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Yearly survey of barnacle settlement near creekbank plots at GCE LTER study sites in October 2015
To characterize spatial variation in barnacle recruitment at the creekbank, and across a gradient in salinity and distance to ocean, we deployed PVC poles to passive sample barnacle settlement. Eight poles were deployed between 4-5m apart adjacent to the creekbank vegetation monitoring plots at each GCE LTER permanent monitoring site each Fall beginning in 2012. These poles were then collected the following Fall and all barnacle that settled on the poles were identified and counted on 50cm-long sections of the 8, 3/4" diameter PVC poles. Although a few other barnacle species are occur within this estuary, only two species settled on poles: Chthamalus fragilis and Balanus spp.
RTK survey of permanent monitoring plots at Altamaha plant transition sites conducted between 2015 and 2025.
Initial real time kinematic (RTK) GPS survey of ground elevations of GCE permanent monitoring plots at the Altamaha plant transition sites ZSC1 and ZSC2 was conducted in January 2013. RTK survey of permanent monitoring plots at Altamaha plant transition site SCSA was conducted in July 2025. Plots that experienced terminal slump or could not be found for any reason were replaced with a new plot in the same general area with the plot code incremented by 10. For example if plot 3 was lost, it was replaced by 13, and then in turn by 23. This data set will be updated as future RTK measurement of the plots are made.
Meteorological data from the Discovery Tree at the Andrews Experimental Forest, 2015 to present
The upper-canopy of forests is known to experience a very different leaf wetness than the rest of the forest: it is often simultaneously brighter, hotter, windier, and drier. The upper canopy also contains most of the leaf area, and because it absorbs most of the solar radiation, it accounts for the great majority of carbon and water exchanges in most forests. Critically, this is also the zone where most climate variations and stress likely manifest. The upper canopy is also the region of the forest that is sampled by satellite imagery. Intensive canopy microclimate monitoring provides connections to satellite-based imagery at varying temporal and spatial scales in order to scale across the Andrews landscape and improves our understanding of forest function and its response to climate change. A 50 meter old growth tree, called the Discovery Tree, was instrumented with various sensors. A thermal infrared camera was installed in March 2014, which collects surface temperatures of the old-growth forest and the adjacent secondary-growth forest. Since then, the scope of information being acquired in real-time has increased to include temperature, leaf wetness, relative humidity, soil temperature, soil moisture, wind direction and speed. This suite of data serves as a glimpse into the canopy and soil processes we are unaware of when our feet are planted firmly on the ground. These measurements complement and leverage ongoing, long-term climate measurements collected in the sub-canopy and at the climate stations located across the Andrews forest, and potentially link with Lidar data on canopy structure and planned soil moisture measurements. Canopy thermal imaging and microclimate measurements have been established for ecophysiological applications such as monitoring the response of forest tree canopies to climate variations, including heat and drought stress.
Numbers of Eriophorum vaginatum inflorescences, both unclipped and clipped by small mammals, were counted in experimental small mammal exclosure plots, Arct LTER moist acidic tussock site, Toolik Field Station, Alaska, 1997 to 2015
Numbers of Eriophorum vaginatum inflorescences, both unclipped and clipped by small mammals, were counted in experimental plots. The plots are setup in moist acidic tussock tundra near Toolik Field Station, Alaska ((8 degrees 37' 27" N, 149 degrees 36' 27"W) and include fenced exclosures in both fertilized and unfertilized tundra.
Detection Probability of Red Wood Ants in Friedenweiler, Germany 2015
Estimation of population sizes and species ranges is central to population and conservation biology. It is widely appreciated that imperfect detection of mobile animals must be accounted for when estimating population size from presence-absence data. Sessile organisms also are imperfectly detected, but correction for detection probability in estimating their population sizes is rare. We illustrate challenges of detection probability and population estimation of sessile organisms using censuses of red wood ant (Formica rufa-group) nests as a case study. These ants, widespread in the northern hemisphere, can make large (up to 2m tall), highly visible nests. Using data from a two-day mapping campaign by eight individuals of 147 ant nests spread across sixteen 3600-m2 plots in the Black Forest region of southwest Germany, we developed a Bayesian model for quantifying detection probability of sessile organisms. Detection probabilities by individual observers of red wood ant nests ranged from 0.31 – 0.56, and depended on experience of the observers, size and density of nests, and habitat characteristics. Robust estimation of population density of sessile organisms—even highly apparent ones such as red wood ant nests—requires unbiased estimation of detection probability, just as it does when estimating population density of rare or cryptic species.
