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FIG. 4 in Middle Miocene Uruguaytheriinae (Mammalia, Astrapotheria) from Peruvian Amazonia and a review of the astrapotheriid fossil record in northern South America

FIG. 4.— Location map and fossil record of northern South American Astrapotheriidae Ameghino, 1887, based on data from Kraglievich (1928), Stehlin (1928), Scott (1937), Simpson (1940), Paula Couto (1976, 1982), Rancy (1981), Frailey (1986, 1987), Isea (1987), Johnson & Madden (1997), Flynn et al. (2002, 2008), Sánchez-Villagra et al. (2004), Weston et al. (2004), Antoine et al. (2007), Croft (2007), and Negri et al. (2010). Abbreviations: LO, late Oligocene; EM, early Miocene; MM, middle Miocene; LM, late Miocene.

FIG. 2 in Middle Miocene Uruguaytheriinae (Mammalia, Astrapotheria) from Peruvian Amazonia and a review of the astrapotheriid fossil record in northern South America

FIG. 2. — Xenastrapotherium sp. from the late middle Miocene Fitzcarrald local fauna, Peruvian Amazonia: A-F, edentulous symphysis with canine alveoli (MUSM 1468), IN-DTC 20 locality; A, dorsal view; B, interpretative reconstruction with canines, same view; C, rostro-dorsal view;D, interpretative reconstruction with alveoli of anterior teeth,same view;E, right lateral view;F, interpretative reconstruction with canines, same view; G -J, left P3 without ectoloph (MUSM 1467), IN-DTC 37 locality; G, occlusal view; H, interpretative sketch of the occlusal view, with main observed features; I, mesiolingual view; J, distal view; K-M, left i1 (MUSM 1466), IN-DTC 20 locality; K, occlusal view; L, labial view; M, lingual view. Leftward and upward arrows show mesial and labial sides, respectively. Scale bars: A-F, 50 mm; G-M, 20 mm.

FIG. 1 in Middle Miocene Uruguaytheriinae (Mammalia, Astrapotheria) from Peruvian Amazonia and a review of the astrapotheriid fossil record in northern South America

FIG. 1. — Location map of the late middle Miocene astrapotheriid-yielding vertebrate localities in the Río Inuya and Río Mapuya area ("Fitzcarrald local fauna", Ipururo Formation), Ucayali Department, eastern Peru.

FIG. 3 in Middle Miocene Uruguaytheriinae (Mammalia, Astrapotheria) from Peruvian Amazonia and a review of the astrapotheriid fossil record in northern South America

FIG. 3. — Granastrapotherium cf. snorki from the late middle Miocene Fitzcarrald local fauna, Peruvian Amazonia. Left broken M2 without ectoloph (MUSM 994), IN-DTC 28 locality (float): A, occlusal view; B, interpretative sketch of the occlusal view; C, tentative reconstruction of the whole tooth. Scale bar: 20 mm.

Fig. 9 in Description of the Earliest Fossil Penguin from South America and First Paleogene Vertebrate Locality of Tierra Del Fuego, Argentina

Fig. 9. The fibula of CADIC P 21 in lateral view. Anatomical abreviations: ff, facet for femur; sc, scar for attachment of lig. collateralis lateralis.

Fig. 7 in Description of the Earliest Fossil Penguin from South America and First Paleogene Vertebrate Locality of Tierra Del Fuego, Argentina

Fig. 7. The proximal portion of the CADIC P 21 tibiotarsus in oblique anterolateral view. The prominent fibular crest and notch (foramen interosseum proximale; Baumel and Witmer, 1993) proximal to it are indicated. The anterior cnemial crest is unbroken, but the lateral is missing. Anatomical abbreviations: acnc, anterior cnemial crest; fc, fibular crest; la, lateral articular surface; n, notch.

Fig. 4 in Description of the Earliest Fossil Penguin from South America and First Paleogene Vertebrate Locality of Tierra Del Fuego, Argentina

Fig. 4. The largest block of CADIC P 21 in (a, b) two views with parts of the acetabular and preacetabular ilium in ventromedial view, a small portion of the anterior pubis, the right tibiotarsus and the head of the left femur. Anatomical abbreviations: ac, acetabulum; f, femur, il, ilium; p, pubis; sc, scar for sacral transverse process; tb, tibiotarsus.

Fig. 6. The CADIC P 21 in Description of the Earliest Fossil Penguin from South America and First Paleogene Vertebrate Locality of Tierra Del Fuego, Argentina

Fig. 6. The CADIC P 21 block with the two articulating pieces of the right tibiotarsus joined. The tibiotarsus is shown in oblique anterolateral view. Portions of the left ilium, head of the left femur and part of the shaft of the right fibula are also visible. Anatomical abbreviations: f, femur; fb, fibula; il, ilium; tb, tibiotarsus.

Fig. 5 in Description of the Earliest Fossil Penguin from South America and First Paleogene Vertebrate Locality of Tierra Del Fuego, Argentina

Fig. 5. Right femur of CADIC P 21 prepared from the block in (left) anterior and (right) posterior views. Anatomical abbreviations: ail, anterior intermuscular line; cls, capital ligament scar; tcf, m. tibialis cranialis tendon fossa; ft, fibular trochlea; mc, medial supracondylar crest; pf, popliteal fossa; tr, trochanteric surface.

