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1,471 results for “1991”
20-Year Synthesis of Soil Respiration Data at Harvard Forest 1991-2008
All data on soil carbon flux (“soil respiration”) collected using chamber-based methods at Harvard Forest from a range of observational and experimental plots were collated, their units were harmonized, and geographic (locations) and environmental characteristics (soil series, drainage class, soil temperature, soil moisture, vegetation type, etc.) were identified for each observation. This yielded a dataset with 106,192 observations of soil respiration taken between 1991 and 2008. These data provide a unique resource for exploring spatial and temporal patterns in soil respiration in a range of common New England forest types. For the Giasson, et al. (2013) publication, we also used 24 site-years of eddy covariance measurements from two Harvard Forest sites (EMS and Hemlock towers) to examine the relationship between soil and ecosystem respiration. Here, we present all derived/synthetic datasets associated with the manuscript. M.-A. Giasson, A. M. Ellison, R. D. Bowden, P. M. Crill, E. A. Davidson, J. E. Drake, S. D. Frey, J. L. Hadley, M. Lavine, J. M. Melillo, J. W. Munger, K. J. Nadelhoffer, L. Nicoll, S. V. Ollinger, K. E. Savage, P. A. Steudler, J. Tang, R. K. Varner, S. C. Wofsy, D. R. Foster, and A. C. Finzi 2013. Soil respiration in a northeastern US temperate forest: a 22-year synthesis. Ecosphere 4:art140. http://dx.doi.org/10.1890/ES13.00183.1
Radiation Measurements at Harvard Forest EMS Tower 1991-2007
Measurements of radiation and soil heat flux at the EMS tower on the Prospect Hill Tract, Harvard Forest, Petersham, Massachusetts. Values are hourly averages.
Canopy-Atmosphere Exchange of Carbon, Water and Energy at Harvard Forest EMS Tower since 1991
The tower-based CO2 measurements and key meteorological drivers are intended to examine how regional and ecosystem level processes in a mid-latitude forest contribute to global carbon cycling. Specifically, we endeavor to understand quantitatively how and why forested ecosystems take up or release carbon, on time scales from hours to decades, and to elucidate responses to climate changes and management interventions. The tower was installed 1989 and the resulting eddy-flux measurements constitute the longest running record of the net-ecosystem carbon exchange in a North American Forest. The resulting long-term record of Net Ecosystem Exchange (NEE) has shown the effects of climate anomalies on carbon fluxes for seasonal and annual time scales. For example, reduced soil frost allows greater respiration in the winter leading to lower C sequestration. Cumulative gross photosynthesis depends on when the canopy emerges in the spring. Warmer springtime temperatures lead to greater uptake of C. As the NEE record is extended and augmented by supporting ecological measurements, we can further identify longer-term effects of climate perturbations on carbon fluxes and further define the relationship between stand history and carbon sequestration. Climatic anomalies in one season or year may have a longer-term effect on the sequestration of carbon in subsequent seasons or years. The flux and ecological measurements are coordinated with studies at other sites through the AmeriFlux network. By examining the relationships between carbon fluxes and the driving physical and biological variables across a range of sites we are enhancing understanding of the processes that control NEE.
