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12,237 results for “2019”
Spot and continuous seasonal pCO2 sensor measurements from lagoon and river sites along the Alaska Beaufort Sea coast, 2019-ongoing
pCO2 (partial pressure of carbon dioxide) was measured in multiple seasons and depths in coastal ecosystems as part of the Beaufort Lagoons Ecosystems LTER core sampling program. Sites include several Beaufort Lagoons from across the North Slope of Alaska and several river sites near the lagoons. Data includes averages of sensor data for each site and depth deployment of pCO2 (uatm), CO2 (ppm), water temperature (°C), and absolute pressure (kPa). Standard deviation is included for pCO2 (uatm). Surface measurements were taken either 30 cm below the water surface, or bottom of the ice in ice-cover season, and bottom measurements were taken 30 cm from the seafloor of the lagoons. For lagoon sites, data were logged every one or five minutes; for river sites data were recorded every five minutes. Each site and depth was recorded for at least 30 minutes and up to four hours and taken as spot measurement.
Yearly survey of barnacle settlement near creekbank plots at GCE LTER study sites in October 2019
To characterize spatial variation in barnacle recruitment at the creekbank, and across a gradient in salinity and distance to ocean, we deployed PVC poles to passive sample barnacle settlement. Eight poles were deployed between 4-5m apart adjacent to the creekbank vegetation monitoring plots at each GCE LTER permanent monitoring site each Fall beginning in 2012. These poles were then collected the following Fall and all barnacle that settled on the poles were identified and counted on 50cm-long sections of the 8, 3/4" diameter PVC poles. Four species settled on poles and were counted and recorded: Chthamalus fragilis, Balanus spp., Geukensia demissa, and Oysters (Crassostrea virginica).
Nutrient Network (NutNet) basic sampling at the Georgia Coastal Ecosystems LTER in summer 2019.
NutNet is a distributed ecological experiment with a sampling component and an experiment. The goal of this work was to conduct the NutNet sampling protocol at the GCE site. Comparisons can be made 1) within the GCE site, and 2) between GCE and other NutNet sites, most of which are terrestrial. More about Nutnet here: http://www.nutnet.umn.edu/.
ANPP, NDVI and canopy height in black sand extended growing season experiment, 2019 - 2023.
As a result of climate change, the Rocky Mountain Front Range is experiencing warmer summers and earlier snowmelt. Due to the importance of snow for regulating soil temperature, growing season length, and available moisture in alpine ecosystems, even small shifts in the snow-free period could have large impacts. The focus of the Black Sand Extended Growing Season Length Experiment is to examine how terrain-related differences in climate exposure influence the way alpine habitats respond to climate change via earlier snowmelt. To simulate how climate exposure may affect plant communities, NWT LTER researchers established 5 experimental sites, each containing a pair 10 x 40m rectangular plots. These sites include north and south facing aspects, subalpine and alpine tundra meadows and a range of hydrological conditions (e.g. dry meadows, moist meadows, wet meadows). We accelerated snowmelt in one plot at each site by adding chemically inert black sand, while keeping the second plot as an unmanipulated control; black sand was added to control plots after snow had naturally melted. This dataset includes measurements of aboveground net primary productivity, plant canopy height and NDVI.
