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Evolutionary and ecological processes determining properties of the $\bm G$-matrix
<p>The $\bm G$-matrix is the matrix of additive genetic variances and covariances for a vector of phenotypes. Here we apply the classical theory for the balance between selection drift and mutations to find the contributions to $\bm G$ from each locus. The fitness is approximated by a linear function of phenotypes. Fluctuations in the environment generate variation in the coefficients of the fitness function. We show that the $\bm G$-matrix can be decomposed into 4 additive components generated by selection, drift, mutations and environmental fluctuations. Selection is on average counteracted by the other three processes included in Fisher's concept of the deterioration of the environment, in accordance with Frank's approximate conservation law proposing that the response to selection at stasis on average is canceled by effects of drift and mutations. The theory illustrates that Fisher's fundamental theorem cannot be used to accumulate selection through time to describe adaption unless the other effects are corrected for. Another implication of the analyses is that the factor loadings to the eigenvector of the $\bm G$-matrix with the least eigenvalue are likely to indicate which characters contributing the most to the fitness function. This is information notoriously difficult to obtain in natural populations. </p>
Evolutionary and ecological processes determining properties of the $\bm G$-matrix
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FIGURE. Trichia munda (syntype): a–i: specimen from box B.M. 2942. a–b. Label, sporocarps and substratum, [box: BM001089762]. c. Detail of ornamentation of capillitium by SEM. d–f. Details of free ends of capillitium by SEM. g–i. Details of spore ornamentation by SEM. Bars: c–f = 5 µm, g–h = 2 μm, i = 1 µm. in Critical revision of Trichiales (Myxomycetes) at the Natural History Museum London (BM)
FIGURE. Trichia munda (syntype): a–i: specimen from box B.M. 2942. a–b. Label, sporocarps and substratum, [box: BM001089762]. c. Detail of ornamentation of capillitium by SEM. d–f. Details of free ends of capillitium by SEM. g–i. Details of spore ornamentation by SEM. Bars: c–f = 5 µm, g–h = 2 μm, i = 1 µm.
FIGURE. Hemitrichia intorta: a–g: specimen from box B.M. 1483 (syntype). a. Sporocarps and substratum [box: BM001088829]. b–d. Details of capillitium by SEM. e–g. Details of spore ornamentation by SEM. Bars: b–c= 5 μm, d = 2 μm, e–f = 2 μm, g = 1 µm. in Critical revision of Trichiales (Myxomycetes) at the Natural History Museum London (BM)
FIGURE. Hemitrichia intorta: a–g: specimen from box B.M. 1483 (syntype). a. Sporocarps and substratum [box: BM001088829]. b–d. Details of capillitium by SEM. e–g. Details of spore ornamentation by SEM. Bars: b–c= 5 μm, d = 2 μm, e–f = 2 μm, g = 1 µm.
FIGURE. Trichia affinis: a–g: specimen from box B.M. 4147. a. Label, sporocarps and substratum, [box: BM001247524]. b–c. Details of ornamentation of capillitium by SEM. d–e. Details of free ends of capillitium by SEM. f–g. Details of spore ornamentation by SEM. Bars: b–c = 2 μm, d–e = 5 µm, f–g = 2 μm. in Critical revision of Trichiales (Myxomycetes) at the Natural History Museum London (BM)
FIGURE. Trichia affinis: a–g: specimen from box B.M. 4147. a. Label, sporocarps and substratum, [box: BM001247524]. b–c. Details of ornamentation of capillitium by SEM. d–e. Details of free ends of capillitium by SEM. f–g. Details of spore ornamentation by SEM. Bars: b–c = 2 μm, d–e = 5 µm, f–g = 2 μm.
FIGURE. Trichia scabra: a–g: specimen from box BM001247525 (leg. anon., Hertfortshire. s.n.). a–b Details of ornamentation of capillitium by SEM. c–d. Details of free ends of capillitium by SEM. e–g. Details of spore ornamentation by SEM. Bars: a–b = 2 µm, c–d = 5 μm, e–f = 2 μm, g = 1 µm. in Critical revision of Trichiales (Myxomycetes) at the Natural History Museum London (BM)
FIGURE. Trichia scabra: a–g: specimen from box BM001247525 (leg. anon., Hertfortshire. s.n.). a–b Details of ornamentation of capillitium by SEM. c–d. Details of free ends of capillitium by SEM. e–g. Details of spore ornamentation by SEM. Bars: a–b = 2 µm, c–d = 5 μm, e–f = 2 μm, g = 1 µm.
