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8,817 results for “2011”
Isotopic Composition of Net Ecosystem CO2 Exchange at Harvard Forest EMS Tower since 2011
This archive features long-term measurements of the eddy and storage fluxes of 16O12C16O, 16O13C16O, and 18O12C16O at the Harvard Forest EMS flux tower. Provided are the individual isotopologue fluxes, the total CO2 flux, the δ13C and δ18O isofluxes, and various ancillary flux and environmental data. The data are described in Wehr et al (2013), Long-term eddy covariance measurements of the isotopic composition of the ecosystem–atmosphere exchange of CO2 in a temperate forest, Agricultural and Forest Meteorology 181, 69–84. They are also analyzed in Wehr and Saleska (2015), An improved isotopic method for partitioning net ecosystem–atmosphere CO2 exchange, Agricultural and Forest Meteorology 214-215, 515–531, as well as in Wehr et al 2016, Seasonality of Temperate Forest Photosynthesis and Daytime Respiration, Nature (in press). The eddy (iso)fluxes were measured by eddy covariance (EC), with a 30- or 35-minute integration period on a 40- or 45-minute duty cycle (the precise duty cycle was changed during the record to accommodate various synergistic measurement campaigns). The storage fluxes were measured as the increase in storage below 29 m during the EC integration period, based on vertical integrations over 7 air sampling heights on the tower (0.2, 1.0, 7.5, 12.7, 18.1, 24.1, 29.0 m, prior to July 3, 2012), or over 6 air sampling heights on the tower (0.2, 1.0, 7.5, 12.7, 18.1, 29.0 m, after July 3, 2012). Some periods are missing at regular intervals because the system was being used for other measurements, not reported here. Corrected and uncorrected versions of the eddy (iso)fluxes are provided; the corrections account for high-frequency signal attenuation, and were made by comparing w-CO2 and w-T cospectra. The precise method is novel and complex and is described, along with all further details of the measurements, in Wehr et al (2013), Long-term eddy covariance measurements of the isotopic composition of the ecosystem–atmosphere exchange of CO2 in a temperat
Soil Gas Exchange in the Clearcut Site at Harvard Forest 2011-2013
Soil CO2 efflux was measured at the clear cut site beginning in 2011. That year a nearby spruce site was also measured for comparison. Soil respiration was measured in 2011 and 2012 with the LI-COR 6200 instrument and soil efflux was calculated later in the lab. In 2013 soil respiration was measured with the LI-COR 6400 instrument, which computed the fluxes internally. In 2012 three trenched plots were established at the clear cut site. Those were established by trenching a 2 x 2 meter perimeter to a depth of about 50 cm, severing any roots. The trenches were lined with heavy duty landscaping cloth and backfilled. Soil collars were installed in the middle of the trenched plots and measured in 2012 (1 large one used with the LI-6200 machine) and in 2013 (two smaller ones used with the LI-6400 machine). Sampling points were scattered around the site, along vegetation transects (near the EC tower, across the fire access road).
Ant Mesocosm Experiment in Harvard Forest Lath Houses 2011-2012
Direct and indirect consequences of global warming on ecosystem functions and processes mediated by invertebrates remain understudied but are likely to have major impacts on ecosystems in the future. Among animals, invertebrates are taxonomically diverse, responsive to temperature changes, and play major ecological roles which also respond to temperature changes. We used a mesocosm experiment to evaluate impacts of two warming treatments (+3.5 and + 5 °C, set points) and the presence and absence of the ant Formica subsericea (a major mediator of processes in north-temperate ecosystems) on decomposition rate, soil movement, soil respiration, and nitrogen availability. Replicate 19-Litre mesocosms were placed outdoors in lath houses and continuously warmed for 30 days in 2011 and 85 days in 2012. Warming treatments mimicked expected temperature increases for future climates in eastern North America. In both years, the amount of soil displaced and soil respiration increased in the warming and ant presence treatments (soil movement: 73 to 119%; soil respiration: 37 to 48% relative to the control treatments without ants). Decomposition rate and nitrogen availability tended to decrease in the warmest treatments (decomposition rate: -26 to -30%; nitrate availability: -11 to -42%). Path analyses indicated that ants had significant short term direct and indirect effects on the studied ecosystem processes. These results suggest that ants may be moving more soil and building deeper nests to escape increasing temperatures, but warming may also influence their direct and indirect effects on soil ecosystem processes.
