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FIGURE 6 in A new species of lava lizard (Iguanidae: Tropidurinae: Microlophus) from the Galápagos
FIGURE 6. Map of the Galápagos Archipelago with a close-up of Floreana Island and surrounding islets. Bathymetric contour lines delimit depths of 50 m (lighter blue), 100 m, 150 m, 200 m and>200m (darker blue). Microlophus slevini sp. nov. occurs on Gardner, whereas M. grayii is known from Floreana, Champion, Caldwell, and Enderby.
FIGURE 2 in A new species of lava lizard (Iguanidae: Tropidurinae: Microlophus) from the Galápagos
FIGURE 2. Scatterplots of LD1 and LD2 generated by discriminant analyses performed on the morphometric (top) and meristic (bottom) variables recorded in this study for Microlophus lava lizards from Floreana and surrounding islets of Champion, Enderby and Gardner.
FIGURE 1 in A new species of lava lizard (Iguanidae: Tropidurinae: Microlophus) from the Galápagos
FIGURE 1. Phylogeny and haplotype networks of Galápagos lava lizards. Top: Phylogenetic tree (redrawn from Benavides et al. 2009) of species of Microlophus from the Galápagos and related continental species. Island of occurrence (islets excluded) is indicated in parentheses for Galápagos species; the western radiation is shown in red, and the new species described in this paper is in bold. The original tree was inferred through maximum-likelihood analyses of 56 terminals, including two from Floreana and one each from Gardner and Enderby islets, as well as 10 nuclear and four mitochondrial gene regions (Benavides et al. 2009). Bottom: Cytochrome b (Cytb) and NADH dehydrogenase subunit 2 (ND2) haplotype networks (redrawn from Benavides et al. 2009 and Torres-Carvajal et al. 2021, respectively) describing genealogical relationships among populations of lava lizards from Floreana and surrounding islets of Champion, Caldwell, Enderby, and Gardner. Black circles represent inferred haplotypes.
FIGURE 4 in A new species of lava lizard (Iguanidae: Tropidurinae: Microlophus) from the Galápagos
FIGURE 4. Head of the holotype (CAS 9428) of Microlophus slevini sp. nov. in dorsal (top), lateral (middle), and ventral (bottom) views. Photographs by Erica Ely. Scale bar: 5 mm.
FIGURE 5 in A new species of lava lizard (Iguanidae: Tropidurinae: Microlophus) from the Galápagos
FIGURE 5. Live adult female (A, B) and male (C, D) specimens of M. grayii from Floreana. Color in life between M. grayii and M. slevini sp. nov. is very similar. Photographs from Bioweb.bio.
Figure 5 in Karyotype stasis but species-specific repetitive DNA patterns in Anguis lizards (Squamata: Anguidae), in the evolutionary framework of Anguiformes
Figure 5. Evolutionary trends and patterns of repeat distribution in the karyotype of Anguis and Pseudopus. The summary presents: the distribution pattern of interstitial telomeric repeats (ITRs) in macrochromosomes (red arrowheads), the presence of constitutive heterochromatin in the centromeric region of chromosome No. 2 (black arrowheads), and the number and topology of 18S rDNA sites (green signals). Phylogenetic relationships follow Gvoždík et al. (2023). Although all six species share 2n = 44 and macrochromosome morphology differs only subtly, several species-specific repeat accumulation patterns have been observed. A, The common ancestor of Anguis and Pseudopus had 10 macro- and 12 microchromosome pairs, and its metacentric chromosome No. 1 likely possessed ITRs in the centromeric region. B, Accumulation of ITRs on chromosomes Nos 2, 4, and 7, and heterochromatin on chromosome No. 2; translocation and accumulation of rDNA sites on microchromosomes in the Anguis ancestor. C, Accumulation (in A. cephallonica) or elimination (in the A. fragilis species complex ancestor) of ITRs on pair Nos 5 and 9 and of rDNA sites on one of the microchromosome pairs. An asterisk indicates two possible directions of chromosomal changes. D, Elimination of ITRs on pair No. 1 in the A. fragilis species complex ancestor. E, Elimination of ITRs on chromosomes Nos 2 and 7; elimination of heterochromatin on chromosome No. 2 in the common ancestor of A. colchica and A. graeca. F, Accumulation of ITRs on chromosome No. 3 in the ancestor of A. fragilis and A. veronensis. Anguis veronensis represents a composite ITR pattern of A. cephallonica and A. fragilis, providing support for the hypothesis of past contact between Italian and Peloponnese slow worms (Gvoždík et al. 2023), with remnants of these interactions likely persisting. An alternative hypothesis proposes a shared repeat pattern among all Anguis species, wherein the detection of ITRs depends on the repeat abundance and reveals accumulations only above the detection limit.