Red Maple Seedling Soil Warming Experiment in Harvard Forest Lath House 2015
Microhabitat environmental conditions are an important filter for seedling establishment, controlling the availability of optimal recruitment sites. Understanding how tree seedlings respond to warming soil temperature is critical for predicting population recruitment in the future hardwood forests of northeastern North America, particularly as environmental conditions and thus optimal microhabitat availabilities change. We examined the effect of 5˚C soil warming during the first growing season on germination, survival, phenology, growth, and stem and root biomass allocation in Acer rubrum (red maple) seedlings. While there was no effect of soil warming on germination or survival, seedlings growing in warmer soils demonstrated significantly accelerated leaf expansion, delayed autumn leaf senescence, and an extended leaf production period. Further, seedlings growing in warmer soils showed larger leaf area, stem and root structures at the end of the first growing season, with no evidence of biomass allocation tradeoffs. Results suggest A. rubrum seedlings can capitalize on soil warming by adjusting leaf phenology and leaf production, resulting in a longer period of carbon uptake and leading to higher overall biomass. The absence of growth allocation tradeoffs suggests A. rubrum will respond positively to increasing soil temperatures in northeastern forests, at least in the early life stages.
Leaf and Flower Phenology of Woody Plant Species at Harvard Forest and Southern Quebec 2015
Accurate predictions of spring plant phenology with climate change are critical for projections of growing seasons, plant communities and a number of ecosystem services, including carbon storage. Progress towards prediction, however, has been slow because the major cues known to drive phenology – temperature (including winter chilling and spring forcing) and photoperiod – generally covary in nature and may interact, making accurate predictions of plant responses to climate change complex and nonlinear. Alternatively, recent work suggests many species may be dominated by one cue, which would make predictions much simpler. Here, we manipulated all three cues across 28 woody species from two North American forests. Study sites were Harvard Forest and St. Hipplolyte, Quebec. Species were selected for this study based on their prevalence at the study sites; 28 species are included in this study. At each site, multiple cuttings of six or more representative individuals were collected. In total, we tracked the phenology of 2,137 cuttings from 275 individual source plants. All species responded to all cues examined. Chilling exerted a strong effect, especially on budburst (-15.8 d), with responses to forcing and photoperiod greatest for leafout (-19.1 and -11.2 d, respectively). Interactions between chilling and forcing suggest that each cue may compensate somewhat for the other. Cues varied across species, leading to staggered leafout within each community and supporting the idea that phenology is a critical aspect of species’ temporal niches. Our results suggest that predicting the spring phenology of communities will be difficult, as all species we studied could have complex, nonlinear responses to future warming.
Impacts of Hemlock Woolly Adelgid After Preventative Treatment in Lincoln MA 2015-2018
In 2007 the town of Lincoln, MA treated the hemlock stand at the Codman estate with root injections of imidacloprid to suppress the invasive insect Hemlock Wooly Adelgid (HWA). This hemlock grove is unique for this area of Massachusetts and dominated by eastern hemlock of approximately 2 feet in diameter with many trees reaching heights of over 120 feet. The treatment goal was to conserve the trees and the stand’s cathedral-like characteristics. To accomplish this goal, every big canopy tree was treated.
Northern Range Limit of Aphaenogaster picea in Maine 2015
Low temperatures at poleward range margins of terrestrial species tend to match cold tolerance limits, suggesting that range boundaries may be set by evolutionary constraints on cold physiology. The northeastern woodland ant, Aphaenogaster picea, occurs up to approximately 45 °N in central Maine. We combined presence-absence surveys with regression-tree analysis to characterize its northern range limit, and assayed two measures of cold tolerance operating on different time-scales to determine whether and how marginal populations adapt to environmental extremes. The boundary was predicted primarily by temperature, but low winter temperatures did not emerge as the primary correlate of species occurrence. Low summer temperatures and high seasonal variability predicted absence above the boundary, whereas high mean annual temperature (MAT) predicted presence in southern Maine. Locations between these zones formed an east-west band where presence was conditional on precipitation. In contrast, assays of cold tolerance across multiple sites indicated substantial local adaptation of cold tolerance at the range edge, with a 4-minute reduction in chill-coma recovery time across a 2-degree reduction in MAT. Baseline tolerance and capacity for additional plastic cold-hardening shifted in opposite directions, with hardening capacity approaching zero at the coldest sites. This trade-off suggests that populations at range edges may adapt to colder temperatures through genetic assimilation of plastic responses, potentially constraining further adaptation and range expansion.
Age of Nonstructural Carbohydrates in Four Tree Species at Harvard Forest 2015
We estimated the mean age of sugars within and between different organs of four temperate tree species using the radiocarbon (carbon-14) bomb spike approach. Radial patterns of carbon-14 in the stemwood and coarse roots showed that sugars tended to became older when moving towards the pith.