Sap Flow of Northern Red Oak Trees Under Ecosystem Warming at Harvard Forest 2011
Over the next century, air temperature increases up to 5 °C are projected for the northeastern USA. Because evapotranspiration dominates water loss from terrestrial ecosystems, tree ecophysiological response to warming will have important consequences for forest water budgets. We measured growing season sap flow rates in mature northern red oak (Quercus rubra L.) trees in a combined air (up to 5.5 °C above ambient) and soil (up to 1.85 °C above ambient at 6-cm depth) warming experiment at Harvard Forest, MA, USA. Principal components analysis found air and soil temperatures had the largest effects on sap flow. On average, each 1 °C increase in temperature increased sap flow rates by approximately 1100 kg H2O m-2 sapwood area day-1 throughout the growing season and by 1200 kg H2O m-2 sapwood area day-1 during the early growing season. Reductions in the number of cold winter days correlated positively with increased sap flow at night during the early growing season (a decrease of 100 heating-degree-days was associated with a sapflow increase of approximately 5 kg H2O m-2 sapwood area day-1). Soil moisture declined with increased treatment temperatures, and each soil moisture percentage increase resulted in an increase in sap flow of approximately 360 kg H2O m-2 sapwood area day-1. At night, soil moisture correlated positively with sap flow rate. These results demonstrate that warmer air and soil temperatures in winter and throughout the growing season lead to increased sap flow rates, which could affect forest water budgets throughout the year.
Warming Effects on Microbial Structure and Decomposition at Harvard Forest 2011
Because microorganisms are sensitive to temperature, ongoing global warming is predicted to influence microbial community structure and function. We used large-scale warming experiments established at two sites near the northern and southern boundaries of US eastern deciduous forests to explore how microbial communities and their function respond to warming at sites with differing climatic regimes. Soil microbial community structure and function responded to warming at the southern but not the northern site. However, changes in microbial community structure and function at the southern site did not result in changes in cellulose decomposition rates. While most global change models rest on the assumption that taxa will respond similarly to warming across sites and their ranges, these results suggest that the responses of microorganisms to warming may be mediated by differences across the geographic boundaries of ecosystems.
Root Exudation Simulation Experiment in a Red Oak Stand at Harvard Forest 2011
Root exudation is thought to increase the activity of microbes and the exoenzymes they synthesize, leading to accelerated rates of carbon (C) mineralization and nutrient cycling in rhizosphere soils relative to bulk soils. The nitrogen (N) content of microbial biomass and exoenzymes may introduce a stoichiometric constraint on the ability of microbes to effectively utilize the root exudates, particularly if the exudates are rich in C but low in N. We combined a theoretical model of microbial activity with an exudation experiment to test the hypothesis that the ability of soil microbes to utilize root exudates for the synthesis of additional biomass and exoenzymes is constrained by N availability. The field experiment simulated exudation by automatically pumping solutions of chemicals often found in root exudates (“exudate mimics”) containing C alone or C in combination with N (C:N ratio of 10) through microlysimeter “root simulators” into intact forest soils in two 50-day experiments. The delivery of C-only exudate mimics increased microbial respiration but had no effect on microbial biomass or exoenzyme activities. By contrast, experimental delivery of exudate mimics containing both C and N significantly increased microbial respiration, microbial biomass, and the activity of exoenzymes that decompose low molecular weight components of soil organic matter (SOM, e.g., cellulose, amino sugars), while decreasing the activity of exoenzymes that degrade high molecular weight SOM (e.g., polyphenols, lignin). The modeling results were consistent with the experiments; simulated delivery of C-only exudates induced microbial N-limitation, which constrained the synthesis of microbial biomass and exoenzymes. Exuding N as well as C alleviated this stoichiometric constraint in the model, allowing for increased exoenzyme production, the priming of decomposition, and a net release of N from SOM (i.e., mineralization). The quantity of N released from SOM in the model simulations was
Soil Temperature and Water Content in Macrosystems Biodiversity Project at Harvard Forest 2011-2012
Patterns of biodiversity, such as the increase toward the tropics and the peaked curve during ecological succession, are fundamental phenomena for ecology. Such patterns have multiple, interacting causes, but temperature emerges as a dominant factor across organisms from microbes to trees and mammals, and across terrestrial, marine, and freshwater environments. However, there is little consensus on the underlying mechanisms, even as global temperatures increase and the need to predict their effects becomes more pressing. The purpose of this project is to generate and test theory for how temperature impacts biodiversity through its effect on biochemical processes and metabolic rate. A combination of standardized surveys in the field and controlled experiments in the field and laboratory measure diversity of three taxa -- trees, invertebrates, and microbes -- and key biogeochemical processes of decomposition in seven forests distributed along a geographic gradient of increasing temperature from cold temperate to warm tropical. Readings of soil temperature and soil moisture were taken with HOBO sensors from November 2011 to November 2012. These sensors were installed at five experimental tree growth plots installed by the Enquist Lab (PI, Brian Enquist) from the University of Arizona as part of a macrosystems biodiversity and latitude project supported by the National Science Foundation under Cooperative Agreement DEB#1065836.
