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9,237 results for “2010”
RTK survey of permanent monitoring plots at GCE sites 1-10 conducted between 2010 and 2022.
Initial real time kinematic (RTK) GPS survey of ground elevations of the permanent monitoring plots at GCE sites 1-10 was conducted in June of 2010. Additional surveys of the active monitoring plots was conducted periodically through 2022. Plots that experienced terminal slump or could not be found for any reason were replaced with a new plot in the same general area with the plot code incremented by 10. For example if plot 3 was lost, it was replaced by 13, and then in turn by 23. This data set will be updated as future RTK measurement of the plots are made.
Stormwater Nitrogen in Arizona (SNAZ): runoff and stormwater-mediated export from urbanized catchments within the greater Phoenix metropolitan area, Arizona, USA (2010-2012)
Urbanization alters dramatically watershed ecosystem processes. Land-use change and anthropogenic activities contribute to increased inputs of nutrients and other materials, while changes to land cover alter hydrology and the corresponding movement of materials. These changes have ramifications for both watershed processes and downstream systems. The impacts of urbanization on aquatic systems are well-studied, and frequently encapsulated in the ‘urban stream syndrome’ (Walsh et al. 2005) that describes, among others, increased nutrient loading and stream flashiness. However, there is some evidence that aridland cities behave differently (Grimm et al. 2004, 2005), and the complex dynamics among catchment characteristics, storm attributes, and runoff in highly urbanized settings of the arid Southwest remains poorly understood. To enhance our understanding of stormwater dynamics and watershed functioning in aridland, urban environments, the Central Arizona–Phoenix Long-Term Ecological Research (CAP LTER) program began monitoring stormwater runoff at the outflow of the Indian Bend Wash (IBW) in 2008. The IBW is a tributary to the Salt River in central Arizona, and is a major drainage within the greater Phoenix metropolitan area, encompassing much of the City of Scottsdale. A model of soft engineering, the IBW as it runs through much of the City of Scottsdale is comprised largely of a series of artificial lakes, parks, paths, golf courses, ball fields, and other non-structural elements designed with the dual roles of providing outdoor amenities to the City residents while serving as an effective flood water conveyance feature. A unique biogeochemistry of this novel system is detailed by Roach et al. (2008), and Roach and Grimm (2011). Data and expertise garnered by stormwater monitoring near the outflow of the IBW helped pave the way for a more expansive stormwater research effort facilitated by a leveraged grant from the National Science Foundation (DEB-0918457, NSF Eco
Decomposition Dynamics in the Sarracenia Purpurea Microecosystem at Harvard Forest 2010
Ecological communities show great variation in species richness, composition and food web structure across similar and diverse ecosystems. Knowledge of how this biodiversity relates to ecosystem functioning is important for understanding the maintenance of diversity and the potential effects of species losses or gains on ecosystems. While research often focuses on how variation in species richness influences ecosystem processes, assessing species richness in a food web context can provide further insight into the relationship between diversity and ecosystem functioning and provide potential mechanisms underpinning this relationship. Here, we assessed how species richness and trophic diversity affect decomposition rates in a complete aquatic food web: the five trophic level web that occurs within water-filled leaves of the northern pitcher plant, Sarracenia purpurea. We identified a trophic cascade in which top-predators - larvae of the pitcher-plant mosquito - indirectly increased bacterial decomposition by preying on bactivorous protozoa. Our data also revealed a facultative relationship in which larvae of the pitcher-plant midge increased bacterial decomposition by shredding detritus. These important interactions occur only in food webs with high trophic diversity, which in turn only occurs in food webs with high species richness. We show that species richness and trophic diversity underlie strong linkages between food web structure and dynamics that influence ecosystem functioning. The importance of trophic diversity and species interactions in determining how biodiversity relates to ecosystem functioning suggests that simply focusing on species richness does not give a complete picture as to how ecosystems may change with the loss or gain of species.
Bayesian Analysis of Tree Distributions Across Space and Time in Eastern North America 2010-2011
The distributions of many organisms are spatially autocorrelated, but it is unclear whether including spatial terms in species distribution models (SDMs) improves projections of future species distributions. We provide the first comparative test of a purely spatial SDM, a purely non-spatial SDM, and an SDM that combines spatial and environmental information. Spatial SDMs provided better fits to the calibration data, more accurate predictions of a hold-out validation data set of modern trees, and lower false positive rates at all time periods than non-spatial SDMs. Hindcasted projection of spatial SDMs had higher variance than those of non-spatial SDMs. Overall predictive performance of non-spatial and spatial SDMs varied temporally and as a function of niche overlap. Ecological modelers should include spatial terms in SDMs used for projecting future distributions of species.