Prospect Hill Soil Warming Experiment at Harvard Forest since 1991
The soil warming experiment was installed on the Prospect Hill tract in 1991 to allow us to investigate the effects of a 5 deg C temperature increase on soil processes fundamental to the global cycling of carbon and nitrogen. The experiment is located in an even-aged mixed hardwood forest. Six replicates of three treatments, Heated (resistance heating cables buried at 10cm and maintained at a 5 deg C differential from the control plots), Disturbance Control (cables installed but not powered) and Control treatments make up the randomized block design. The temperature differential is maintained with monitoring at five minute increments by an automated thermistor network in the plots, wired to a multiplexer and a datalogger in the control shed. In the plots, measurements of trace gasses (CO2, N2O and CH4), nitrogen mineralization, soil moisture and soil water chemistry have allowed us to quantify changes in the soil system. Ten years of elevated soil temperatures at the Harvard Forest soil warming experiment suggest that there are limits to a positive feedback to the global warming cycle. After many early years of increased CO2 fluxes from the warmed plots, years nine and ten have revealed no significant differences in releases of CO2 between the heated and control plots. Nitrogen mineralization has shown a large response to warming as well, with twice the rate of N mineralized in years 1-4, followed by a gradual decrease in rates to about the 40% level in 1998. Resumption of mineralization measurements in 2001 reveals a continued decrease in mineralization rates. Field results from the soil warming experiment indicate that only a small fraction of the soil carbon in this mid-latitude forest ecosystem will be lost to the atmosphere in response to warming. We find that a 5 deg C warming of the soil for a decade results in a loss of about 11% of the carbon stored in the top 60 cm of soil, with most of this loss occurring in the first four to five years. By the end of the
Cascade Project at North Temperate Lakes LTER Core Data Nutrients 1991 - 2019
Physical and chemical variables are measured at one central station near the deepest point of each lake. In most cases these measurements are made in the morning (0800 to 0900). Vertical profiles are taken at varied depth intervals. Chemical measurements are sometimes made in a pooled mixed layer sample (PML); sometimes in the epilimnion, metalimnion, and hypolimnion; and sometimes in vertical profiles. In the latter case, depths for sampling usually correspond to the surface plus depths of 50percent, 25percent, 10percent, 5percent and 1percent of surface irradiance. The 1991-1999 chemistry data was obtained from the Lachat auto-analyzer. Like the process data, there are up to seven samples per sampling date due to Van Dorn collections across a depth interval according to percent irradiance. Voichick and LeBouton (1994) describe the autoanalyzer procedures in detail. Nutrient samples were sent to the Cary Institute of Ecosystem Studies for analysis beginning in 2000. The Kjeldahl method for measuring nitrogen is not used at IES, and so measurements reported from 2000 onwards are Total Nitrogen.
Life histories of the perennial geophyte Erythronium grandiflorum (Liliaceae) in Colorado subalpine transplant garden from annual measurements, 1991 onward
In an outdoor garden at Irwin, Colorado, we established glacier lily plants in open-bottomed PVC pots that protected them from gopher attack. The initial cohorts were excavated from field sites as mature corms of unknown age. Later cohorts were grown from seed, so their ages are known. Each spring since 1991, we have noted fruit and flower production. In August, after the aboveground parts have died back, we exhume the plants, wash off the soil, weigh the corms, characterize their morphology, photograph them, and replant them. If a corm splits, we replant the pieces in separate pots. The study is ongoing, with 264 plants in 2019. Main findings through 2020: plants produce 0-4 flowers per year, depending on size; most plants flower each year; death is rare, with many plants having survived the entire study; setting a fruit reduces corm substantially (cost of reproduction); plants appear to regulate weight by adjusting flower production, and by splitting; genotypes vary in splitting propensity. Oddly, mortality is higher in very large corms than in mid-sized ones. Evidence for senescence is scant.
