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1,960 results for “2004”
Soil Characteristic and Nutrient Data from the Taylor Slough, within Everglades National Park (FCE), from March 2002 to April 2004
Three random soil cores are collected once a year from TS/Ph 1b, 2, 3, 4, 5, & 6b. The collection of these soil cores is in the dry season (Dec.-May). The top 10cm of soil is collected using a soil core. The soil is then analyzed to obtain its bulk density, organic matter content, TC, TN, and TP.
Soil Characteristics and Nutrient Data from the Shark River Slough, within Everglades National Park (FCE), from March 2003 to March 2004
Three random soil cores are collected once a year from SRS1b, SRS2, and SRS3. The collection of these soil cores is in the dry season (Dec.-May). The top 10cm of soil is collected using a soil core. The soil is then analyzed to obtain its bulk density, organic matter content, TC, TN, and TP.
Seed Bank in Hemlock Removal Experiment at Harvard Forest 2004-2015
The impending loss of hemlock trees due to hemlock woolly adelgid (Adelges tsugae) infestation prompted the need to identify species of plants able to colonize areas where hemlock has been removed. We investigated species present in the seed bank (in 2004 and 2010), the seedling bank (in 2004 and 2010), and seed rain (from 2005-2015) in the Harvard Forest Hemlock Removal Experiment. In 2004, Kelley Sullivan and Aaron Ellison determined the distribution of seeds buried in the soil in the six hemlock and two hardwood stands, before canopy treatments were applied (data files hf105-01, hf105-02). In 2010, Elizabeth Farnsworth and Aaron Ellison examined the distribution of plant species present five years after the simulated hemlock removal experiment was performed and six years after the baseline, pre-treatment study of the seedbank (data files hf105-03, hf105-04, hf105-05). In the 2010 study, we hypothesized that the composition of the seed and seedling banks and seed rain would diverge among the two treatments and the controls, based on the differential impacts of harvesting versus adelgid attack on the standing vegetation. We further hypothesized that the older (deeper) strata of the seedbanks of the treatment plots would have been exhausted over time, thus yielding poor germination relative to the top strata that continually receive seed rain. Identical methods of characterizing the composition of the seedbank and the aboveground vegetation at seedbank core locations were applied in both 2004 and 2010. Additional comparisons were made with long-term data collected on overall plant species composition in the Simes plots (datasets HF 106, HF126), and with data on seed rain (data file hf105-05). This study provides a unique temporal documentation of changes in the seedbank, seed rain, and vegetation under conditions of a changing overstory.
Air and Soil Temperature in Hemlock Removal Experiment at Harvard Forest since 2004
The impending loss of hemlock trees due to hemlock woolly adelgid (Adelges tsugae) infestation is expected to lead to changes in the temperature regime of the forest understory. These changes will both drive succession and will themselves be altered by successional processes. Air temperature (1 m above forest floor) and soil temperature (at 10 cm depth) are measured at 1-minute intervals (hourly averages, minimum, and maximum are stored) using thermistors connected to Campbell 21-X dataloggers. Temperature measurements began 60-120 days prior to applications of the logging and girdling treatments, and will continue for the duration of the study.
Timber Harvesting Field Study in Western Massachusetts 2004-2005
Forest harvesting is one of the most significant disturbances affecting forest plant composition and structure in Western Massachusetts, yet few studies have quantified the effects of harvesting in this region. Massachusetts requires all commercial harvest operations above 87 m3 to file a Forest Cutting Plan (FCP) with the state. We have digitized these FCPs (see McDonald et al. 2006), covering all harvests from 1984 to 2003. Our study area is Massachusetts west of the coastal basin, as defined by Motts and O’Brian (1981). We selected 126 sites for sampling. Two-thirds of the sites (89) were harvested once between 1984 and 2003, and these were selected randomly from the larger FCP database. The remaining one-third of the sites (37) were control sites selected randomly from all unharvested forest in the study area. The boundaries for our field surveys were those filed with the FCP for harvested sites, and were circular for control sites, proportional in size to the mean FCP in the physiographic region (Motts and O'Brien 1981): Connecticut River Valley (10.7 ha), Central Upland (11.3 ha), Berkshire Valley and Taconic Mountains (12.6 ha), and the Western Upland (15.9 ha). Note that our sampled sites were well-dispersed over the study area, and encompassed the variety of past agricultural land-use.