Figure 2 in Karyotype stasis but species-specific repetitive DNA patterns in Anguis lizards (Squamata: Anguidae), in the evolutionary framework of Anguiformes
Figure 2. Distribution of constitutive heterochromatin (first column from the less side), GC/AT-positive regions (second column), telomeres and ITRs (third column), and 18S rDNA gene clusters (fourth column) in Anguis and Pseudopus (males, UN for unknown sex). First column (A, E, I, M, Q, U): presence (full arrowhead) and absence (empty arrowhead) of centromeric heterochromatin in chromosome pair No. 2. Second column (B, F, J, N, R, V): diffused GC+ pattern in distal part of pair No. 2 (empty arrowhead) or strong signal (full arrowhead) in the telomeric region of pair No. 1. Third column (C, G, K, O, S, W): ITRs (full arrowhead). Fourth column (D, H, L, P, T, X): hybridization of 18S rDNA on three pairs of microchromosomes (full arrowheads) and additional weak signal on another microchromosome pair (empty arrowheads). Where available, females do not differ from males and are shown in Supporting Information (Fig. S3).
Figure 4 in Karyotype stasis but species-specific repetitive DNA patterns in Anguis lizards (Squamata: Anguidae), in the evolutionary framework of Anguiformes
Figure 4. Chromosome painting with Varanus komodoensis (VKO) macrochromosome probes on Anguis fragilis (AFR) and Pseudopus apodus (PAP) chromosomes. The probe identity is indicated (number and letter correspond to VKO chromosome and flow-sorted peak, respectively). Arrowheads mark the hybridization signal on the AFR (A–E) and PAP (F) homeologous chromosomes. Note that each of the probes VKO 1, 2, and 3 marks two different pairs of chromosomes, whereas the probes VKO 6 + 7 and 8 + 7 mark different arms of the same chromosome pair. The hybridization signal of the probes VKO 6 + 7 and 8 + 7 does not clearly overlap in Anguis, but it marks chromosome pair No. 7 in Pseudopus.
Figure 3 in Karyotype stasis but species-specific repetitive DNA patterns in Anguis lizards (Squamata: Anguidae), in the evolutionary framework of Anguiformes
Figure 3. Male (A, C, E, G) and female (B, D, F, H) comparative genomic hybridization in four Anguis species. Male-specific DNA is labelled with fluorescein d-UTP (green), and female-specific DNA with Cy3 d-UTP (red). The yellow regions reflect regions of accumulated repetitive elements existing in equilibrium in the male and female genomes. Slightly reddish (E, F) or greenish (G, H) regions indicate certain enrichment of the repetitive fraction in the genome of one of the individuals.
Figure 1 in Karyotype stasis but species-specific repetitive DNA patterns in Anguis lizards (Squamata: Anguidae), in the evolutionary framework of Anguiformes
Figure 1. Karyograms of Anguis and Pseudopus. Male karyograms are shown, the karyograms of A. veronensis and P. apodus are from a juvenile of unknown sex. All tested individuals including females share the karyotype of 2n = 44 consisting of 20 macrochromosomes and 24 microchromosomes. Where available, karyograms of both sexes are shown in Supporting Information Figure S1. Scale bar = 10 µm. Photos on the right, not to scale.