Regional Distribution and Abundance of Eastern Hemlock in Eastern North America 2010
We developed comprehensive maps on the distribution and abundance of hemlock for the purposes of mapping the host distribution, and modeling the spread, of the hemlock woolly adelgid. Multiple statistical models were used to map the distribution of hemlock. Hemlock occurrence data were taken from the FIA database and multiple environmental predictors were gathered from various databases as described in methods. The raster map depicts the predicted abundance of hemlock m2 basal area per hectare) across its range in eastern North America.
Carbon and Nitrogen Across Two ULTRA-Ex Urban to Rural Gradients in Massachusetts 2010
As part of the Boston University-led, Urban Long-Term Research Area - Exploratory Award (ULTRA-Ex), we established 135 circular, 15 m radius biometric plots extending across two Boston urban-to-rural gradients (Boston MA to Petersham MA and Boston MA to Worcester MA). The plots were stratified based on neighborhood (1 km2 surrounding area) characteristics for population density, impervious surface area fraction, and land cover. Within each plot we measured aboveground live and dead biomass, species characteristics, ground cover characteristics, and soil properties.
Litter Decomposition in Response to Nitrogen Addition and Soil Warming at Harvard Forest 2010-2012
The purpose of this study is to examine whether two environmental change stressors (warming and nitrogen deposition) differentially impact litter decomposition. We investigated this using a two year litterbag decomposition experiment at the chronic N amendment experiment and the Barre Woods Soil warming experiment, and measured litter decay dynamics, enzyme activities and litter chemistry. In both years mass loss of the mixed litter was suppressed under N addition, with most of the mass loss observed in the first year compared to the second year (70% and 30% of total mass loss, respectively). Both years showed either increased activity for some hydrolytic enzymes (e.g. cellobiohydrolase) or no difference (e.g. ß-N-acetylglucosaminidase) with increased N. The lignolytic enzymes (e.g. peroxidases) showed no difference in activity in the first year, but had a highly reduced activity in year 2 under elevated N conditions. Soil warming did not significantly affect litter mass loss, and only had an effect on the activity of a few enzymes. In the oak reciprocal litterbag study, decay of oak litter originating from the highest N addition plot was negatively affected by simulated N deposition in the first year of decomposition, while after two years, simulated N deposition negatively affected all litter, and litter originating from the highest N addition plot decayed more slowly than control litter even without added N (i.e. in the control plot). In addition, in the first year of decomposition lignolytic enzyme activities were suppressed in litter originating from the N addition treatments, but due to simulated N deposition in year two.
Vegetation Cover in the Clearcut Site at Harvard Forest 2010-2013
We used the line-intercept method to monitor the expansion of vegetation cover at our site, post-clearcut. This dataset was also used to calculate leaf area at the site from 2010 to 2012 and also in upscaling leaf gas exchange measurements collected during the 2010 and 2012 growing seasons. The data was used in two publications listed below (as of June 2014) and numerous poster presentations. Data collection was done during the REU summer programs, with Prof. William’s graduate students and postdocs acting as guides/mentors to the REU students.
Leaf Gas Exchange in the Clearcut Site at Harvard Forest 2010-2012
Clearcutting a forest ecosystem can result in a drastic reduction of the stand’s productivity. Despite the severity of this disturbance type, past studies have found that the productivity of young regenerating stands can quickly rebound, approaching that of mature undisturbed stands within a few years. One of the obvious reasons is increased leaf area with each year of recovery. However, a less obvious reason may be the variability in species composition and distribution during the natural regeneration process. The purpose of this study was to investigate to what extent the increase in GEP, observed during the first four years of recovery, in a naturally regenerating clearcut stand was due to 1) an overall expansion of leaf area, and 2) an increase in the canopy’s photosynthetic capacity stemming from either species compositional shifts or drift in physiological traits within species. We found that the multi-year rise in GEP following harvest was clearly attributed to the expansion of leaf area rather than a change in vegetation composition. Sizeable changes in relative abundance of species were masked by remarkably similar leaf physiological attributes for a range of vegetation types present in this early successional environment. Comparison of upscaled leaf-chamber to eddy-covariance-based light-response curves revealed broad consistency in both maximum photosynthetic capacity and quantum yield efficiency. The approaches presented here illustrate how chamber- and ecosystem-scale measurements of gas exchange can be blended with species-level leaf area data to draw conclusive inferences about changes in ecosystem processes over time in a highly dynamic environment.