Eastern Redback Salamander Abundance at the Arnold Arboretum 2004-2005
Terrestrial salamanders are significant contributors to the overall vertebrate biomass in a forest (Burton and Likens 1975a). Due to this abundance, they are ecologically important as both predators of soil fauna, and as prey for larger animals such as birds, reptiles, and small mammals (Welsh and Droege 2001). In 1997, the invasive insect pest, hemlock woolly adelgid (Adelges tsugae) or HWA, was discovered on Hemlock Hill at Harvard University’s Arnold Arboretum in Jamaica Plain, Massachusetts. Unfortunately, this infestation has led to the death, decline, and removal of a larger percentage of the eastern hemlock (Tsuga canadensis) trees in this section of the Arboretum. In April 2004, researchers from the Harvard Forest and the Arnold Arboretum began studying the environmental impacts of this disturbance event (HF061). To complement this research twenty-four artificial cover objects (ACOs) were installed in three plots on Hemlock Hill in the summer of 2004 to monitor the relative abundance of eastern red-backed salamanders (Plethodon cinereus) and any other herpetofauna encountered. The timing of the installation permitted an analysis of the effects of a logging treatment conducted in the winter of 2004-2005 on the relative abundance of terrestrial salamanders. Logging had an immediate impact on the relative abundance of eastern red-backed salamanders in both logged plots as seen by an 83 percent decline in the relative abundance of red-backs in plot 1 and a 63 percent decline in plot 2 in the spring following logging versus the fall prior to logging. In the unlogged control plot (plot 3) the relative abundance declined 9 percent in the spring versus the fall. The lower relative abundances in the logged plots were likely due to higher temperatures on the surface of the soil (5.7 deg C) and five centimeters below the soil surface (1.2 deg C), and lower relative humidity on the surface of the soil (3.4%) than in the unlogged plot. By Fall 2005, the relative abundanc
Foundation Species in Forest Dynamics Plots of China 2004-2014
Foundation species structure forest communities and ecosystems but are difficult to identify without long-term observations or experiments. We used statistical criteria---outliers from size-frequency distributions and scale-dependent negative effects on alpha diversity and positive effects on beta diversity---to identify candidate foundation woody plant species in 12 large forest-dynamics plots spanning 26 degrees of latitude in China. We used these data to: [1] identify candidate foundation species in Chinese forests; [2] test the hypothesis---based on observations of a mid-latitude peak in functional trait diversity and high local species richness but few numerically dominant species in tropical forests---that foundation woody plant species are more frequent in temperate than tropical or boreal forests; and [3] compare these results with data from the Americas to suggest candidate foundation genera in Northern Hemisphere forests. Using the most stringent criteria, only two species of Acer, the canopy tree Acer ukurunduense and the shrubby treelet Acer barbinerve, were identified in temperate plots as candidate foundation species. Using more relaxed criteria, we identified four times more candidate foundation species in temperate plots (including species of Acer, Pinus, Juglans, Padus, Tilia, Fraxinus, Prunus, Taxus, Ulmus, and Corlyus) than in (sub)tropical plots (the shrubs or treelets Aporosa yunnanensis, Ficus hispida, Brassaiopsis glomerulata, and Orophea laui). Species diversity of co-occurring woody species was negatively associated with basal area of candidate foundation species more frequently at 5- and 10-m spatial grains (scale) than at a 20-m grain. Conversely, Bray-Curtis dissimilarity was positively associated with basal area of candidate foundation species more frequently at 5-m than at 10- or 20-m grains. Using either stringent or relaxed criteria supported the hypothesis that foundation species are more common in mid-latitude temperate forests. Com
Impacts of Hemlock Woolly Adelgid at the Arnold Arboretum 2004-2007
Hemlock Hill at Harvard University's Arnold Arboretum is located in Jamaica Plain and has long been considered a remnant of the forest primeval in the heart of Boston. Eastern hemlocks have dominated the flanks and crest of this hill for centuries, despite experiencing many past disturbances. Following the 1997 snowstorm, the introduced hemlock woolly adelgid (HWA) was discovered on downed branches. Since the discovery of HWA at the Arboretum, an action committee was formed to develop plans for managing Hemlock Hill to meet the new threat. Over 1800 hemlock trees were tagged, measured for diameter, assigned a crown health rating, and mapped with GPS coordinates. Various chemical and biological control treatments were attempted to control the spread of HWA at the arboretum, with mixed success. From 1998 to 2002, 263 trees have died or were removed due to poor health. Of the remaining 1600+ trees, 70% are rated as being in