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opencc-by-4.0Nov 2006View details →

Figure 1 in Trophic niche of cave populations of Speleomantes italicus

Figure 1. Graphic representation of the diet strategy of the Speleomantes italicus studied population. Numeric and volumetric data are represented by solid and empty circles, respectively. The position of the prey taxa is interpreted considering three directrices in the plot: from top to bottom is the alimentary strategy (specialization versus generalization); the first diagonal (/) represents prey importance (dominant versus rare); on the second diagonal axis (\) niche breadth is displayed (high diversity among individuals versus high diversity within individual and tendency towards the same resource use). Some food categories with low values of Pi and frequency of occurrence are not labelled. ACA, Acari; AMP, Amphipoda; ARA, Araneae; CAD, Coleoptera (adults); CLA, Coleoptera (larvae); COL, Collembola; COP, Copepoda; DAD, other Diptera (adults); DIP, Diplopoda; DLA, Diptera (larvae); DLM, Diptera Limnobiidae; DSC, Diptera Sciaridae; GAS, Gastropoda; HFR, Hymenoptera Formicidae; HOM, Homoptera; HYM, Hymenoptera; ISO, Isopoda; LLA, Lepidoptera (larvae); NEM, Nematoda; OLI, Oligochaeta; ORT, Orthoptera; TRI, Trichoptera.

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Seasonal rainfall in subtropical montane cloud forests drives demographic fluctuations in a Green-backed Tit population

<p>Montane birds are vulnerable to climate change. However, the mechanisms by which weather drives demographic processes in montane birds have seldom been investigated. We conducted a long-term study (2009–2019) on the Green-backed Tit (<em>Parus monticolus)</em>, an insectivorous passerine, in the montane cloud forest of subtropical Taiwan. We explored the effects of weather variability on the productivity and survival of adult Green-backed Tits. Nest survival was negatively associated with seasonal rainfall during the breeding season (April–July) and was lower in early clutches than in late clutches. Higher typhoon-induced precipitation during the postbreeding period (July–September) was related to reduced adult survival, but neither summer temperature nor winter weather conditions were found to be related to adult bird survival. We developed a stochastic simulation model for Green-backed Tit population dynamics based on empirical data. We compared the simulated time-series and observed population growth rates (λ) and found that 80% (8/10 yr) of the observed λ fell within the 5th and 95th percentiles of the simulated data over the 10-yr period. Moreover, the simulated average (± standard deviation) of the geometric mean of λ over 10 yr (1.05 ± 0.07) was close to that observed from 2009–2019 (0.99), which provided confidence that the model effectively simulated the population growth rate of the Green-backed Tit. We conducted a sensitivity analysis for λ, and found that juvenile and adult survival influenced by typhoon-induced rainfall were the greatest contributors to the variance in the growth rate of the Green-backed Tit population. With the onset of intensified seasonal precipitation associated with global warming, the population growth and density of Green-backed Tits will decline substantially. Our results suggest that under scenarios of high emissions of greenhouse gas, this local population of Green-backed Tits will not persist in the near future.</p>

opencc-zeroAug 2021View details →

Fig. 1 in Population Dynamics Of Arboreal And Terrestrial Small Mammals In A Tropical Rainforest, Sarawak, Malaysia

Fig. 1. Temporal patterns at Lambir Hills National Park, Sarawak, Malaysia, from August 1997 to December 2005. (a) percentage of fruiting trees obtained by phenology observation (%; black circle), together with weight of dried fruits obtained by seed traps from November 2000 to December 2005 (g/m2; white circle); (b) population dynamics per 100 trapnights of arboreal and terrestrial small mammals; (c) percentage of the two age classes (immature and adult) of Maxomys rajah. Total numbers of captured M. rajah at each census were shown.

Fig. 1 in A Preliminary Study Of Two Sympatric Maxomys Rats In Sarawak, Malaysia: Spacing Patterns And Population Dynamics

Fig. 1: a) Location of the study area, Lambir Hills National Park, Sarawak, Malaysia (black circle); b) Distribution of wire-mesh live cage traps (black circles) set at the Canopy Biology Plot.

Fig. 2 in A Preliminary Study Of Two Sympatric Maxomys Rats In Sarawak, Malaysia: Spacing Patterns And Population Dynamics

Fig. 2. Distribution of the home ranges of Maxomys rajah and M. whiteheadi during: a) August 1997–July 1999; b) May 2001–July 2004; and c) November 2004–July 2005. M, male; F, female.