Tree Growth in Macrosystems Biodiversity Project at Harvard Forest 2011-2013
Patterns of biodiversity, such as the increase toward the tropics and the peaked curve during ecological succession, are fundamental phenomena for ecology. Such patterns have multiple, interacting causes, but temperature emerges as a dominant factor across organisms from microbes to trees and mammals, and across terrestrial, marine, and freshwater environments. However, there is little consensus on the underlying mechanisms, even as global temperatures increase and the need to predict their effects becomes more pressing. The purpose of this project is to generate and test theory for how temperature impacts biodiversity through its effect on biochemical processes and metabolic rate. A combination of standardized surveys in the field and controlled experiments in the field and laboratory measure diversity of three taxa -- trees, invertebrates, and microbes -- and key biogeochemical processes of decomposition in seven forests distributed along a geographic gradient of increasing temperature from cold temperate to warm tropical. This dataset contains annual growth measurements of trees along a series of transects using the measures of diameter at breast height and/or diameter and ground height at the five Gentry plots set up at Harvard Forest. These plots were set up by the Enquist Lab (PI, Brian Enquist) from the University of Arizona as part of a macrosystems biodiversity and latitude project supported by the National Science Foundation under Cooperative Agreement DEB#1065836.
Maple Reproduction and Sap Flow at Harvard Forest since 2011
Seed production assures the persistence of tree populations and forest cover over the long-term, and so has long interested plant demographers and foresters. Many forest tree species produce seeds synchronously and at irregular intervals across large areas, a phenomenon known as masting. Initiated in spring 2011, this study addresses the mechanisms of mast seeding in sugar maple (Acer saccharum), and its impact on pollinators, seed consumers, and forest carbon dynamics at the Harvard Forest. We monitor seed production (via counts of seeds on trees), flower production, and resource status (via sap collection) on 20 trees. Pollinator dynamics and seed predation (by weevils) are also monitored. In 2015, we added sap and seed monitoring of red maple (Acer rubrum) trees to explore the hypothesis that this non-masting species would have muted dynamics compared to its masting congener.
Effects of Warming on Soil Microbial Communities at Harvard Forest 2011
As Earth’s climate warms, soil carbon pools and the microbial communities that process them may change, altering the way in which carbon is recycled in soil. In this study, we used a combination of metagenomics and bacterial cultivation to evaluate the hypothesis that experimentally raising soil temperatures by 5°C for 5, 8, or 20 years increased the potential for temperate forest soil microbial communities to degrade carbohydrates. Warming decreased the proportion of carbohydrate-degrading genes in the organic horizon derived from eukaryotes and increased the fraction of genes in the mineral soil associated with Actinobacteria in all studies. Genes associated with carbohydrate degradation increased in the organic horizon after 5 years of warming but had decreased in the organic horizon after warming the soil continuously for 20 years. However, a greater proportion of the 295 bacteria from 6 phyla (10 classes, 14 orders, and 34 families) isolated from heated plots in the 20-year experiment were able to depolymerize cellulose and xylan than bacterial isolates from control soils. Together, these findings indicate that the enrichment of bacteria capable of degrading carbohydrates could be important for accelerated carbon cycling in a warmer world.
Sap Flow in Red Maple and Red Oak in the Harvard Forest Snow Removal Study 2011
The climate is changing in mid and high latitude environments with the depth and duration of snowpack shrinking for many temperate forest ecosystems. A reduced snowpack and increased depth and duration of soil frost can injure fine roots, which are essential for plant water uptake. Water uptake is a crucial component of ecosystem functioning because this process strongly impacts other biological processes, such as primary productivity and nutrient uptake. We evaluated the effects of changing winter climate, including snow and soil frost dynamics, on rates of water uptake (i.e. sap flow) in a snow manipulation study at Harvard Forest. We had three reference and tree plots from which we removed snow and induced soil freezing.
