16.5 mm, holotype): (A) Dorsal view; (B) Ventral view; (C) Lateral view. Line scale = 5 mm.

FIGURE 9 in Description of a new diminutive Hyloxalus (Anura: Dendrobatidae: Hyloxalinae) from the Magdalena Valley of Colombia

FIGURE 9. Distribution of Hyloxalus arliensis sp. nov. from western slopes of Cordillera Oriental and eastern slopes of Cordillera Central of Colombia. (A) Cimitarra, Municipality, Santander Department; (B) Pauna Municipality, Boyacá Department; (C) La Vega Municipality, Cundinamarca Department; (D) Type locality (red triangle) La Mesa Municipality, Cundinamarca Department; (E) Viotá Municipality, Cundinamarca Department; (F) Ibagué Municipality, Tolima Department.

FIGURE 5 in Description of a new diminutive Hyloxalus (Anura: Dendrobatidae: Hyloxalinae) from the Magdalena Valley of Colombia

FIGURE 5. Paratypes of Hyloxalus arliensis sp. nov. in life from El Danubio Farm (Viotá, Municipality, Cundinamarca). (A) Lateral view, Adult female IAvH-Am-8863; (B) Lateral view adult male IAvH-Am-8853; (C) Dorsal view, adult male IAvH- Am-8853.

FIGURE 12 in Description of a new diminutive Hyloxalus (Anura: Dendrobatidae: Hyloxalinae) from the Magdalena Valley of Colombia

FIGURE 12. Habitats and microhabitats of Hyloxalus arliensis sp. nov.; (A) Sub-Andean forest ecosystem in the Viotá region; (B) Agrosystems in Viotá Region where several vocalizing male individuals of the new species were observed and collected; (C) Habitats associated with the edge of the streams where adults were found in the Municipality of Mesa, Cundinamarca; (D) Microhabitat with litter at the edge of the streams where adult males vocalized hidden; (E) Clutch of Hyloxalus arliensis sp. nov. from municipality of Viotá (Cundinamarca); (F) Forest floor where eggs and adults were located in La Mesa Municipality, Cundinamarca.

FIGURE 11 in Description of a new diminutive Hyloxalus (Anura: Dendrobatidae: Hyloxalinae) from the Magdalena Valley of Colombia

FIGURE 11. Individual note of Hyloxalus arliensis sp. nov. (Adult male IAvH-Am-8861). (A) Oscillogram; (B) Spectrogram; (C) Power spectrum.

FIGURE 10 in Description of a new diminutive Hyloxalus (Anura: Dendrobatidae: Hyloxalinae) from the Magdalena Valley of Colombia

FIGURE 10. (A) Oscillogram and (B) spectrogram with five notes of Hyloxalus arliensis sp. nov. (Adult male IAvH-Am- 8861).

FIGURE 3 in Description of a new diminutive Hyloxalus (Anura: Dendrobatidae: Hyloxalinae) from the Magdalena Valley of Colombia

FIGURE 3. Maximum likelihood inference tree showing the evolutionary relationships of Hyloxalus arliensis sp. nov. (bold) based on 2440 bp of mitochondrial DNA. Numbers before nodes: maximum likelihood (ML) bootstrap percentages left and Bayesian analysis (BA) posterior probability values right; asterisks indicate maximum support.

FIGURE 7 in Description of a new diminutive Hyloxalus (Anura: Dendrobatidae: Hyloxalinae) from the Magdalena Valley of Colombia

FIGURE 7. Ventral view. Adult males: (A) Hyloxalus ramosi IAvH-Am-5496 (SVL = 18.22 mm); (B) Hyloxalus lehmanni IAvH-Am-1793 (SVL = 18.10 mm); (C) Hyloxalus fascianigrus IAvH-Am-6224 (SVL =18.40 mm). Adult females: D) Hyloxalus ramosi IAvH-Am-5514 (SVL = 19.50 mm); (E) Hyloxalus lehmanni IAvH-Am-1554 (SVL = 20.83 mm); (F) Hyloxalus fascianigrus IAvH-Am-6221 (SVL = 20.56 mm). Line scale = 5 mm.

FIGURE 8 in Description of a new diminutive Hyloxalus (Anura: Dendrobatidae: Hyloxalinae) from the Magdalena Valley of Colombia

FIGURE 8. Ventral view of Hyloxalus arliensis sp. nov. Holotype IAVH-Am-8850 adult female (A) hand; (B) foot, Line scale = 2 mm.

FIGURE 6 in Description of a new diminutive Hyloxalus (Anura: Dendrobatidae: Hyloxalinae) from the Magdalena Valley of Colombia

FIGURE 6. Intraspecific variation of Hyloxalus arliensis sp. nov. in preservative. Dorsal view: (A) adult male IAVH-Am- 8851(Paratype) from type locality; (B) adult male IAVH-Am-8861(Referred specimen), from El Danubio farm, Viotá; (C) adult male (Referred specimen) IAVH-Am-8860, from El Danubio farm, Viotá. Ventral view: (D) IAVH-Am-8851; (E) IAVH-Am- 8861; (F) IAVH-Am-8860. Line scale = 5 mm.