FIGURE. Prototrichia metallica: a–i: specimen from box B.M. 1542. a. Label [box: BM001247523]. b. Sporocarps and substratum. c–e. Details of ornamentation of capillitium by SEM. f. Details of free ends of capillitium by SEM. g–i. Details of spore ornamentation by SEM. Bars: c–e = 5 μm, f = 10 µm, g–h = 2 μm, i = 1 μm. in Critical revision of Trichiales (Myxomycetes) at the Natural History Museum London (BM)
FIGURE. Prototrichia metallica: a–i: specimen from box B.M. 1542. a. Label [box: BM001247523]. b. Sporocarps and substratum. c–e. Details of ornamentation of capillitium by SEM. f. Details of free ends of capillitium by SEM. g–i. Details of spore ornamentation by SEM. Bars: c–e = 5 μm, f = 10 µm, g–h = 2 μm, i = 1 μm.
FIGURE. Prototrichia metallica: a–h: specimen from box B.M. 3174. a. Sporocarps and substratum [box: [BM001247522]. b–c. Details of ornamentation of capillitium by SEM. d–e. Details of free ends of capillitium by SEM. f–h. Details of spore ornamentation by SEM. Bars: b–e = 5 μm, f–g = 2 μm, h = 1 μm. in Critical revision of Trichiales (Myxomycetes) at the Natural History Museum London (BM)
FIGURE. Prototrichia metallica: a–h: specimen from box B.M. 3174. a. Sporocarps and substratum [box: [BM001247522]. b–c. Details of ornamentation of capillitium by SEM. d–e. Details of free ends of capillitium by SEM. f–h. Details of spore ornamentation by SEM. Bars: b–e = 5 μm, f–g = 2 μm, h = 1 μm.
FIGURE. Hemitrichia chrysospora. a–g. Specimen from box B.M. 1491 in Critical revision of Trichiales (Myxomycetes) at the Natural History Museum London (BM)
FIGURE. Hemitrichia chrysospora. a–g. Specimen from box B.M. 1491 (lectotype). a. Sporocarps and substratum [box: BM001089119]. b. Details of inner side of peridium ornamentation by SEM. c–d. Details of capillitium by SEM. e–f. Details of spore ornamentation by SEM. g. Detail of reticulum of muri. Bars: b = 2 μm, c–d = 5 μm, e–f = 2 μm, g = 1 µm.
FIGURE 1. Amaurochaete comata G in Critical revision of type material of Stemonitales (Myxogastria) at the Natural History Museum London (BM)
FIGURE 1. Amaurochaete comata G. Lister & Brândză (type): a. Etalium [box: BM001089979], b–c. Capillitium by LM [slide: BM001247193], d. Capillitium by SEM [stub: BM001247201], e–g. Spores, g. Details of spore ornamentation. Bars: a = 0.1 mm, b–c = 50 μm, d = 10 μm, e–f = 2 μm, g = 1 μm.
Autologous Transplantation of Bone Marrow Mononuclear Cell (BM-MNC) With and Without Granulocyte-Colony Stimulation Factor (G-CSF) for Treatment of Chronic Lower Limb Ischemic Patients
ClinicalTrials.gov study NCT00677404. IPD Sharing: Not stated. Countries: 1. Publications: 1.
Figure 1 from: Ngumbau VM, Luke Q, Nyange M, Wanga VO, Watuma BM, Mbuni YM, Munyao JN, Oulo MA, Mkala EM, Kipkoech S, Itambo M, Hu G-W, Wang Q-F (2020) An annotated checklist of the coastal forests of Kenya, East Africa. PhytoKeys 147: 1-191. https://doi.org/10.3897/phytokeys.147.49602
Figure 1 A map showing the study area and distribution of forest patches along the Kenyan coastline.
Supplementary material 1 from: Wei N, Zhong Z-X, Melly DK, Kipkoech S, Watuma BM, Ngumbau VM, Kamau P, Hu G-W, Wang Q-F (2020) Zehneria grandibracteata (Cucurbitaceae), an overlooked new species from western Kenyan forests. PhytoKeys 165: 85-98. https://doi.org/10.3897/phytokeys.165.57399
Modified CTAB protocol on the base of Doyle and Doyle (1987)
Figure 2 from: Wei N, Zhong Z-X, Melly DK, Kipkoech S, Watuma BM, Ngumbau VM, Kamau P, Hu G-W, Wang Q-F (2020) Zehneria grandibracteata (Cucurbitaceae), an overlooked new species from western Kenyan forests. PhytoKeys 165: 85-98. https://doi.org/10.3897/phytokeys.165.57399
Figure 2 Distribution map of Zehneria grandibracteata in Kenya. Red dots indicate its documented localities.