Fig. 3 in A Preliminary Study Of Two Sympatric Maxomys Rats In Sarawak, Malaysia: Spacing Patterns And Population Dynamics

Fig. 3. Population dynamics of Maxomys rajah (open circles) and M. whiteheadi (black squares) from August 1997 to July 2005 at Lambir hills National Park, Sarawak, Malaysia.

Fig. 4 in Population size, distribution and daylight behaviour of Irrawaddy dolphins (Orcaella brevirostris) in Penang Island, Malaysia

Fig. 4. Distribution of sightings based on behavioural observations recorded in west Penang throughout the period of the study.

Fig. 2 in Population size, distribution and daylight behaviour of Irrawaddy dolphins (Orcaella brevirostris) in Penang Island, Malaysia

Fig. 2. Discovery curve showing the accumulation of new individuals identified during the period of study, related to the effort in hours per month when sighting were recorded. LDF = Left dorsal fin; RDF = Right dorsal fin; OBP = regardless of side.

Fig. 3. A in Population size, distribution and daylight behaviour of Irrawaddy dolphins (Orcaella brevirostris) in Penang Island, Malaysia

Fig. 3. A, individuals with the widest range of distribution during the time of the study; B, distribution of the sightings with the tide level (m) recorded for each sighting.

Fig. 5 in Population size, distribution and daylight behaviour of Irrawaddy dolphins (Orcaella brevirostris) in Penang Island, Malaysia

Fig. 5. The pattern of movement tracked when the Irrawaddy dolphins were feeding. The actual track is that of the boat following the dolphins. Some loops have been tagged as an example of what they look like (see inset). The movement was recorded 400 m from Pantai Kerachut while following a group of dolphins outside the survey path, west Penang.

Fig. S4 in Evidence of genetic connectivity between fragmented pig populations in a tropical urban city-state

Fig. S4. Inbreeding coefficients of each individual. White bars represent individuals from the Northeast and grey bars represent individuals from the Central Catchment Nature Reserve. Error bars represent 95% confidence interval.

Fig. S3 in Evidence of genetic connectivity between fragmented pig populations in a tropical urban city-state

Fig. S3. Mean inbreeding coefficients of the populations of pigs found in the Northeast and the CCNR (Central Catchment Nature Reserve). Error bars represent 95% confidence interval.

Fig. S2 in Evidence of genetic connectivity between fragmented pig populations in a tropical urban city-state

Fig. S2. Plot of Delta K from STRUCTURE output showing the Delta K values for the corresponding K values. The higher the Delta K value, the better the genetic structure is explained.

Fig. 4 in Evidence of genetic connectivity between fragmented pig populations in a tropical urban city-state

Fig. 4. Mean observed heterozygosities of the Northeast population and the Central Catchment Nature Reserve population. Error bars represent 95% confidence intervals of the mean.

Fig. 2. Principal Component Analysis plot showing the 42 in Evidence of genetic connectivity between fragmented pig populations in a tropical urban city-state

Fig. 2. Principal Component Analysis plot showing the 42 individuals from the Central Catchment Nature Reserve (CCNR) and the Northeast differentiated by sex and age class. Individuals exhibiting genetic admixture are labelled. Percentage variation accounted for by each principal component is indicated in brackets.

Fig. 1 in Evidence of genetic connectivity between fragmented pig populations in a tropical urban city-state

Fig. 1. Map of Singapore, in relation to Johor (Malaysia), showing various land-use types and the study sites (Central Catchment Nature Reserve, Northeast). Offshore islands Pulau Tekong and Pulau Ubin where pigs are also present are labelled. White stars indicate locations of cage traps.

Fig. S1. Principal Component Analysis plot showing 28 in Evidence of genetic connectivity between fragmented pig populations in a tropical urban city-state

Fig. S1. Principal Component Analysis plot showing 28 out of 42 individuals from the Central Catchment Nature Reserve (CCNR) and the Northeast with kinship values <0.2. Individuals are differentiated by sex and age class. Individuals exhibiting genetic admixture are labelled. Percentage variation accounted for by each principal component is indicated in brackets.

Fig. 3 in Evidence of genetic connectivity between fragmented pig populations in a tropical urban city-state

Fig. 3. STRUCTURE plot at K=2. Individuals are labelled according to 1) ID number, 2) sex and 3) age class (A for adult, J for juvenile). Sampling localities are indicated by brackets above the bars.

opencc-by-4.0Feb 2010View details →

Fig. 1 in Population Assessment Methods For The Sunda Colugo Galeopterus Variegatus (Mammalia: Dermoptera) In Tropical Forests And Their Viability In Singapore

Fig. 1. The detection probability function of the Fourier series model after removing the extreme 5% of observations.