Figure 6 in Karyotype stasis but species-specific repetitive DNA patterns in Anguis lizards (Squamata: Anguidae), in the evolutionary framework of Anguiformes
Figure 6. Schematic illustration of the homeology of the Varanus and Anguis + Pseudopus macrochromosomes with respect to the putative toxicoferan ancestor. The simplified arrangement of the macrochromosomes of the toxicoferan ancestor follows the hypothesis of Deakin and Ezaz (2019). Based on the fission(s) leading to Varanus and Anguis, we can assume that both lizards exhibit a derived stage of macrochromosome organization rather than variants of the putative ancestral arrangement of their common anguiform ancestor. The homeology of VKO 5 and AFR 6 (red and white hatched) is tentative and requires further evidence. The colour code depicts the chromosome homeology.
Genotyping validates the efficacy of photographic identification in a capture-mark-recapture study based on the head scale patterns of the prairie lizard (Sceloporus consobrinus)
Population studies often incorporate capture-mark-recapture (CMR) techniques to gather information on long-term biological and demographic characteristics. A fundamental requirement for CMR studies is that an individual must be uniquely and permanently marked to ensure reliable reidentification throughout its lifespan. Photographic identification involving automated photographic identification software has become a popular and efficient non-invasive method for identifying individuals based on natural markings. However, few studies have a) robustly assessed the performance of automated programs by using a double-marking system or b) determined their efficacy for long-term studies by incorporating multi-year data. Here, we evaluated the performance of the program Interactive Individual Identification System (I<sup>3</sup>S) by cross-validating photographic identifications based on the head scale pattern of the prairie lizard (<i>Sceloporus consobrinus</i>) with individual microsatellite genotyping (N=863). Further, we assessed the efficacy of the program to identify individuals over time by comparing error rates between within-year and between-year recaptures. Recaptured lizards were correctly identified by I<sup>3</sup>S in 94.1% of cases. We estimated a false rejection rate (FRR) of 5.9% and a false acceptance rate (FAR) of 0%. By using I<sup>3</sup>S we correctly identified 97.8% of within-year recaptures (FRR=2.2%; FAR=0%) and 91.1% of between-year recaptures (FRR=8.9%; FAR=0%). Misidentifications were primarily due to poor photo quality (N=4). However, two misidentifications were caused by indistinct scale configuration due to scale damage (N=1) and ontogenetic changes in head scalation between capture events (N=1). We conclude that automated photographic identification based on head scale patterns is a reliable and accurate method for identifying individuals over time. Because many lizard or reptilian species possess variable head squamation, this method has potential for successful application in many species.
Dataset: Shorter telomeres precede population extinction in wild lizards
<p>This dataset contains the information on telomere length in yearling (1 yo) lizards (Zootoca vivipara) captured in 2015 from 10 populations along alitudinal gradient. These data has been analysed and published in Dupoué et al. (2017). Shorter telomeres precede population extinction in wild lizards, Scientific Reports, 7:16976</p>
Evidence for ecological processes driving speciation among endemic lizards of Madagascar
<p><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span>Although genetic patterns produced by population isolation during speciation are well documented, the biogeographic and ecological processes that trigger speciation remain poorly understood. Alternative hypotheses for the biogeography and ecology of speciation include geographic isolation combined with niche conservation (soft allopatry), or parapatric distribution on an environmental gradient with niche divergence (ecological speciation). Here we utilize species' distributions, environmental data and two null models (Random Translation and Rotation, RTR, and the Background Similarity Test, BST) to test these alternative hypotheses among 28 sister pairs of micro-endemic lizards in Madagascar. Our results demonstrate strong bimodal peaks along a niche divergence-conservation spectrum, with at least 25 out of 28 sister pairs exhibiting either niche conservation or divergence, and the remaining pairs showing weak ecological signals. Yet despite these significant results, we do not find strong associations of niche conservation with allopatric distributions, or niche divergence with parapatric distributions. Our findings thus provide strong evidence of a role for ecological processes driving speciation, rather than the classic expectation of speciation through geographic isolation, but demonstrate that the link between ecological speciation and parapatry is complex and requires further analysis of a broader taxonomic sample to fully resolve.</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></p>
FIGURE 7 in Fantastic lizards and where to find them: cis-Andean microteiids (Squamata: Alopoglossidae & Gymnophthalmidae) from the Colombian Orinoquia and Amazonia
FIGURE 7. External morphology of one representative for the examined specimens of Cercosaurinae. Cercosaura oshaughnessyi (IAvH-R-9178), Neusticurus medemi (IAvH-R-6961), Potamites ecpleopus (IAvH-R-9222). Individual photographs for each specimen in the figure are available in the Supplementary Files.