Outdoor mesocosm study evaluating how mass, NaCl tolerance, and pesticide tolerance affect oxidative stress biomarkers (CAT, SOD, GR, GPx, TBARS) in larval wood frogs (Rana sylvatica) exposed to baseline and NaCl-contaminated conditions, 2019
Biomarkers of oxidative stress can aid in wildlife monitoring by allowing conservationists to detect sublethal environmental shifts. However, interpretation of stress responses can be complicated by multiple interacting factors (e.g., individual development, evolved physiological tolerance to stressors) which alter biomarker expression. Here, we investigated how individual ontogenetic traits and population-level tolerance traits influence oxidative stress responses under baseline and contaminated environmental conditions. For our model contaminant, we used NaCl (common freshwater contaminant due to factors such as coastal flooding, irrigation, airborne salt circulation, drought, runoff from road deicing salts). For our model wildlife populations, we used larval wood frogs (Rana sylvatica) from six noninteracting populations known to vary in two population-level tolerance traits: NaCl tolerance (calculated as average time to death from lethal NaCl exposure) and pesticide tolerance (determined by proxy of distance to agriculture - a consistent and highly repeatable relationship). At an outdoor research facility, R. sylvatica tadpoles were exposed to either baseline conditions (0 g/L NaCl added) or NaCl-contaminated conditions (1 g/L NaCl added for 21 days, then reduced to 0.5 g/L NaCl). Exposures were conducted in individual units with 40 replicates per population for each treatment. The experiment was terminated per individual to capture the full term of larval development (Developmental stage: Gosner stage 36), lasting between 33-48 days. For each individual, we measured mass, Snout-Vent-Length, and developmental stage before processing for biomarker expression. Individual homogenates were assayed for oxidative stress biomarkers superoxide dismutase (SOD; responsible for Reactive Oxygen Species capture and peroxide production), glutathione peroxidase (GPx; responsible for high-affinity peroxide reduction), catalase (CAT; responsible for low-affinity peroxide reducti
CVPIA Predation Contact Point Study - 2019: Impacts of Artificial Light At Night in the Sacramento – San Joaquin Delta
The Central Valley Project Improvement Act (CVPIA) has led to the implementation of a Decision Support Model (DSM) to assist in the prioritization of CVPIA restoration actions. The fall-run Chinook salmon DSM depends on a coarse-resolution salmon life-cycle model to predict the population benefits of different restoration actions and scenarios. One critical element of the life-cycle model is how to incorporate predation mortality during the juvenile rearing and outmigration portion of the salmon life-cycle in the Sacramento-San Joaquin Delta. Of particular importance to potential restoration activities, is the predation mortality that occurs in proximity to, and as a result of contact points between predator and prey fishes. A recent Literature review and meta-analysis of potential contact points in the Sacramento-San Joaquin Delta identified artificial lighting at night (ALAN) and submerged aquatic vegetation (SAV) as two contact points that have been found to influence predation elsewhere and warrant further study in this river delta (Lehman et al. 2019). Other contact points identified in this review that may affect predation of fall-run Chinook salmon juveniles included water diversions, docks, piers, scour holes, and rip rap; however, the literature on predator prey interactions associated with these contact points is lacking (Lehman et al. 2019). These datasets cover two different experiments in the Sacramento-San Joaquin Delta during spring 2019 from April - June. One experiment focused on artificial illumination and was a paired control impact study where new artificial illumination sources were introduced into the ecosystem. The other experiment relied on existing physical contact points (SAV, docks, pilings, bridges, and diversions) and assessed predation risk as a function of proximity to these points. Both experiments used predation event recorders to quantify relative predation risk and the ALAN experiment used Adaptive Resolution Imaging Sonar (ARIS) t
Solute dynamics in the hyporheic mesocosm in Watershed 1 at the H.J. Andrews Experimental Forest, 2019-2020
We investigated biogeochemistry along a 12-m hyporheic mesocosm that allowed for controlled testing of seasonal and spatial water quality changes along a flowpath with fixed geometry and constant flow rate. Water quality profiles of oxygen, carbon, and nitrogen were measured at 1-m intervals along the mesocosm over multiple seasons. dissolved oxygen (DO) and temperature profiles were monitored on 18 dates between May 2019 through August 2020. Grab samples to monitor profiles of carbon, nitrogen, and various other solutes along the mesocosm were collected in December 2019 and August 2020 to provide more comprehensive biogeochemical analyses at time points when the dissolved oxygen (DO) and temperature profiles were at or near the maximum seasonal differences. Mesocosm monitoring ceased abruptly due to the Holiday Farm Fire, which burned from September through October 2020, cutting off personnel access and electrical power to the mesocosm facility.
Sea ice thickness, snow depth, and sea ice freeboard in lagoon sites along the Alaska Beaufort Sea coast, 2019-ongoing
Physical parameters related to snow and sea ice have implications for lagoon circulation, sea-air heat exchange, and underwater light regimes. To understand these relationships and their greater effect on ecosystem function, the Beaufort Lagoon Ecosystem LTER (BLE LTER) uses in situ methods to assess snow depth, ice freeboard, and ice thickness in select water bodies across the Beaufort Sea coast (Elson Lagoon, Simpson Lagoon, Kaktovik Lagoon, Jago Lagoon, and Stefansson Sound). Sea ice thickness is the distance from sea ice bottom to top, not including snow. Freeboard, determined in the same drilled hole, is the distance from the surface of the water to the top of the ice, not including snow cover. These measurements are made annually, close to maximum ice thickness (typically April).