Ants in an Induced Drought Experiment at the Caxiuana National Forest in Brazil 2011-2012
Environmental change scenarios caused by low precipitation forecast species loss in tropical regions. We used one year of data from a rainwater exclusion experiment in primary Amazonian rainforest to test whether induced water stress, and covarying changes in humidity, soil respiration, and tree species richness, size, and total biomass and its diversity affected species richness and composition (relative abundance) of ground-dwelling ants. Induced drought reduced ant richness, whereas increased humidity and variability in biomass increased it. Species composition differed between control and rainfall-excluded plots. Occurrence of many ant species was strongly reduced, but some generalist groups of ants were favored by induced drought. The expected loss of ant species and changes in ant species composition in tropical forests likely will lead to cascading effects on ecosystem processes and services they mediate.
Effects of Soil Warming on Bacterial Degradation of Carbohydrates at Harvard Forest 2011
As Earth’s climate warms, soil carbon pools and the microbes that process them may change, altering the way in which carbon is recycled in soil. We used bacterial cultivation to evaluate the hypothesis that experimentally raising soil temperatures by 5°C for 20 years increased the potential for temperate forest soil microbial communities to degrade carbohydrates. A greater proportion of the 295 bacteria from 6 phyla (10 classes, 14 orders, and 34 families) isolated from heated plots in the 20-year experiment were able to depolymerize cellulose and xylan than bacterial isolates from control soils. These findings indicate that the enrichment of bacteria capable of degrading carbohydrates could be important for accelerated carbon cycling in a warmer world. Data for the isolates from the Harvard Forest culturing project is archived at https://osf.io/ahb2v/.
PhenoCam Images and Canopy Phenology at the Harvard Forest Barn Tower since 2011
The PhenoCam Network uses imagery from digital cameras to track vegetation phenology and seasonal changes in vegetation activity in diverse ecosystems across North America and around the world. Imagery is uploaded to the PhenoCam server at the University of New Hampshire, where it is made publicly available in near-real time, every 30 minutes from sunrise to sunset, 365 days a year. The data are processed using simple image analysis tools to yield a measure of canopy greenness, from which phenological metrics are extracted, characterizing the start and end of the growing season. These transition dates have been shown to align well with on-the-ground observations of tree phenology at Harvard Forest (HF003). Long-term PhenoCam data can be used to track the impact of climate variability and change on the rhythm of the seasons. This dataset contains one mid-day image for each camera. Please see the PhenoCam Network website (https://phenocam.nau.edu/webcam/) for more information and additional images.
North Temperate Lakes LTER High Frequency Water Temperature Data, Dissolved Oxygen, Chlorophyll, pH - Crystal Lake 2011 - 2014
Data from the instrumented buoy on Crystal Lake include micrometeorological parameters, relative humidity, air temperature, wind velocity, wind driection (2 m height),and water temperatures, pH, chlorophyll, and dissolved oxygen measured by a sonde that is moving through the water column. Measurements were taken before, during, and after lake mixing experiment
Cascade Project at North Temperate Lakes LTER – Daily Bloom Data for Whole Lake Experiments 2011 - 2019
Daily measurements of algal bloom variables (chlorophyll, phycocyanin fluorescence, dissolved oxygen, and pH) from the surface waters of Paul, Peter, and Tuesday lakes from mid-May to early September for the years 2011 to 2019, excluding 2012 and 2017. In some years, Peter (2013-2015, 2019) and Tuesday (2013-2015) lakes had inorganic nitrogen and phosphorus added to them daily to cause algal blooms while Paul Lake served as an unmanipulated reference.
Dataset of reports about MOF-based SERS substrates since 2011 until March 2023. Structure, characteristics, analytes, and performances.