Leaf Area in the Clearcut Site at Harvard Forest 2010-2012
This dataset contributed to an estimate of leaf area by species at the Prospect Hill clearcut regeneration site, used in a publication to attribute measured changes in gross primary productivity over time to either changes in species composition and associated traits versus changes in total leaf area. The file reports data on leaf area by species from destructive harvest in select plots. It also reports leaf area and leaf weight from destructive harvest of the foliage of select individual species to characterize the vertical distribution of foliage for those species. Corresponding measurements of total plant area recorded with a LAI-2000 before and after harvest of this foliage is reported as well, useful for inferring the leaf versus stem/branch portions of light interception as needed for improved estimates of LAI with the light-interception method. Lastly, below we report the result of an August 2012 site-level survey of plant area index measured with the LAI-2000 and converted to leaf area index.
Extracellular Enzyme Activity in Rhizosphere Soil at Harvard Forest and Pisgah State Forest 2010
The exudation of carbon (C) by tree roots stimulates microbial activity and the production of extracellular enzymes in the rhizosphere. Here, we investigated whether the strength of rhizosphere processes differed between temperate forest trees that vary in soil organic matter (SOM) chemistry and associate with either ectomycorrhizal (ECM) or arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungi. We measured rates of microbial and extracellular enzyme activity, and nitrogen (N) availability in samples of rhizosphere and bulk soil influenced by four temperate forest tree species (i.e., to estimate a rhizosphere effect). The magnitude of the rhizosphere effects could not be easily characterized by mycorrhizal associations or SOM chemistry. Ash had the lowest rhizosphere effects and beech had the highest rhizosphere effects, representing one AM and one ECM species, respectively. Hemlock and sugar maple had equivalent rhizosphere effects on enzyme activity. However, the form of N produced in the rhizosphere varied with mycorrhizal association. Enhanced enzyme activity primarily increased amino acid availability in ECM rhizospheres and increased inorganic N availability in AM rhizospheres. These results show that the exudation of C by roots can enhance extracellular enzyme activity and soil-N cycling. This work suggests that global changes that alter belowground C allocation have the potential to impact the form and amount of N to support primary production in ECM and AM stands.
Social Network Survey of Forest Landowners in New Hampshire and Vermont 2010
Forests provide invaluable services, and nationally a significant portion of them are owned by millions of individual, private decision makers. Butler (2008) reports that the vast majority of owners (92%, representing 87% of all family forest lands) make management decisions for their land on their own, with a very small minority relying on the advice of professional foresters. Nationally, Butler (2008) goes on to report that 4 % of family forest owners (representing 17% of family forest land) have a professionally prepared management plan for their lands. It is clear that family forests are important, yet millions of owners are apparently not making decisions on the basis of professional advice. Our goal was to improve our understanding of who landowners seek information from when making decisions about their forestland. More specifically, our objective was to explore the possible role of egocentric social networks that landowners may rely upon for information when making a decision. Can we estimate their composition, the possible role of professionals, and the nature of the relationships, in terms of involvement, helpfulness, and trust? Finally, we explored landowner egocentric networks in two similar and adjacent states (Vermont and New Hampshire) that have different programmatic approaches to reaching landowners. Do these result in different ways that landowners acquire information? Using two different approaches through a mail survey methodology, we assessed the extent to which private woodland owners are connected to other people, the degree to which they are considered information sources, and the nature of their decision making behavior. Respondents consistently report valuable connections to non-professionals. They similarly report nominal contact to public foresters, whose role is to inspire prudent forest stewardship on privately held lands. This minimal contact is consistent in two different states with rather different programmatic goals (e.g., educatio
Temperature Sensitivity of Microbial Activity in Three Forest Soils at Harvard Forest 2010-2011
We evaluated possible seasonal variation in the temperature sensitivity of microbially mediated soil fluxes related to decomposition (net N mineralization, net nitrification, proteolysis, the maximum velocity (Vmax) of proteolysis, microbial respiration, and the Vmax of four soil exo-enzymes) across forests dominated by eastern hemlock (Tsuga canadensis), white ash (Fraxinus americana), and red oak (Quercus rubra) in Harvard Forest. We asked two simple questions: (1) do temperature sensitivities vary across forest types or different steps of the decomposition process, and (2) do temperature sensitivities display plasticity on a seasonal time frame?We observed substantial variation in temperature sensitivities (Q10 and R10 values) across the different fluxes and forest types. The ash soils exhibited the strongest temperature sensitivities and the mineral-N fluxes exhibited higher temperature sensitivities relative to the proteolytic fluxes or microbial respiration. The Vmax of soil exo-enzymes varied considerably in an interactive manner across forests and time, and the response of some enzymes was consistent with the thermal plasticity. The enzymatic kinetic properties Vmax and Km (half-saturation constant) were strongly correlated with slopes that differed across enzymes, reflecting an enzyme-specific tradeoff between maximum catalytic rate and substrate-binding efficiency. Generally, Q10 values were largely constant, but R10 values varied in a manner consistent with distinct seasonal plasticity. There was a consistent seasonal shift in R10 values coincident with snowmelt, suggesting that the time following snowmelt is a particularly interesting and dynamic period of microbial activity in these temperate forests.