Free water metabolism (FWM) derived net ecosystem production (NEP) from lagoon sites along the Beaufort Sea Coast, Alaska, 2019-ongoing
Continuous measurements of dissolved oxygen (DO) in order to calculate daily values of free water metabolism (FWM) derived net ecosystem production (NEP) at several core Beaufort Lagoon Ecosystems LTER (BLE-LTER) stations. These deployments were done in addition to year-round core program BLE-LTER mooring deployments during the under ice sampling at surface and bottom depths (April/May), and during open water season in bottom depths (July/August). Gross primary production (GPP), ecosystem respiration (ER), and the sum of the two: net ecosystem production (NEP) are reported in mol C m-2 day-1.
Daily summer riverine and groundwater pCO2, dissolved oxygen, and ecosystem metabolism from sites along the Alaska Beaufort Sea coast, 2019-2022
Three riverine systems near Utqiaġvik, Alaska, are sampled regularly by the Beaufort Lagoon Ecosystems LTER (BLE LTER) Core Program in order to investigate biogeochemical linkages between terrestrial, lagoon, and open ocean ecosystems. Sampling includes one intermediate river, Avak Creek, and two smaller streams: the Mayoeak River (thermokarst stream) and a beaded stream. In 2019, 2021, and 2022, we performed additional sampling at these core program sites, with continuous monitoring of the streams between late June and August. Continuous measurements included riverine discharge, pCO₂, dissolved oxygen (DO), and ecosystem production, along with periodic grab samples of dissolved organic carbon (DOC). In 2022, there was also monitoring of groundwater wells at the two streams, capturing continuous hydraulic head and groundwater pCO₂, in addition to grab samples for DOC. Daily averages of continuous data and DOC laboratory results are presented for surface water and groundwater. This dataset is not part of the BLE Core Program and is not currently planned as an ongoing effort.
Total dissolved nitrogen (TDN), dissolved organic carbon (DOC), radiocarbon (14C-DOC), and stable carbon (13C-DOC) of surface waters from the Canning River watershed, 2019 and 2021
Sites along the Canning River mainstem and contributing streams near the Kavik River Camp, Alaska, were visited to track changes in stream and river total dissolved nitrogen (TDN) concentration, dissolved organic carbon (DOC) concentration, and the stable carbon (13C) and radiocarbon (14C) isotopic composition of DOC across transitions between the Brooks Range, Brooks foothills, and Arctic Coastal Plain. The dataset also includes water samples collected from lakes, springs, groundwater, and streams and rivers outside the Canning River watershed. Water samples were collected in late April and early August 2019 and in late July and early August 2021. Data include measurements of individual samples for TDN (milligrams nitrogen per liter), DOC (milligrams carbon per liter), carbon-13 of DOC (reported as delta-13C, per mil), carbon-14 of DOC (reported as fraction modern), and analytical error in the fraction modern values. Additional water chemistry data for these samples can be found in Koch et al. (2024). References: Koch, J. C., Connolly, C. T., Repasch, M., Best, H. R., Couvillion, C. S., Hunt, A. (2024). [Dataset] Hydrochemistry and age date tracers from springs, streams, and rivers in the Arctic National Wildlife Refuge, 2019-2022, U.S. Geological Survey data release, https://doi.org/10.5066/P95CXJIT.
Stable oxygen isotope ratios of water (H2O-d18O) from river, lagoon, and open ocean sites along the Alaska Beaufort Sea coast, 2019-ongoing
Multiple water types (river, lagoon, ocean) from the North Slope of Alaska and nearshore Beaufort Sea are sampled seasonally by the Beaufort Lagoon Ecosystems LTER (BLE LTER) Core Program to investigate biogeochemical linkages between terrestrial, lagoon, and open ocean ecosystems. Water samples are collected during full ice cover (April), ice break-up (mid-June to early July), and open water (late July and August) periods, and analyzed for delta 18O (ratio of oxygen-18 to oxygen-16) to use in mixing models for source water contribution.
Daily average pCO2, dissolved oxygen, and water quality in Elson Lagoon: 2019, 2021, 2022
pCO2 (partial pressure of carbon dioxide) and other physicochemical parameters were measured during the open water season (July-August) in three years (2019, 2021, 2022) at five sites in Elson Lagoon, a coastal ecosystem near Utqiagvik, AK, as a supplement to the Beaufort Lagoons Ecosystems LTER core sampling program. Locations include three shallow sites (<1 m water depth) at a depth of 0.5 m and two deep sites (up 2 m depth) at a depth of ~1.7m. Data includes daily averages of sensor data for each site of pCO2 (uatm), water temperature (°C), absolute pressure (kPa), salinity (ppt), dissolved oxygen (DO, mg/L), light extinction (Kd; m-1), and water level difference from mean tidal level (m). Discrete laboratory data for dissolved organic carbon (C; umol/L) and turbidity (NTU) are also presented.