Fig. 2 in Description of the Earliest Fossil Penguin from South America and First Paleogene Vertebrate Locality of Tierra Del Fuego, Argentina

Fig. 2. Schematic map of the Cabo Campo del Medio–Punta Torcida anticline showing the distribution of the Punta Torcida Formation and unnamed strata (lower Eocene) and the Leticia Formation (upper middle Eocene). The star indicates where the new specimen (CADIC P 21) was recovered.

Fig. 1 in Description of the Earliest Fossil Penguin from South America and First Paleogene Vertebrate Locality of Tierra Del Fuego, Argentina

Fig. 1. Simplified geologic map of central and eastern Isla Grande, Tierra del Fuego, showing outcrops of Upper Cretaceous to Miocene synorogenic clastic wedges. The area of the penguin locality, at Cabo Campo del Medio–Punta Torcida, is bounded by a rectangle and detailed in the map provided in figure 2.

Fig. 8 in Description of the Earliest Fossil Penguin from South America and First Paleogene Vertebrate Locality of Tierra Del Fuego, Argentina

Fig. 8. The distal tibiotarsus of CADIC P 21 in anterior view. Anatomical abreviation: ot, ossified tendon.

Fig. 3 in Description of the Earliest Fossil Penguin from South America and First Paleogene Vertebrate Locality of Tierra Del Fuego, Argentina

Fig. 3. Correlation of sections and sedimentary facies of the lower and upper middle Eocene strata across the Cabo Campo del Medio–Punta Torcida anticline showing the complex geometry and variable thickness of the three main stratigraphic intervals of the Leticia Formation (adapted from Olivero and LópezCabrera, 2001). The penguin remains (CADIC P 21; indicated by a star) were recovered near the top of the midshelf sandstone interval of the Leticia Formation near Punta Torcida.

Fig. 9 in Systematics of Snakes Referred to Dipsas variegata in Panama and Western South America, with Revalidation of Two Species and Notes on Defensive Behaviors in the Dipsadini (Colubridae)

Fig. 9. Dipsas oreas (Cope). A typically banded specimen from northern Peru (ANSP 31778). The snake is in a defensive posture (see under Defensive Behaviors in the Dipsadini).

Fig. 17 in Systematics of Snakes Referred to Dipsas variegata in Panama and Western South America, with Revalidation of Two Species and Notes on Defensive Behaviors in the Dipsadini (Colubridae)

Fig. 17. Defensive behavior of Sibon argus (AMNH 115927) from 600 m on the continental divide north of El Cope´, Cocle´, Panama. Top: The head is widened when mildly disturbed. Bottom: When further harassed, the snake coiled its body into a symmetrically raised spring, keeping its head hidden in the center.

Fig. 21 in Systematics of Snakes Referred to Dipsas variegata in Panama and Western South America, with Revalidation of Two Species and Notes on Defensive Behaviors in the Dipsadini (Colubridae)

Fig. 21. The final stage of defensive behavior in Dipsas nicholsi—a raised coil narrowest at the top, with the head exposed. Over a period of several days, this snake consistently coiled in the same direction (counterclockwise following the coils from above). See figure 1 for another view of the same specimen.

Fig. 5 in Systematics of Snakes Referred to Dipsas variegata in Panama and Western South America, with Revalidation of Two Species and Notes on Defensive Behaviors in the Dipsadini (Colubridae)

Fig. 5. Dipsas nicholsi (Dunn) from Madden Forest, central Panama. Left: KU 110311 in dorsal and ventral view. Right: KU 110312, above; KU 110313, below.

Fig. 1 in Systematics of Snakes Referred to Dipsas variegata in Panama and Western South America, with Revalidation of Two Species and Notes on Defensive Behaviors in the Dipsadini (Colubridae)

Fig. 1. Dipsas nicholsi (Dunn), a snaileater endemic to central Panama. Top: A specimen (not collected) photographed in 1974 in the Madden Forest Preserve, by Harry W. Greene. Bottom: Another specimen from Madden Forest, this one in a final stage of defense posturing (see figs. 20–21), photographed in 1966 by C.W. Myers.

Fig. 3 in Systematics of Snakes Referred to Dipsas variegata in Panama and Western South America, with Revalidation of Two Species and Notes on Defensive Behaviors in the Dipsadini (Colubridae)

Fig. 3. Dipsas variegata (Duméril, Bibron, and Duméril). Representative specimens in dorsal and ventral view. Left: D. v. variegata from Rancho Grande, Venezuela (FMNH 204479, 468 mm SVL). Right: D. v. trinitatis from near Asa Wright Nature Center, Trinidad (FMNH 217217, 419 mm SVL).

Fig. 13 in Systematics of Snakes Referred to Dipsas variegata in Panama and Western South America, with Revalidation of Two Species and Notes on Defensive Behaviors in the Dipsadini (Colubridae)

Fig. 13. Dipsas andiana (Boulenger) in dorsal and ventral view. Left: Specimen from Bolívar Province, Ecuador (KU 132503). Right: Specimen from Pichincha province, Ecuador (MCZ 166543).