Regeneration Following Clearcutting Study at Harvard Forest since 1991
Measurements of regeneration following removal in 1990 of a 64-year old red pine plantation on the Prospect Hill tract were continued for the twelfth year in 2001. Browsing in 2001 remained at very low levels (less than 2% of stems). As mean tree height continues to increase both the amount of browsing and the impact of browsing on future stand characteristics should remain low. Overall, our observations show that browsing has had little long-term impact during the regeneration of this stand. White ash, the most heavily browsed species, remains the most common species in the plots. After remaining quite stable over the past five years, in 2001 the overall stem density of tree species declined to 17,883 stems/ha, compared with 19,464 stems/ha in 2000, 19,414 stems/ha in 1999, 19,958 stems/ha in 1998, 19,414 stems/ha in 1997, and 20,696 stems/ha in 1996. The relative importance of major species has remained the same over the past six years. In 2001, white ash (36.5%) remained the most numerous tree species, followed by red maple (26.9%), sugar maple (14.4%) and black cherry (9.4%). These percentages changed little from 2000. After a slight decrease in 2000, red oak increased slightly to 7.5% of tree stems in 2001, the majority of which were small seedlings. Overall, the percentage of stems that originated as seedlings rather than sprouts decreased to 19.3%, down from 23.1% in 2000, 23.4% in 1999, 25.4% in 1998, and 23.7% in 1997. The majority of these seedlings (55.7%) were white ash, most less than 0.5 m tall. Mean stem height rose to 3.46 m, compared to 3.20 m in 2000, 3.24 m in 1999, 3.01 m in 1998, 2.92 m in 1997, 2.87 m in 1996 and 2.67 m in 1995. The resumption in mean height growth over the past year probably reflects low seedling establishment and mortality of seedlings and young sprouts less than 0.5 m tall along with continued growth of the taller stems. The tallest stems were 20 white ash, 15 red maples, 15 sugar maples, 6 black cherries, 5 pin cherries, 3
Canopy Photosynthesis Study at Harvard Forest 1991-1992
Tree photosynthesis measurements were made from two canopy access towers on the Prospect Hill Tract, Harvard Forest, Petersham, Massachusetts between July 1991 and October 1992. Four species were observed: Oak - red oak (Quercus rubra); RM - red maple (Acer rubrum); WB - white birch (Betula papyrifera); YB- yellow birch (Betula alleghaniensis).
Satellite derived secchi disk depth and other lake and landscape characteristics in Wisconsin, USA, 1991 - 2012
This data supports the following publication: Rose, K.C., S.R. Greb, M. Diebel, and M.G. Turner. Annual precipitation as a regulator of spatial and temporal drivers of lake water clarity. Ecological Applications. The data uses satellite remotely sensed estimates of Secchi disk depth (Landsat imagery), landscape features, and lake characteristics to understand how and why lakes vary and respond to different drivers through time and space. The data were produced by the authors and their collaborators, as acknowledged in the manuscript. The Secchi disk depth data span the time period 1991-2012.
Cascade Project at North Temperate Lakes LTER: Nutrients 1991 - 2007
Physical and chemical variables are measured at one central station near the deepest point of each lake. In most cases these measurements are made in the morning (0800 to 0900). Vertical profiles are taken at varied depth intervals. Chemical measurements are sometimes made in a pooled mixed layer sample (PML); sometimes in the epilimnion, metalimnion, and hypolimnion; and sometimes in vertical profiles. In the latter case, depths for sampling usually correspond to the surface plus depths of 50percent, 25percent, 10percent, 5percent and 1percent of surface irradiance. The 1991-1999 chemistry data obtained from the Lachat auto-analyzer. Like the process data, there are up to seven samples per sampling date due to Van Dorn collections across a depth interval according to percent irradiance. Voichick and LeBouton (1994) describe the autoanalyzer procedures in detail. Nutrient samples were sent to the Cary Institute of Ecosystem Studies for analysis beginning in 2000. The Kjeldahl method for measuring nitrogen is not used at IES, and so measurements reported from 2000 onwards are Total Nitrogen.
Dissolved inorganic nutrients including 5 macro nutrients: silicate, phosphate, nitrate, nitrite, and ammonium from water column bottle samples collected between October and April at Palmer Station, 1991 - 2025.
The inorganic plant macronutrients dissolved phosphate, silicate, nitrate, nitrite and ammonium are the major sources of nutrition for phytoplankton growth in seawater (with sunlight and inorganic carbon). Macronutrient distributions reflect the large-scale circulation patterns in the oceans and are useful properties to delineate water masses. Dissolved inorganic nutrients samples are typically collected in every Niskin bottle sample collected at and near Palmer Station, Anvers Island, Antarctica on the Western Antarctic Peninsula. Water samples are collected throughout the water column at stations within the Palmer LTER region (primarily B and E, to 50m and 65m respectively). Beginning in the 2020-2021 season, Station B is no longer sampled. In Antarctic waters, dissolved inorganic macronutrients are seldom depleted to limiting concentrations except during heavy prolonged phytoplankton blooms. This is due to the fact that phytoplankton growth is more often limited by light or iron, and to the short growing season. Water samples are analyzed for dissolved nutrients with recognized standard oceanographic protocols for nutrient autoanalyzers (continuous flow analyzers).