Fluxes of Molecular Hydrogen (H2) at Harvard Forest EMS Tower 2010-2012
Molecular hydrogen (H2) is an atmospheric trace gas with a large microbe-mediated soil sink, yet cycling of this compound throughout ecosystems is poorly understood. Measurements of the sources and sinks of H2 in various ecosystems are sparse, resulting in large uncertainties in the global H2 budget. Constraining the H2 cycle is critical to understanding its role in atmospheric chemistry and climate. We measured H2 fluxes at high frequency in a temperate mixed deciduous forest for 15 months using a tower-based flux-gradient approach to determine both the soil-atmosphere and the net ecosystem flux of H2. The data presented here along with other data available at Harvard Forest can be used for efforts to model the H2 soil sink.
Rhythms and Nocturnal Activities of Wood Ants in the Neuwied Basin, Germany 2010-2016
In situ activity patterns of two Formica-rufa group species (F. pratensis; F. polyctena) were continuously studied at four different red wood-ant nests during six months in each of the years 2010, 2011, 2012, and 2016 and related to weather factors and variations of the Earth’s magnetic field. In situ activity patterns of both species are similarly periodic and exhibit ultradian, and short and long infradian rhythms under natural Light:Dark conditions. Crepuscular and nocturnal activities ≤ 4-hr long were observed in both species, especially at the new moon and first quarter after the astronomical twilight in a period of darkness in fall. We hypothesize that local variability in Earth’s magnetic field affects long-term activity patterns, whereas humidity and temperature were more strongly associated with ultradian rhythms (less than 20 hr).
LANDIS-II PnET Simulation of Recent Trends in Forest Change in New England 2010-2060
The future forests of eastern North America will be shaped by at least three broad drivers: (i) vegetation change and natural disturbance patterns associated with the protracted recovery following colonial era land use, (ii) a changing climate, and (iii) a land-use regime that consists of geographically variable rates and intensities of forest harvesting, clearing for development, and land protection. We evaluated the aggregate and relative importance of these factors for the future forests of New England, USA by simulating a continuation of the recent trends in these drivers for fifty-years, nominally spanning 2010 to 2060. The models explicitly incorporate the modern distribution of tree species and the geographical variation in climate and land-use change. Using a cellular land-cover change model in combination with a physiologically-based forest landscape model, we conducted a factorial simulation experiment to assess changes in aboveground carbon (AGC) and forest composition. In the control scenario that simulates a hypothetical absence of any future land use or future climate change, the simulated landscape experienced large increases in average AGC—an increase of 53% from 2010 to 2060 (from 4.2 to 6.3 kg m-2). By 2060, climate change increased AGC stores by 8% relative to the control while the land-use regime reduced AGC by 16%. Among land uses, timber harvesting had a larger effect on AGC storage and changes in tree composition than did forest conversion to non-forest uses, with the most pronounced impacts observed on private corporate-owned land in northern New England. Our results demonstrate a large difference between the landscape’s potential to store carbon and the landscape’s current trajectory, assuming a continuation of the modern land-use regime. They also reveal aspects of the land-use regime that will have a disproportionate impact on the ability of the landscape to store carbon in the future, such as harvest regimes on corporate-owned lands. This
R Code and Images for Developing a Spatial Concordance Coefficient at Harvard Forest 2010
Concordance correlation coefficients have been developed in a variety of different contexts. This problem has been widely addressed in a non-spatial context, but here we consider a coefficient that for a fixed spatial lag allows the comparison of two spatial sequences (e.g., images). We define a spatial concordance coefficient for second-order stationary processes.