<p>This dataset was generated to aid the creation of a review article addressing the use of Metal-Organic Frameworks (MOF)-based Surface Enhanced Raman Spectroscopy (SERS) platforms for the detection of Volatile Organic Compounds (VOCs).</p> <p>This dataset was generated employing the Web of Science database, encompassing manuscripts published up to March 2023. A literature search was initially conducted using a combination of keywords, including "MOF," "Metal-Organic Framework," "SERS," "Surface Enhanced Raman Spectroscopy," and "Surface Enhanced Raman Scattering." This search spanned the "Topic" category, enabling exploration across title, abstract, author keywords, and keyword-plus fields.</p> <p>From the initial pool of 238 documents, review articles and duplicates were systematically excluded, resulting in a refined collection of 182 articles. Subsequently, articles not concurrently addressing MOF and SERS or those utilizing MOF as sacrificial templates were further excluded, resulting in a final subset of 72 articles. From this curated set, relevant parameters were extracted, resulting in 229 entries for the dataset. </p> <p>Characteristics about the structure (in terms of MOF type and configuration; Plasmonic element type and configuration), target analyte (including type, phase, and incubation time), measurement specifications (in terms of laser, laser power, exposure time), and performance of the MOF-based SERS substrates were collected.</p> <p>Listed references 1-72 correspond with the manuscript number in the dataset.</p> <p>Listed references 73-80 correspond with references for selected examples of MOF pore diameters.</p>
Long-term demographic dataset for Cladonia perforata, including fine-scale cover, occupancy, and subpopulation area data, 2011-2024
This dataset includes all data pertaining to a long-term demographic study of Cladonia perforata (perforate reindeer lichen), a federally endangered lichen endemic to Florida, including fine-scale cover, occupancy, and population area data, conducted by the Archbold Biological Station Plant Ecology Program. This includes 13 years of data (2011-2024) from nine subpopulation (including seven at Archbold Biological Station, and two at the Lake Wales Ridge Wildlife and Environmental Area, Royce Unit), all located in rosemary scrub habitat within the Lake Wales Ridge metapopulation. This study sought to characterize the fire ecology and long-term population trends for the species, and thus also includes data on prescribed burn severity and time since fire. Data were collected using a stratified random plot design, with occupancy plots (presence/absence within 1.5 meter radius) throughout the subpopulation and a subset of these designated as cover plots only, with this cover data collected as point intercept hits within a 48x48cm area. Cover data also includes microhabitat data – canopy cover in densiometer reading and dominant ground cover. Cover and occupancy data were taken every 3 years for each subpopulation (subpopulations were on different yearly schedules). Subpopulation area was mapped using a submeter GPS unit every 6 years. Subpopulations were resampled for all metrics as soon as possible following a fire, and the sampling schedule was then reset.
Riparian Woody Vegetation Composition and Structure in Long-Term Monitoring Plots Along the Sabie River, Kruger National Park (2011-2012)
This dataset contains measurements of woody vegetation composition and structural attributes collected in 2009 and 2010 from 15 long-term riparian monitoring plots located along the Sabie River in the southern region of the Kruger National Park, South Africa. The Sabie River is the park’s most perennial river system and supports diverse riparian plant communities influenced by hydrological variability, flooding dynamics, sediment deposition, herbivory, and climate-driven disturbance. Within each monitoring plot, field teams recorded woody species identity, stem density, plant height, and stem diameter. Additional structural and condition indicators were collected, including canopy breakage, evidence of bark stripping, resprouting status, and whether individuals were toppled or alive at the time of sampling. These structural attributes provide detailed assessments of disturbance impacts and vegetation condition within riparian zones. Data collection followed the same standardized protocols as the Southern Granites long-term vegetation monitoring program, allowing for cross-site comparisons between upland savanna and riparian systems. This dataset provides a baseline for evaluating long-term ecological change in riparian woody plant communities and supports ongoing research on the ecological functioning and resilience of river corridors in Kruger National Park.
Long-term monitoring and research of the ecology of the Tres Rios constructed treatment wetland, Phoenix, Arizona, USA, ongoing since 2011
# Project Description In order to better understand the water, nutrient and treatment dynamics of aridland constructed treatment wetlands, we have developed datasets tracking primary productivity (aboveground and belowground), nutrient and water budget dynamics, soils, and aquatic metabolism at the Tres Rios wetlands, operated by the City of Phoenix Water Services Department, since July 2011. The 3-cell Tres Rios Wetlands were completed in 2010 and are associated with the 91st Avenue Wastewater Treatment Plant, the largest in Phoenix. This project is focused on the largest of the three wetlands treatment cells which was the first to be planted and became operational in Summer 2010. The wetland cells are bounded by roads (the "shoreline"), and the system we study is 42 ha in size, approximately half of which is open water and half of which is fringing vegetated marsh. Water depth is relatively consistent across the marsh (approximately 25cm) and effluent inflow to the cell varies seasonally from 95,000 to over 270,000 m3 d-1. Measurements are taken along two gradients representing the two hydraulic pathways of the system: The whole-system, from inflow to outflow, within the vegetated marsh itself. # Abstract Constructed treatment wetlands (CTW) provide cost effective and ecosystem-service based solutions to the problem of urban wastewater treatment. They are a particularly attractive option for water reuse in arid cities, where water resources are scarce, and understanding CTW function in these environments is critical to facilitating sustainable water use practices. Although CTW are well established and studied in mesic climates, how they function in and respond to hot, arid climates is comparatively not well understood. Specifically, large atmospheric water losses via evaporation and plant transpiration comprise a much larger component of the whole-system water budget than in mesic climates. Additionally, given the primary role that emergent macrophytes play in nit
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OpenNeuro
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