Figure 4 from: Wei N, Zhong Z-X, Melly DK, Kipkoech S, Watuma BM, Ngumbau VM, Kamau P, Hu G-W, Wang Q-F (2020) Zehneria grandibracteata (Cucurbitaceae), an overlooked new species from western Kenyan forests. PhytoKeys 165: 85-98. https://doi.org/10.3897/phytokeys.165.57399
Figure 4 Photographs showing reproductive characters of Zehneria grandibracteataA male inflorescence B male flower, side view C male flower, top view D dissected male flower showing disc and stamens E female inflorescence F female flower, side view G female flower, top view H dissected female flower showing staminodes I pistil and disc J infructescence K cross-section of fruit. Scale bars: 2 mm (B–D, F–I); 1 cm (J, K).
Figure 3 from: Wei N, Zhong Z-X, Melly DK, Kipkoech S, Watuma BM, Ngumbau VM, Kamau P, Hu G-W, Wang Q-F (2020) Zehneria grandibracteata (Cucurbitaceae), an overlooked new species from western Kenyan forests. PhytoKeys 165: 85-98. https://doi.org/10.3897/phytokeys.165.57399
Figure 3 Photographs showing vegetative characters of Zehneria grandibracteataA climbing stem of female plant in habitat B adaxial lamina C creeping stem D abaxial lamina E probracts at different developing stages F tendril and probract at base of female inflorescence. Scale in picture E represents cm.
Figure 1 from: Wei N, Zhong Z-X, Melly DK, Kipkoech S, Watuma BM, Ngumbau VM, Kamau P, Hu G-W, Wang Q-F (2020) Zehneria grandibracteata (Cucurbitaceae), an overlooked new species from western Kenyan forests. PhytoKeys 165: 85-98. https://doi.org/10.3897/phytokeys.165.57399
Figure 1 Bayesian tree inferred from the nrITS sequences dataset to elucidate the phylogenetic position of Zehneria grandibracteata. Bayesian posterior probability values > 0.9 and bootstrap values ≥ 70% are shown below the branches. The new species is highlighted in bold and red colour and Z. scabra is noted in blue colour.
Figure 5 from: Schiller EK, Wiltschke-Schrotta K, Häffner E, Buschbom J, Leliaert F, Zimkus BM, Dickie JB, Gomes SR, Lyal CH.C, Mulcahy D, Paton A, Droege G (2024) Permits, contracts and their terms for biodiversity specimens. Research Ideas and Outcomes 10: e114366. https://doi.org/10.3897/rio.10.e114366
Figure 5 Generalised decision model for a single atomized step, that is, a functional event that cannot be further divided. The decision model arises by integrating conditions (e.g. the terms from the typology) into the basic transactional model. The model can be set into the background of a physical or digital infrastructure (e.g. a collection institution or digital platform) that publicly presents open data to the world.
Figure 4 from: Schiller EK, Wiltschke-Schrotta K, Häffner E, Buschbom J, Leliaert F, Zimkus BM, Dickie JB, Gomes SR, Lyal CH.C, Mulcahy D, Paton A, Droege G (2024) Permits, contracts and their terms for biodiversity specimens. Research Ideas and Outcomes 10: e114366. https://doi.org/10.3897/rio.10.e114366
Figure 4 ODRL information model (Diagram copied from "ODRL Information Model 2.2", Figure 1, https://www.w3.org/TR/odrl-model/; Copyright © 2018 W3C® (MIT, ERCIM, Keio, Beihang). W3C liability, trademark and permissive document license rules apply, see https://www.w3.org/Consortium/Legal/2015/copyright-software-and-document).
Figure 3 from: Schiller EK, Wiltschke-Schrotta K, Häffner E, Buschbom J, Leliaert F, Zimkus BM, Dickie JB, Gomes SR, Lyal CH.C, Mulcahy D, Paton A, Droege G (2024) Permits, contracts and their terms for biodiversity specimens. Research Ideas and Outcomes 10: e114366. https://doi.org/10.3897/rio.10.e114366
Figure 3 The core elements of the PROV standard and their structure (recreated from Thessen et al. 2019 Appendix A, fig. S1, CC-BY 4.0; based on the PROV Model Primer, Copyright ©2013 W3C® (MIT, ERCIM, Keio, Beihang), All Rights Reserved. W3C liability rules, trademark rules and document use rules apply.)
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