LANDIS-II PnET Impacts of Warming on Forest Net Primary Productivity in New England 2010-2100
Climate warming is expected to lengthen growing seasons of temperate forest ecosystems and increase gross primary productivity. Simultaneously, warming is expected to increase summer ecosystem respiration, which could offset gains accrued from longer growing seasons. These responses have been observed during anomalously warm years, but the role of future climate change on phenological trade‐offs and how they affect net primary productivity (NPP) at regional scales in temperate forests remain unexplored. We simulated scenarios of climate change on monthly forest NPP throughout 18 million hectares of temperate forests in New England, USA, through year 2100. Using an ecophysiological model coupled to a forest landscape model, we simulated scenarios of climate change on monthly NPP. A high emission scenario (RCP 8.5), resulted in longer growing seasons that offset midsummer ecosystem respiration costs and produced greater annual NPP throughout the study landscape compared to simulations using the current climate. In spring and autumn months, temperature was positively associated with greater NPP; in summer months, the relationship was negative. Spatially, the greatest increase in NPP occurred in the warmer southern region under a warm climate scenario with increased precipitation. Under a warm scenario with drier conditions, the greatest increase in NPP occurred in the cooler northern region. Phenological trade‐offs will affect NPP of future forests and their potential to serve as a negative feedback to climate change. Barring other limitations, longer growing seasons will offset greater respiratory demands and contribute to increases in NPP throughout the temperate forests of New England in the future.
Natural Land Zones in New England in 2006 from 2010 Wildlands and Woodlands Report
This GIS dataset shows different Wildland and Woodland zones in New England and is intended to illustrate how the percentage of protected land could vary between New England landscapes while achieving the total acreage goals as expressed in the Wildlands and Woodlands 2010 Report. This is layer is intended to be conceptual and not prescriptive. The zones were created by expressing the percent natural landcover for a given 500m pixel using a 25 x 25-cell neighborhood. The landuse categories considered to be natural and the breakpoints for each zone are given in the Methods section of this document. The data are provided in vector format as an ESRI shapefile. The projection is NAD 1983 Albers. The Wildlands and Woodlands webpage, http://www.wildlandsandwoodlands.org/, includes a downloadable high-resolution copy of the report and an extensive set of resources that complement and support the arguments and facts presented in it. These include citations, metadata, and downloadable high-quality images of all the graphs and maps. The website will be updated to provide further information on many of the findings, activities, and recommendations provided in the report. Wildlands and Woodlands Report: Foster, D. R., Lambert, K. F., Kittredge, D. B., Donahue, B. M, Hart, C. M., Labich, W. G., Meyer, S., Thompson, J. , Buchanan, M., Levitt, J. N., Pershel, R., Ross, K., Elkins, G., Daigle, C., Hall, B., Faison, E. K., D'Amato, A. W., Forman, R. T. T., Del Tredici, P., Irland, L. C., Colburn, B. A., Orwig, D. A., Aber, J. D., Berger, A., Driscoll, C. T., Keeton, W. S., Lilieholm, R. J., Pederson, N., Ellison, A. M., Hunter, M. L., Fahey, T. J. 2017. Wildlands and Woodlands, Farmlands and Communities: Broadening the Vision for New England.
PhenoCam Images and Canopy Phenology at the Harvard Forest LPH Tower 2010-2021
The PhenoCam Network uses imagery from digital cameras to track vegetation phenology and seasonal changes in vegetation activity in diverse ecosystems across North America and around the world. Imagery is uploaded to the PhenoCam server at the University of New Hampshire, where it is made publicly available in near-real time, every 30 minutes from sunrise to sunset, 365 days a year. The data are processed using simple image analysis tools to yield a measure of canopy greenness, from which phenological metrics are extracted, characterizing the start and end of the growing season. These transition dates have been shown to align well with on-the-ground observations of tree phenology at Harvard Forest (HF003). Long-term PhenoCam data can be used to track the impact of climate variability and change on the rhythm of the seasons. This dataset contains one mid-day image for each camera. Please see the PhenoCam Network website (https://phenocam.nau.edu/webcam/) for more information and additional images.
ScienceDex guides
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These curated guides explain access requirements, typical timelines, costs, and reuse considerations for widely used research datasets.
Allen Brain Atlas
Allen Brain Atlas is an Allen Institute collection of brain map atlases, datasets, APIs, and analysis tools covering mouse, human, and non-human primate brain resources.
Annotated Behaviour and Observability Dataset (ABODe)
ABODe is a University of Edinburgh DataShare dataset for behavior classification in group-housed mice using home-cage video, identities, bounding boxes, ground-plate positions, and annotator labels.
DANDI Archive for NWB datasets
DANDI is a BRAIN Initiative archive for publishing and sharing neurophysiology data, including electrophysiology, optophysiology, and behavioral data packaged as NWB and related standards.
International Brain Laboratory public data
The International Brain Laboratory public data releases expose standardized mouse decision-making experiments, including Neuropixels recordings, widefield calcium imaging, behavior, and session metadata accessed through the ONE API.
OpenNeuro
OpenNeuro is a free, open platform for sharing neuroimaging datasets, with public search, dataset pages, and download paths for web, S3, DataLad, and the OpenNeuro CLI.