poor condition. Since this is a heavily used portion of the Arboretum, which is part of the Boston Parks Department, the decision has been made to remove many of the dead and dying trees to reduce risks posed to the general public by falling limbs. This unfortunate turn of events provides us with an unusual opportunity to examine the environmental impacts of hemlock death and hemlock removal in an urban environment, including soil nutrient cycling, microclimate changes, and vegetation succession, especially the spread of invasive species. During 2004, six 15 x 15 m plots were fenced off, and baseline data on soil nutrient cycling, microclimate, and vegetation information was collected from each. Analyses of these baseline data are underway. Hemlocks are currently being removed from 4 plots, and 2 will remain untouched as control plots. Slash in the cut plots is either being chipped and left on site or removed so that we can investigate what impact these post-cut inputs have on ecosystem and vegetation trajectories. We will continue with data collect
Dendrochronological Record in Hemlock Removal Experiment at Harvard Forest 2004-2006
As part of the long-term goal of reconstructing the stand and land-use history of the Simes Tract at Harvard Forest, trees were cored from the 8 hemlock and hardwood plots in the Hemlock Removal Experiment. Cores were sanded and growth was measured. The data were used for the 2006 senior thesis (Division III paper) of Peter Bettman-Kerson at Hampshire College ("Dendrochronological reconstruction of historical disturbances in a hemlock forest at the Harvard Forest, Petersham, MA"). This dataset is the raw growth data for 230 trees sampled across the 8 plots.
Source-Sink Dynamics of Garlic Mustard Invasion at Harvard Forest 2004-2006
We are investigating the role of disturbance history, source-sink metapopulation dynamics, and genetic adaptation to different canopy environments in the invasion success of Alliaria petiolata in the New England understory. In these studies, we employ a combination of population-level experiments, metapopulation studies, and landscape-level historical analyses. We have initiated a statewide survey of forested locations to determine the presence and absence of garlic mustard with respect to major pathways of invasion via past and present habitat disturbances. More explicit spatial analyses will test whether past sites of open canopy could have acted as corridors for the spread of invasive populations to present locations. This broad analysis will enable us to evaluate the generality of emerging conclusions from our population-level studies for predicting the broad-scale factors controlling the distribution, pattern and abundance of non-native species. At the population-level, we have begun long term demographic modeling of A. petiolata and experiments to test for habitat-specific natural selection on physiological, phenological, and allocational traits in sites with different canopy structure (edge or understory). In long term demographic analyses, we will use matrix population models to determine the relative contributions of subpopulations in different habitats to forest invasion. In ongoing reciprocal transplant studies, we will asses whether the maternal source habitat of a propagule contributes to its germination and survival in contrasting habitats.
Nitrogen Cycling Dynamics in Sarracenia Purpurea at Harvard Forest 2004-2005
In nutrient poor systems, plants employ many strategies in order to acquire and recycle scarce nutrients, including nitrogen. Low leaf N content is associated with low photosynthetic rates, but carnivorous plants have unusually low photosynthetic rates given their N content. The northern pitcher plant Sarracenia purpurea readily uses any available nitrogen: NH4 and NO3 dissolved in precipitation; N mineralized from captured prey; the scant N in saturated peat; and N remobilized from storage. However, the dynamics of N cycling within S. purpurea are poorly understood. We conducted two greenhouse experiments to examine N-cycling dynamics of S. purpurea at the whole-plant and individual-leaf levels. In the first experiment we assessed assimilation, translocation, storage, and remobilization of 15N supplied to pitchers and roots. In the second experiment, we examined how 15N assimilated by the first pitcher produced at the start of the growing season contributed to the production and maintenance of subsequent pitchers, roots, and rhizomes. Patterns of N cycling were similar at the individual-leaf and whole-plant level. Pitchers assimilated 55 - 69% of available 15N and served both as the largest sink for newly assimilated N (more than 90% of the 15N assimilated during 2004) and the largest source of N remobilization the following spring. In contrast, N assimilated by roots was low and accounted for less than 2.5% of the overall S. purpurea N budget. S. purpurea uses both stored N and newly-acquired N throughout the growing season. The importance of stored N decreases throughout the growing season as newly assimilated N contributes more to later pitcher production.