Soil Carbon and Nitrogen at the Harvard Farm at Harvard Forest since 2015
These data represent baseline soil bulk density and total soil carbon and nitrogen concentrations for the three grazing treatments at Harvard Farm: hay (no grazing), rotational grazing, and intensive grazing. These samples were collected at the beginning of the study, so any differences across plots or treatments are due to inherent soil variability at the site rather than the treatments themselves. These data were collected to establish the starting conditions with which to compare potential treatment effects at later sampling dates.
Vascular Flora Surveys of Permanent Plots at the Harvard Farm at Harvard Forest since 2015
The objectives of this study were to: (1) Determine the species richness and cover of vascular flora in 27 permanent plots at the Harvard Farm (established in HF236). (2) Track any changes in species richness and species dominance in the plant communities at each plot over time. (3) Observe any changes in invasive species richness and cover over time. (4) Identify differences between plant community composition of plots in constant grazing, rotational grazing, and mowing areas. These data were collected by Harvard Forest interns and may include some misidentifications, but they should be considered accurate for larger scale analyses of changes in the density of growth forms and invasive species. For more accurate species-level information, please see data collected every five years by Glenn Motzkin (HF236 with data from 2014 and 2019).
Spectral Vegetation Indices from Harmonized Landsat and Sentinel-2 Data for Harvard Forest 2015-2020
The goal of this work is to exploit time series of remotely sensed data sets with ground observations to improve our understanding of how seasonal variation in canopy and environmental conditions affect the relationship between vegetation indices and leaf area index (LAI) and fraction of absorbed photosynthetically active radiation (fAPAR). Using three different common vegetation indices (EVI2, NDVI, NIRV), we can estimate LAI, fAPAR, and daily absorbed photosynthetically active radiation (APAR) using a semi-empirical model.
PhenoCam Images and Canopy Phenology at the Harvard Forest Farm since 2015
The PhenoCam Network uses imagery from digital cameras to track vegetation phenology and seasonal changes in vegetation activity in diverse ecosystems across North America and around the world. Imagery is uploaded to the PhenoCam server at the University of New Hampshire, where it is made publicly available in near-real time, every 30 minutes from sunrise to sunset, 365 days a year. The data are processed using simple image analysis tools to yield a measure of canopy greenness, from which phenological metrics are extracted, characterizing the start and end of the growing season. These transition dates have been shown to align well with on-the-ground observations of tree phenology at Harvard Forest (HF003). Long-term PhenoCam data can be used to track the impact of climate variability and change on the rhythm of the seasons. This dataset contains one mid-day image for each camera. Please see the PhenoCam Network website (https://phenocam.nau.edu/webcam/) for more information and additional images.
Cascade Project at North Temperate Lakes LTER Core Data Phytoplankton 1984 - 2015
Data on epilimnetic phytoplankton from 1984-2015, determined by light microscopy from pooled Van Dorn samples at 100 percent, 50 percent, and 25 percent of surface irradiance. St. Amand (1990) and Cottingham (1996) describe the counting protocols in detail. Samples after 1995 were counted by Phycotech Inc. (http://www.phycotech.com). Sampling Frequency: varies; Number of sites: 5
Stage height, discharge, water temperature, pH, conductivity, and dissolved oxygen at Cascade Brook in Black Rock Forest, Cornwall, NY 1998 - 2015
Black Rock Forest established a stream monitoring station in the Cascade Brook watershed in 1998. The station is equipped with a 120-degree sharp-crested v-notch weir and was built to continuously monitor the flow, temperature, pH, conductivity, and dissolved oxygen content of the stream water in Cascade Brook in New York. The Cascade Brook watershed encompasses 135 hectares (334 acres), is generally a southern aspect, and has been little affected by human activity in the last century. The forest is deciduous and dominated by oak species. The station records data hourly, and while water chemistry sensors have been used intermittently through the decades, stage height and discharge has been measured consistently from1998 - 2015.
Time series of high-frequency meteorological data at Falling Creek Reservoir, Virginia, USA 2015-2025
This dataset consists of meteorological variables measured by a research-grade Campbell Scientific meteorological station deployed on the dam of Falling Creek Reservoir (37.3025, -79.83667). Falling Creek Reservoir (Vinton, Virginia, USA), is owned and operated by the Western Virginia Water Authority as a primary water source. The meteorological variables include photosynthetic active radiation, barometric pressure, ambient air temperature, relative humidity, rainfall, wind speed and direction, shortwave radiation, infrared radiation, and albedo. All variables were measured every 5 minutes from 2015-07-07 15:45:00 to 2015-07-13 11:28:00 (YYYY-MM-DD hh:mm:ss) and every minute thereafter to the end of the dataset at 2025-12-31 23:59:00. We applied substantial Quality Assurance/Quality Control (QA/QC) protocols to the raw observations, as described in the methods. The dataset is accompanied by a sensor maintenance log and QA/QC analysis scripts.