Dissolved inorganic nutrients including 5 macro nutrients: silicate, phosphate, nitrate, nitrite, and ammonium from water column bottle samples collected during annual cruise along western Antarctic Peninsula, 1991 - 2024.
The inorganic plant macronutrients dissolved phosphate, silicate, nitrate, nitrite and ammonium are the major sources of nutrition for phytoplankton growth in seawater (with sunlight and inorganic carbon). Macronutrient distributions reflect the large-scale circulation patterns in the oceans and are useful properties to delineate water masses. Dissolved inorganic nutrients samples are typically collected in every CTD/Rosette cast performed on the annual LTER cruises along the western Antarctic Peninsula. In Antarctic waters, dissolved inorganic macronutrients are seldom depleted to limiting concentrations except during heavy prolonged phytoplankton blooms. This is due to the fact that phytoplankton growth is more often limited by light or iron, and to the short growing season. Water samples pre-filtered through 47mm GF/F filters upon collection and samples frozen until analysis. Water samples are analyzed for dissolved nutrients with recognized standard oceanographic protocols for nutrient autoanalyzers (continuous flow analyzers).
Merged discrete water-column data from PAL LTER research cruises along the Western Antarctic Peninsula, from 1991 to 2024.
Water samples are collected throughout the water column along the Western Antarctic Peninsula at regular LTER grid stations where CTD casts are preformed and in surface waters at underway stations, where CTD casts are not done, using the ship's flow-through seawater system. This dataset is the compilation of water samples collected at these stations, merged from other PAL-LTER datasets. Data includes water column Chlorophyll and Phaeopigment concentrations; phytoplankton accessory pigments -including other chlorophyll's (e.g. chlorophyll b), xanthophylls, and carotenes; primary production rates; bacterial production; dissolved organic carbon; particulate organic carbon and nitrogen; dissolved inorganic nutrients; dissolved oxygen, and dissolved inorganic carbon and alkalinity. Measurements of phytoplankton Fv/Fm measured using a FIRe (Fluorescence Induction and Relaxation) fluorometer are also included, though caution is urged as FIRe data has not been corrected nor QCed. Conductivity, temperature, depth, and associated data from instruments on the sampling rosette (e.g. PAR, beam transmission) for each sampling depth are also included. Phytoplankton accessory pigment data is unavailable for the LMG10-01 cruise due to instrumentation problems and for the LMG12-01 cruise due to a freezer failure which resulted in the loss of samples. Dissolved oxygen measurements were discontinues after 2012, and thus no data is available from 2013 onwards. Dissolved Organic Carbon data is unavailable after 2012 due to instrumentation problems. There is no Particulate Organic Carbon data for cruise PD94-01.
Merged discrete water-column data from annual PAL LTER field seasons at Palmer Station, Antarctica, from 1991 to 2025.
Water samples are collected throughout the water column at regular stations within the Palmer LTER region at Palmer Station, on Anvers Island, Antarctica. CTD casts are preformed and water collected using go-flo bottles or a rosette. Near-surface waters are also sampled occassionally at the Palmer Station seawater intake (pumphouse). This dataset is the compilation of water samples collected at these stations, merged from other PAL-LTER datasets. Data includes water column Chlorophyll and Phaeopigment concentrations; phytoplankton accessory pigments -including other chlorophyll's (e.g. chlorophyll b), xanthophylls, and carotenes; primary production rates; bacterial production; dissolved organic carbon; particulate organic carbon and nitrogen; dissolved inorganic nutrients; dissolved oxygen, and dissolved inorganic carbon and alkalinity. Measurements of phytoplankton Fv/Fm measured using a FIRe (Fluorescence Induction and Relaxation) fluorometer are also included, though caution is urged as FIRe data has not been corrected nor QCed. Conductivity, temperature, depth, and associated data from instruments on the CTD/sampling rosette (e.g. PAR, beam transmission) for each sampling depth are also included. Phytoplankton accessory pigment data is unavailable for the Palmer 2009-2010 season due to instrumentation problems and for the Palmer 2011-2012 season due to a freezer failure which resulted in the loss of samples. There is a temporary data gap for the Palmer 2015-2016, 2016-2017, 2019-2020, 2020-2021, 2023-2024, and 2024-2025 seasons because those samples have not been analyzed yet. Dissolved oxygen measurements and dissolved inorganic carbon/alkalinity measurements are not available for any season. Dissolved Organic Carbon data is unavailable after 2012 due to instrumentation problems. There is no Particulate Organic Carbon after the 2012 season.