MCR LTER: Coral Reef: Ocean Currents and Biogeochemistry: salinity, temperature and current at CTD and ADCP mooring FOR01 from 2004 ongoing
Moored and bottom-mounted instrumentation (ADCP, CTD, thermistors, wave-tide meters) sampled year-round on the reef of Moorea Island, French Polynesia at LTER 1 fore reef site (FOR01). Sampling began in 2005. All data have been interpolated onto a 20 min grid. ADCP data are organized into 1-meter bins, measured as height from the bottom, to a maximum of 20 bins. All bins may not be filled, and although post-processing attempted to exclude data from bins 'above the surface', users need to exercise caution with the near-surface bins. CTD parameters include Pressure, Temperature, Conductivity, Salinity, and Density. The two moored CTD packages are located approximately 5 and 14 meters above the bottom and there are up to 5 additional temperature thermistors spaced vertically along the mooring line. Note that the upper CTD and temperature thermistor data were terminated in 2020, and the bottom CTD was terminated in February 2022. There are 2 bottom mounted thermistors in the vicinity of the mooring at 10 and 20 meter depth. A bottom-mounted wave-tide meter at 10-meter depth provides a measure of significant wave height and dominant wave period at a 2-hour sampling interval. Tide-related data may be calculated from bottom-mounted pressure sensor data.
A derecho climatology over the United States from 2004 to 2021
<p><em>We develop the high-resolution (4 km and hourly) </em><em>observational derecho and derecho-producing mesoscale convective system (MCS) dataset over the United States east of the Rocky Mountains from </em><em>2004 to 2021 by using a </em><em>MCS </em><em>dataset generated by the Python Flexible Object Tracker </em><em>(PyFLEXTRKR) software, bow echoes detected by a semantic segmentation </em><em>convolutional neural network, gust speed</em><em>s from the Integrated Surface Database and the Storm Events Database, and physically based identification criteria.</em></p>
Mycorrhizal fungal communities identified from seedlings planted in the Taylor, Dalton, and Boundary fire complexes which burned in 2004
This dataset contains the operational taxonomic unit table and taxonomic assignments for fungi that were associated with the roots of seedlings planted into the 2004 burn sites. There were 458 seedlings from 22 of the 32 established intensive sites (Johnstone and Hollingsworth 2019) consistenting of black spruce, white spruce, aspen, and lodgepole pine.
Seasonal Electrofishing Data from Rookery Branch and Tarpon Bay, Everglades National Park (FCE LTER), Florida, USA, November 2004 - ongoing
This study examines temporal and spatial dynamics in the fish community of the oligohaline to mesohaline reaches of ecotonal creeks along the southwest region of Everglades National Park. Collections of fish in SW ENP during 2004 - 2014 across Rookery Branch and Tarpon Bay. Sampling started in the wet season of 2004, and has been conducted three times per year at these approximate times: November (wet season); February (transition); and April (dry season). Electrofishing samples were processed in the field, and all species (except for non-natives) were returned live at the point of collection. In the Rookery Branch region, fish abundance varies markedly yearly and seasonally. Catches peak in the drier months, reflecting a pulse of movement by freshwater taxa into creeks as marshes upstream dry. The timing of this pulse is closely tied to the pattern of water recession in upstream marshes, and has important ramifications for wading bird prey availability.
Harvard Forest Schoolyard Data since 2004
In the Harvard Forest Schoolyard program, HF ecologists work directly with teachers from public and private schools across New England (and the eastern U.S.) to learn about and initiate ecological research in their classrooms and schoolyards. More than 3500 students each year from grades 4-12 participate in authentic, field-based research projects that address current and important environmental issues. Projects to date have included tree phenology, the hemlock woolly adelgid, vernal pools, intermittent streams, and long-term forest plots. Participating schools submit data to an online database on the Harvard Forest website where the data are reviewed by HF staff and then made freely available for download and for graphing online. The project is supported by the National Science Foundation, the Highstead Foundation, the Salata Institute for Climate and Sustainability at Harvard University, and private donors. For current data, please see: https://harvardforest2.fas.harvard.edu/asp/hf/php/k12/k12_project.php.