Soil temperature at GCE core monitoring sites in the winter of 2019-2020
We deployed one hobo logger in each vegetation zone at each of the ten primary GCE monitoring sites, for a total of 20 loggers. The loggers were deployed at plot number 1 in each zone, to the “outside” (away from plot number 2), parallel in elevation with the middle of plot 1, buried 10 cm deep, lying horizontal, and tied with a string to the upper left hand (looking from the ocean towards the land) corner stake of the plot. Hobos were deployed during fall monitoring in October 2019, and set to start logging on October 15, 1 am, at 15 minute intervals, with the loggers set on Central Time (times were converted to UTC in post-processing). They were retrieved in April 2020 and files were trimmed to end on a standard date. Exact deployment and retrieval dates are on the attached adobe acrobat file.
Density Anomalies in White Pine at Harvard Forest 2019
The density of wood is a primary determinant of the amount of carbon sequestered in forests. For boreal and Mediterranean ecosystems, anomalies from the typical intra-annual density increase in radial growth of conifers are predominantly related to drought. We took 41 wood samples at breast height, ten additional samples near branches, and seven samples from the top of 41 white pines to determine the spatial distribution of density anomalies throughout the stem. We measured the ring width, density anomaly presence, position within a ring, and arc of density anomalies at multiple heights. Even in a mesic forest density anomalies in white pine are predominantly occurring during drier growing seasons. Moreover, we examined the spatial extent of density anomalies within the stems of white pines and discovered density anomalies are more likely to occur near branches, at the top of the tree, and in wider rings. Furthermore, the position of the density anomalies within the rings was remarkably consistent with the anomalies occurring roughly 80% into the fully formed ring at all heights for high-frequency years only as well as all years Density anomalies seem to be triggered by exogenous factors but their distribution within the stem varies along endogenous gradients, thus better understanding these systematic anomalies can help us to understand how wood formation has reacted and will respond to the environment and changes therein.
Nonstructural Carbohydrates in Defoliated Oaks in Central Massachusetts 2019-2020
Carbon starvation posits that defoliation- and drought-induced mortality results from drawing down stored nonstructural carbohydrates (NSCs), but evidence is mixed and mortality is often observed prior to full drawdown of NSCs. We tested the relationship between defoliation severity, NSC drawdown, and tree mortality by measuring NSCs in mature oak trees defoliated by Lymantria dispar across a natural experimental gradient of defoliation severity. We collected stem and root samples from oaks (Quercus rubra and Q. alba) in interior forests (n=34) and forest edges (n=47) in central Massachusetts, USA. Total NSC (TNC; sugar + starch) stores were analyzed with respect to tree size, species, and defoliation severity, which ranged between 5 and 100%. Forest edge trees had higher TNC stores that were less sensitive to defoliation than interior forest trees. However, TNC stores declined significantly in both groups with increasingly severe defoliation. Furthermore, we observed a mortality threshold of 1.5% dry weight TNC. Our study draws a direct link between insect defoliation and TNC reserves and defines a TNC threshold below which mortality is highly likely. These findings advance understanding and improve model parametrization of tree response to insect outbreaks, an increasing threat with globalization and climate change.
Impacts of Phloem Chilling on Mature Red Maples at Harvard Forest 2019
Whether tree growth is limited by carbon supply or demand is a crucial question due to wide-ranging repercussions for projections of carbon sequestration on land. By temporarily restricting phloem transport using stem chilling, which increases phloem sap viscosity to create local bottlenecks to phloem transport, we created gradients of carbon supply in stems of mature red maples during the first half of the growing season. These carbon supply gradients had clear effects on tree physiology with radial growth in particular varying up to almost seven-fold with carbon supply. Local bulk nonstructural carbon concentrations in stems and roots remained relatively stable, suggesting that they are not rapidly modulated in response to changes in supply and demand. However, phloem and leaf nonstructural carbon accumulated above chilling-induced bottlenecks and were associated with reductions in photosynthetic capacity as well as the advancement of leaf coloration and fall, supporting the idea of within-tree feedbacks reducing carbon supply when supply exceeds demand. Most strikingly, radial growth varied systematically with carbon supply up to almost seven-fold, indicating that growth of red maple during the early growing season is strongly carbon-supply limited. The code to process these data and reproduce our results is available at https://github.com/TTRademacher/Exp2019Analysis. For more details pertaining to the methods see Rademacher et al. (2021) and contact the investigator.