Tide Data for Hog Island (1991-), Redbank (1992-), Oyster (2007-)
Tide data from VCR/LTER tide stations. It is available as a single large comma-separated-value file (size >50MB) or as individual years. Zip files contain annually-segmented data in two forms. The file tideYY.dat contains the data for year YY in a column format. The file tideYY.csv contains the same data in a comma-delimited format. For several sites and time periods, water temperatures are also recorded. All dates and times are in Eastern Standard Time.
German weather services (DWD) multi annual meteorological rasters for the climate period 1991-2020 refined to 25m grid
<h1>Overview</h1> <p>These are two multi-annual raster products from the german weather service, that got refined from a 1km grid to a 25m grid, by using a local regression model.</p> <p>The base rasters from DWD are:</p> <ul> <li>HYRAS precipitation</li> <li>REGNIE precipitation</li> <li>DWD-grid (precipitation, potential evapotranspiration and temperature 2m above ground)</li> </ul> <p>To refine the grids the Copernicus DEM with a resolution of 25m got used. For every cell a linear regression model got created, by selecting the multi-annual rasters value and the elevation, from the original digital elevation model that was used by the DWD to create the raster, in a certain window around the cell. This window was at least 2 cells around the considered cell, so 5x5=25 cells. If the standard deviation of the elevation in this window was less than 4m, more neighbooring cells are considered until a maximum of 13x13=169 cells are considered. This widening of the window was necessary for flat regions to get a reasonable regression model.</p> <p>Out of these combinations of elevation and climate parameter a linear regression model was build. These regression models are then applied to the finer digital elevation model with its 25m resolution from Copernicus.</p> <p>The following image illustrates the generation of the refined rasters on a small example window:</p> <p></p>
Longitudinal Stream Chemistry at the Hubbard Brook Experimental Forest, Watershed 1, 1991 - ongoing
Longitudinal variation in streamwater chemistry has been measured in two watersheds (W1 and W6) at the Hubbard Brook Experimental Forest. This dataset includes samples that have been collected approximately monthly in Watershed 1 at five sampling locations (1991 - ongoing) along an elevational gradient. Samples are analyzed for pH, ANC, anions, cations, nitrogen, dissolved inorganic and organic carbon. These data were gathered as part of the Hubbard Brook Ecosystem Study (HBES). The HBES is a collaborative effort at the Hubbard Brook Experimental Forest, which is operated and maintained by the USDA Forest Service, Northern Research Station.
Soil chemistry and nutrient distribution in long-term NPP plots at the Jornada Basin LTER site, 1991
This dataset contains soil nutrient and chemistry data from soils collected in 1991 at the 15 long-term NPP study sites at the Jornada Basin LTER site. The study sites were selected to represent the 5 major ecosystem types in the Chihuahuan Desert (upland grasslands, playa grasslands, mesquite-dominated shrublands, creosotebush-dominated shrublands, tarbush-dominated shrublands). For each ecosystem type, three sites were selected to represent the range in variability in production and plant diversity; thus the locations are not replicates. In fall of 1991, replicate soil samples were collected at multiple spatial grid designs in the biomass plots of the long-term vegetation monitoring plots. Nutrient and chemical analyses were subsequently performed on these soils, and the data here include total nitrogen, pH, gravimetric water content, and other variables. This dataset is complete.