Stream Subsurface Flowpaths and Macroinvertebrate Communities at Harvard Forest 2004
Headwater streams and wetlands with a combination of surface and subsurface flows are common features of many upland-forested watersheds. Unlike headwater stream reaches with continuous surface flow, the hydrology and ecology of subsurface stream reaches are poorly studied and not factored into existing wetland legislation. We assessed subsurface habitats and associated biota in a 435-m reach of a first-order, intermittent stream draining a riparian zone dominated by eastern hemlock (Tsuga canadensis) in north central Massachusetts. Stream flow was found only in subsurface flowpaths beneath large boulders and surface root mats over approximately 70% of the total stream length at summer base flow. Temperature, specific conductivity, dissolved oxygen, and dissolved organic carbon concentrations of subsurface water were similar to surface water. Macroinvertebrates were found in subsurface habitats but at a lower abundance and richness per unit area compared to surface habitats. Collectors such as Chironomidae, Polycentropodidae, and Ephemerellidae were generally the most abundant families in both surface and subsurface habitats. Our findings indicate that in some glaciated watersheds, intermittent streams with no visual evidence of surface flow may contain subsurface flowpaths with water chemistry and biota comparable to coupled perennial surface flow reaches. The prevalence and importance of subsurface habitats in some headwater streams may warrant review or revision of existing state and local regulatory definitions of intermittent and headwater streams.
MCR LTER: Coral Reef: Ocean Currents and Biogeochemistry: salinity, temperature and current at CTD and ADCP mooring FOR04 from 2004 ongoing
Moored and bottom-mounted instrumentation (ADCP, CTD, thermistors, wave-tide meters) sampled year-round on the reef of Moorea Island, French Polynesia at LTER 4 fore reef site (FOR04). Sampling began in 2005. All data have been interpolated onto a 20 min grid. ADCP data are organized into 1-meter bins, measured as height from the bottom, to a maximum of 20 bins. All bins may not be filled, and although post-processing attempted to exclude data from bins 'above the surface', users need to exercise caution with the near-surface bins. CTD parameters include Pressure, Temperature, Conductivity, Salinity, and Density. The two moored CTD packages are located approximately 5 and 14 meters above the bottom, and there are up to 5 additional temperature thermistors spaced vertically along the mooring line. Note that the upper CTD and temperature thermistor data were terminated in January 2020. Bottom CTD was terminated July 2021. There are 2 bottom mounted thermistors in the vicinity of the mooring at 10 and 20 meter depth. A bottom-mounted wave-tide meter provides a measure of significant wave height and dominant wave period at a 2-hour sampling interval. Tide-related data may be calculated from bottom-mounted pressure sensor data.
North Temperate Lakes LTER: Manure Managment in Urbanizing Settings 2003 - 2004
The management of manure in urbanizing settings is a critical issue in the Lake Mendota watershed. The primary focus of this project was to examine the difficulties faced by livestock operations when managing manure on field systems that are fragmented by development. A survey regarding manure management was sent to Dane County, WI farms within the Lake Mendota watershed. The survey was conducted in two phases; March to May 2003 and March to May 2004. This dataset and accompanying survey entitled "Manure Management on the Urban Fringe" is available for users wishing to ascertain animal feeding operation size and management patterns in the Lake Mendota watershed. The data also include the distance from animal feeding operations to nearest urban centers via Euclidean (crow flies) and Road Network distances. Results suggest that exurban developments exert a strong influence on manure management routines of livestock producers. This influence is very local. Farmers in an urbanizing setting were more likely to encounter problems during manure hauling when the fields they were accessing were in close proximity to urban developments, regardless of their proximity to the urban core. The distances and times required to haul manure between the farm and the most distant field increased in the last five years. Land rental rates steadily increased at the same time that lease lengths shortened. Cash grain land tends to be sparse as livestock producers compete with developers for tracts on which to distribute manure. Manure brokering is a possible strategy to monitor land availability and coordinate manure placement between farms Cabot, P. E., S. K. Bowen, and P. J. Nowak. 2004. Manure management in urbanizing settings. Journal of Soil and Water Conservation 59:235-243. The survey "Manure Management on the Urban Fringe" was developed with assistance from Roger Schmidt and Charmaine Tryon-Petith with the Integrated Crop and Pest Management Program, University of Wisconsin-Madison.
Biocomplexity at North Temperate Lakes LTER: Coordinated Field Studies: Riparian Littoral Sites 2001 - 2004
General descriptive data for sites sampled as part of the "cross-lake comparison" segment of the Biocomplexity Project (Landscape Context - Coordinated Field Studies). The goal of the study was to explore the links between terrestrial and aquatic systems across a gradient of residential development and lake landscape position. Specifically, this project attempted to relate the abundance of Coarse Wood in the littoral zone with abiotic, biotic and anthropogenic features of the adjacent shoreline. Sampling Frequency: each site sampled once Number of sites: 488 sites on 61 Vilas County lakes were sampled from 2001-2004 (approximately 15 different lakes each year; eight sites per lake).
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