Oak Forest Response to Lymantria dispar Defoliation in Central Massachusetts since 2019
Invasive forest insects are a major global change driver, and the Northeastern U.S. is an invasion hotspot. Lymantria dispar is one of the region’s most destructive defoliators. After thirty years of quiescence, a surprisingly severe outbreak began in 2015 in southern New England, and by 2018 had caused dramatic oak mortality across thousands of forested acres. Lymantria dispar is considered a generalist, but in New England, oaks (Quercus sp.) are its preferred host trees. Oaks are key overstory trees in eastern North America. In New England, they have been a dominant component of the forest for thousands of years, and play a leading role in providing habitat, timber, and carbon sequestration. However, oak prominence is declining throughout New England. The reasons for oak’s decreasing abundance are the subject of lively debate but the role of L. dispar is likely underappreciated. Therefore, we need to understand the causes and consequences of oak dieback and mortality to this disturbance event, so that we can better predict responses to future outbreaks. To address this need, we established a set of permanent plots in central Massachusetts, chosen to capture a range of defoliation severity.
Carbon Cycle Dynamics in Soil Warming Experiments at Harvard Forest 2019
Microbes are responsible for cycling carbon (C) through soils, and predicted changes in soil C stocks under climate change are highly sensitive to shifts in the mechanisms assumed to control the microbial physiological response to warming. Two mechanisms have been suggested to explain the long-term warming impact on microbial physiology: microbial thermal acclimation and changes in the quantity and quality of substrates available for microbial metabolism. Yet studies disentangling these two mechanisms are lacking. To resolve the drivers of changes in microbial physiology in response to long-term warming, we sampled soils from 13- and 28-year-old soil warming experiments in different seasons. We performed short-term laboratory incubations across a range of temperatures to measure the relationships between temperature sensitivity of physiology (growth, respiration, carbon use efficiency, and extracellular enzyme activity) and the chemical composition of soil organic matter. We observed apparent thermal acclimation of microbial respiration, but only in summer, when warming had exacerbated the seasonally-induced, already small dissolved organic matter pools. Irrespective of warming, greater quantity and quality of soil carbon increased the extracellular enzymatic pool and its temperature sensitivity. We propose that fresh litter input into the system seasonally cancels apparent thermal acclimation of C-cycling processes to decadal warming. Our findings reveal that long-term warming has indirectly affected microbial physiology via reduced C availability in this system, implying that earth system models including these negative feedbacks may be best suited to describe long-term warming effects on these soils.
Cascade Project at North Temperate Lakes LTER Core Data Nutrients 1991 - 2019
Physical and chemical variables are measured at one central station near the deepest point of each lake. In most cases these measurements are made in the morning (0800 to 0900). Vertical profiles are taken at varied depth intervals. Chemical measurements are sometimes made in a pooled mixed layer sample (PML); sometimes in the epilimnion, metalimnion, and hypolimnion; and sometimes in vertical profiles. In the latter case, depths for sampling usually correspond to the surface plus depths of 50percent, 25percent, 10percent, 5percent and 1percent of surface irradiance. The 1991-1999 chemistry data was obtained from the Lachat auto-analyzer. Like the process data, there are up to seven samples per sampling date due to Van Dorn collections across a depth interval according to percent irradiance. Voichick and LeBouton (1994) describe the autoanalyzer procedures in detail. Nutrient samples were sent to the Cary Institute of Ecosystem Studies for analysis beginning in 2000. The Kjeldahl method for measuring nitrogen is not used at IES, and so measurements reported from 2000 onwards are Total Nitrogen.
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Allen Brain Atlas
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DANDI Archive for NWB datasets
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International Brain Laboratory public data
The International Brain Laboratory public data releases expose standardized mouse decision-making experiments, including Neuropixels recordings, widefield calcium imaging, behavior, and session metadata accessed through the ONE API.
OpenNeuro
OpenNeuro is a free, open platform for sharing neuroimaging datasets, with public search, dataset pages, and download paths for web, S3, DataLad, and the OpenNeuro CLI.