FIGURE 4 in Fantastic lizards and where to find them: cis-Andean microteiids (Squamata: Alopoglossidae & Gymnophthalmidae) from the Colombian Orinoquia and Amazonia
FIGURE 4. Distribution maps for the cis-Andean microteiid lizards in Colombia (Alopoglossidae + Gymnophthalmidae). Circles are examined specimens, while squares are records from literature (see Supplementary Files for specific references). Red arrows indicate new records for Colombia. Black arrows show a zoom in to regions where several records overlap. The light green shadow indicates the Orinoco River basin, and the dark green the Amazon River basin.
FIGURE 6 in Fantastic lizards and where to find them: cis-Andean microteiids (Squamata: Alopoglossidae & Gymnophthalmidae) from the Colombian Orinoquia and Amazonia
FIGURE 6. External morphology of one representative for the examined specimens of Bachiinae. Bachia gr. flavescens (IAvH-R-0676), Bachia guianensis (IAvH-R-5154), Bachia heteropa lineata (IAvH-R-8511). Individual photographs for each specimen in the figure are available in the Supplementary Files.
FIGURE 5 in Fantastic lizards and where to find them: cis-Andean microteiids (Squamata: Alopoglossidae & Gymnophthalmidae) from the Colombian Orinoquia and Amazonia
FIGURE 5. External morphology of one representative for the examined specimens of Alopoglossidae. Alopoglossus atriventris (IAvH-R-3093), Alopoglossus avilapiresae (IAvH-R-0314), Alopoglossus bicolor (IAvH-R-7161), Alopoglossus brevifrontalis (IAvH-R-8495), Alopoglossus buckleyi (IAvH-R-4886). Individual photographs for each specimen in the figure are available in the Supplementary Files.
FIGURE 3 in Fantastic lizards and where to find them: cis-Andean microteiids (Squamata: Alopoglossidae & Gymnophthalmidae) from the Colombian Orinoquia and Amazonia
FIGURE 3. Cephalic scales nomenclature: an/pn = anterior and posterior nasal (when single just nasal); f = frontal; fn = frontonasal (when additional scales between the fn and the r those are named internasals, for example in genus like Centrosaura, Echinosaura or Rheosaurus); fo = frenocular; fp = frontoparietal; ge = genials or chinshields; il = infralabial; ip = interparietal; l = loreal; so = supraocular; m = mental; oc = occipital (also referred in literature as postparietal); p = parietal; pd = palpebral disk scales; pf = prefrontal; pm = postmental; pro = preocular; psc = presuperciliar; pso = postocular; r = rostral; sbo = subocular; sc = supraciliar; sl = supralabial; tmp = temporal.
FIGURE 2 in Fantastic lizards and where to find them: cis-Andean microteiids (Squamata: Alopoglossidae & Gymnophthalmidae) from the Colombian Orinoquia and Amazonia
FIGURE 2. Accumulated number of microteiids genera (A) and species (B) described from 1758 to the present, and total number of species described per year (C). The red color is for gymnophthalmids while blue is for alopoglossids. Vertical dashed lines indicate the year when each family was erected or recognized. Plots do not include synonyms, only valid taxa to date. For the total number of species per year we omit years without descriptions.
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Allen Brain Atlas
Allen Brain Atlas is an Allen Institute collection of brain map atlases, datasets, APIs, and analysis tools covering mouse, human, and non-human primate brain resources.
Annotated Behaviour and Observability Dataset (ABODe)
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DANDI Archive for NWB datasets
DANDI is a BRAIN Initiative archive for publishing and sharing neurophysiology data, including electrophysiology, optophysiology, and behavioral data packaged as NWB and related standards.
International Brain Laboratory public data
The International Brain Laboratory public data releases expose standardized mouse decision-making experiments, including Neuropixels recordings, widefield calcium imaging, behavior, and session metadata accessed through the ONE API.
OpenNeuro
OpenNeuro is a free, open platform for sharing neuroimaging datasets, with public search, dataset pages, and download paths for web, S3, DataLad, and the OpenNeuro CLI.