POLCAND_ELEC (Allocation of Seats on Electoral Lists: A Dynamic Analysis of Candidate Positioning in Parliamentary Elections from 1991 to 2023)
<p>The aim of the study was to supplement and expand the data contained in the EAST PaC database (Joshua Kjerulf Dubrow: East European Parliamentarian and Candidate Data (EAST PaC), 1985 - 2015 [dane]. Institute of Philosophy and Sociology, Polish Academy of Sciences [producent], Warsaw, 2016. PADS21320. Polish Social Data Archive [dystrybutor], Repozytorium Danych Społecznych [wydawca], 2021. <a href="https://doi.org/10.18150/LSBNLO" target="_blank" rel="noopener">https://doi.org/10.18150/LSBNLO</a>, V1).</p> <p>Currently, an open-access database called EAST PaC (with a data structure similar to panel data, which allows for identifying candidates each time they participate in subsequent elections) contains information on all candidates who have ever run in elections to the Sejm in Poland, from the last elections in the People's Republic of Poland in 1985 to the elections in 2015.</p> <p>This study allowed for the expansion of previous analyses regarding the ways of forming political representation and the associated quality of political elites. This is essential for conducting a dynamic analysis of candidate positioning on electoral lists, which enables tracing the electoral activity of all candidates in elections from 1991 to 2023. It allows for illustrating the occurrence of events over time by tracking candidates' electoral activities. Many previous empirical studies on the course and consequences of parliamentary elections have significant gaps, as they are limited to analyzing the situation of parliamentarians (often focusing on only selected categories). They lack the history of candidacies in elections, even though voters' final decisions are based on the assessment of previous results of candidates and the political entities they represent.These analyses are significant for explaining the dynamics of the political system and assessing the quality of democracy. They also enable empirical verification of hypotheses concerning the periodization of the institutionalization of the electoral system in Poland from 1991 to 2023.</p>
MeteoEurope1km - TMAX (1991–2000): daily gridded meteorological dataset for Europe at a 1-km spatial resolution for the 1991–2020 period
<p>MeteoEurope1km is the daily gridded meteorological dataset for Europe at a 1-km spatial resolution for the 1991–2020 period. The dataset consists of five daily variables:</p> <ul> <li><strong>TMAX - maximum temperature</strong> (<strong>1991–2005 period</strong>, 2006–2020 period)</li> <li>TMIN - minimum temperature (1991–2005 period, 2006–2020 period)</li> <li>TMEAN - mean temperature (1991–2005 period, 2006–2020 period)</li> <li>SLP - mean sea level pressure</li> <li>PRCP - total precipitation</li> </ul> <p>Daily gridded temperature data were interpolated using the Regression Kriging, with digital elevation model (DEM) and topographic wetness index (TWI) as covariates.<br> Daily gridded sea level pressure data were interpolated using Ordinary Kriging.<br> Daily gridded precipitation data were interpolated using Indicator and Ordinary Kriging methodology in two steps:</p> <ol> <li>Indicator Kriging - prediction of precipitation occurence</li> <li>Ordinary Kriging - prediction of total daily precipitation for locations where precipitation occurs (1. step).</li> </ol> <p>File naming convention of the MeteoEurope1km files is <em>var_day_yyyymmdd_proj.tif</em> (e.g. <em>tmax_day_20201231_3035.tif</em>), where:</p> <ul> <li><em>var</em> is a daily meteorological variable name - tmax, tmin, tmean, slp, or prcp</li> <li><em>proj</em> is a dataset projection EPSG code - 3035</li> </ul> <p>Units of the dataset values are</p> <ul> <li>temperature (Tmean, Tmax, and Tmin) - tenths of a degree in the Celsius scale (℃)</li> <li>SLP - tenths of a mbar</li> <li>PRCP - tenths of a mm</li> </ul> <p>All dataset values are stored as integers (INT32 data type) in order to reduce the size of the GeoTIFF files, i.e., temperature values should be divided by 10 to obtain degrees Celsius, and the same for SLP and PRCP to obtain millibars and millimeters.<br> All dataset files are available as Cloud-Optimized GeoTIFFs (COGs).<br> Use the R <a href="https://github.com/AleksandarSekulic/Rmeteo">meteo</a> package, <em>europe1km</em> function to make a point query and obtain the values for a specific location and a specific period.</p>
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