Time series of dissolved methane and carbon dioxide concentrations for Falling Creek Reservoir, Beaverdam Reservoir and Carvins Cove Reservoir in southwestern Virginia, USA during 2015-2025
Surface samples and depth profiles of carbon dioxide and methane concentrations were sampled from 2015 to 2025 in three drinking water reservoirs in southwestern Virginia, USA: Beaverdam Reservoir (Vinton, Virginia), Carvins Cove Reservoir (Roanoke, Virginia), and Falling Creek Reservoir (Vinton, Virginia). All three reservoirs are owned and operated by the Western Virginia Water Authority as primary or secondary drinking water sources for Roanoke, Virginia. The dataset consists of depth profiles of dissolved greenhouse gas (carbon dioxide, methane) samples measured at the deepest site of each reservoir adjacent to the dam. Additional surface samples were collected at a gauged weir on Falling Creek Reservoir's primary inflow tributary, from a wetland adjacent to Falling Creek Reservoir, and from the reservoir outflow. At Beaverdam Reservoir, additional samples were collected at three outflow sites below the dam and at the mid-reservoir outflow. Samples were collected approximately fortnightly from March-April, weekly from May-October, and monthly in November-February at Falling Creek Reservoir and Beaverdam Reservoir. Samples were collected twice in 2025 at Carvins Cove Reservoir. Additionally, upstream surface samples were taken at multiple tributaries in Carvins Cove Reservoir. In 2019, surface samples along the stream and reservoir continuum in both Falling Creek Reservoir and Beaverdam Reservoir were collected monthly during the summer stratified period. In 2025, littoral samples were collected from Falling Creek Reservoir monthly from June to October (see site descriptions file for geographic coordinates of sampling sites). A maintenance log and quality assurance/quality control analysis scripts accompany the data package.
Barn Tower Meteorological Station at Harvard Forest since 2015
The Barn Tower (40 m) was installed in 2009 to support meteorological and phenological measurements and to provide a relay point for the Harvard Forest field wireless network. A wind instrument was later installed at the top of the tower to provide continuous measurements of wind speed and direction.
Butterfly, Dragonfly and Damselfly Species at Harvard Forest 2015
I report on preliminary observations of butterflies in small meadows in the vicinity of “Harvard Farm” (formerly Petersham Country Club) in Petersham, MA, from 16-20 July 2015. I sampled butterflies at 10 locations over five days, visiting some areas twice. I documented (with digital photography) a total of 17 recognizable species/morpho-species, as well as 2-8 additional “grass skippers” which could not be identified to species. Initially I had planned to conduct a more organized survey, but most of the property had been grazed by the time I arrived in mid-July. This, combined with the late start date, meant that flowers – and nearly all butterflies – were absent at the Harvard Farm property during my visit. Instead, I opted to opportunistically sample several un-grazed meadows in the Petersham area, including North Common Meadow near the center of town and small meadows on Harvard Forest property, to develop a species list and photographic database of as many local butterflies as possible. From these surveys, the most numerous species were clouded/orange sulfur (Colias spp.; 34 individuals observed), followed by great spangled fritillary (Speyeria cybele; n = 32) and unidentified grass-skippers (various genera; n = 32). Moderately common species (n = 8-12) included Common wood-nymph (Cercyonis pegala), American copper (Lycaena phlaeas) and cabbage white (Pieris rapae); fewer than 4 individuals were recorded of: black/spicebush swallowtail (Papilio sp.), banded hairstreak (Satyrium calanus), gray hairstreak (Strymon melinus), azure (Celastrina ladon), eastern tailed-blue (Everes comyntas), pearl crescent (Phycioides tharos), eastern comma (Polygonia comma), Appalachian brown (Satyodes appalachia), northern pearly-eye (Enodia anthedon), and silver-spotted skipper (Epargyreus claras). These observations should be taken as preliminary, but may serve as a list of the most common and conspicuous butterfly taxa during mid-summer in the Petersham area, and could inform st
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Allen Brain Atlas
Allen Brain Atlas is an Allen Institute collection of brain map atlases, datasets, APIs, and analysis tools covering mouse, human, and non-human primate brain resources.
Annotated Behaviour and Observability Dataset (ABODe)
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DANDI Archive for NWB datasets
DANDI is a BRAIN Initiative archive for publishing and sharing neurophysiology data, including electrophysiology, optophysiology, and behavioral data packaged as NWB and related standards.
International Brain Laboratory public data
The International Brain Laboratory public data releases expose standardized mouse decision-making experiments, including Neuropixels recordings, widefield calcium imaging, behavior, and session metadata accessed through the ONE API.
OpenNeuro
OpenNeuro is a free, open platform for sharing neuroimaging datasets, with public search, dataset pages, and download paths for web, S3, DataLad, and the OpenNeuro CLI.