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17 results for “Abiotic diversity”
Interactive and unimodal relationships between plant biomass, abiotic factors, and plant diversity in global grasslands
<p>The R file CodeGrasslandBiomass contains all R code necessary to reproduce all results of the manuscript “Interactive and unimodal relationships between plant biomass, abiotic factors, and plant diversity in global grasslands” based on the data in the csv file DataGB.</p> <p> </p>
Learning‐induced switching costs in a parasitoid can maintain diversity of host aphid phenotypes although biocontrol is destabilized under abiotic stress
<p>Aphid populations frequently include phenotypes that are resistant to parasitism by hymenopterous parasitoid wasps, which is often attributed to the presence of 'protective' facultative endosymbionts residing in aphid tissues, particularly <em>Hamiltonella defensa</em>. In field conditions, under parasitoid pressure, the observed coexistence of aphids with and without protective symbionts cannot be explained by their difference in fitness alone.</p> <p>Using the cereal aphid <em>Rhopalosiphum padi</em> as a model, we propose an alternative mechanism whereby parasitoids are more efficient at finding common phenotypes of aphid and experience a fitness cost when switching to the less common phenotype.</p> <p>We construct a model based on delay differential equations and parameterise and validate the model with values within the ranges obtained from experimental studies. We then use it to explore possible effects on system dynamics under conditions of environmental stress, using our existing data on the effects of drought stress in crops as an example.</p> <p>We show the 'switching penalty' incurred by parasitoids leads to stable coexistence of aphids with and without <em>H. defensa</em> and provides a potential mechanism for maintaining phenotypic diversity amongst host organisms. We show that drought-induced reduction in aphid development time has little impact. However, greater reduction in fecundity on droughted plants of symbiont-protected aphids can cause insect population cycles when the system would be stable in the absence of drought stress.</p> <p>The stabilising effect of the increased efficiency in dealing with more commonly encountered host phenotypes is applicable to a broad range of consumer-resource systems and could explain stable coexistence in competitive environments. The loss of stable coexistence when drought has different effects on the competing aphid phenotypes highlights the importance of scenario testing when considering biocontrol for pest management.</p>
Data from: Functional identity regulates aboveground biomass better than trait diversity along abiotic conditions in global forest metacommunities
<p>Although several studies have identified the effects of functional trait diversity (FTD) and/ or identity, i.e., the community-weighted mean (CWM) of a trait, on aboveground biomass (AGB) along abiotic conditions, these effects on AGB in global forest metacommunities are still largely unexplored. Here, we modelled the effects of abiotic (i.e., climate, soil and plot physical conditions) and biotic [i.e., FTD, CWM of conservative traits (CWMCT), CWM of acquisitive traits (CWMAT), and functional dominance (FunDom; based on CWM of plant maximum height or diameter)] factors on AGB in 76 forest metacommunities (from 24 studies). Using multiple linear regression models and piecewise structural equation modeling (pSEM), we tested the hypothesis that both abiotic and biotic factors regulate AGB, but that the mass ratio mechanism underpins AGB of metacommunities in global forests better than the niche complementarity mechanism. We found that abiotic and biotic factors contributed 45.39% and 54.07%, respectively, to the explained variance in AGB (<i>R<sup>2</sup></i> = 0.59), and as such, abiotic factors shaped FTD (<i>R<sup>2</sup></i> = 0.42 to 0.48), CWMCT (<i>R<sup>2</sup></i> = 0.33 to 0.36), CWMAT (<i>R<sup>2</sup></i> = 0.27 to 0.33), and FunDom (<i>R<sup>2</sup></i> = 0.59 to 0.61) through divergent effect sizes and directions. The final best-fitted pSEM showed that FunDom increased (<i>β</i> = 0.49) but CWMCT (<i>β</i> = -0.35) and CWMAT (<i>β</i> = -0.11) decreased AGB (<i>R<sup>2</sup></i> = 0.52) as compared to the negligible effect of FTD (<i>β</i> = 0.04). This study supports the mass ratio effect, specifically the overruling role of tall-stature or dominant trees on AGB, at a macroecological scale, and hence, suggests that a suitable species' functional strategy is important to promote carbon sequestration in forest metacommunities that underpins human well-being. We expect that our study will advance the field of biodiversity – ecosystem functioning at a macroecological scale by using the metacommunity concept and approach.</p>
Data from: Functional identity regulates aboveground biomass better than trait diversity along abiotic conditions in global forest metacommunities
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Learning‐induced switching costs in a parasitoid can maintain diversity of host aphid phenotypes although biocontrol is destabilized under abiotic stress
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Abiotic drivers of co-occurrence and diversity patterns of Calopterygidae species in Amazonian protected freshwaters
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Data from: Abiotic and habitat drivers of tick vector abundance, diversity, phenology and human encounter risk in southern California
The distribution, abundance and seasonal activity of vector species, such as ticks and mosquitoes, are key determinants of vector-borne disease risk, and are strongly influenced by abiotic and habitat conditions. Despite the numerous species of tick vectors in the heavily populated North American West Coast, all but Ixodes pacificus, the primary vector of the Lyme disease spirochete, is poorly characterized with regard to seasonal activity patterns and fine scale drivers of distribution and abundance, particularly in heavily populated regions of southern California. This lack of knowledge inhibits both scientific understanding and public health efforts to minimize vector exposure and risk of pathogen transmission to humans. Here we address this gap by characterizing the abiotic and habitat drivers of the distribution, abundance, and diversity of the vector tick community using fine scale temporal surveys over two seasons (2014 and 2015) across coastal and inland regions of Santa Barbara County, CA. We also characterize patterns of seasonal activity of the more common vector species to understand seasonality in risk of vector exposure, and specifically focus on human encounter risk using standardized tick drags as our method of collection. Leveraging plot-level habitat and abiotic variables in partial least squares regression analysis, we find the seven different vector species collected in this study have divergent drivers of activity and abundance. For example, I. pacificus is strongly associated with dense forest habitats and cool and moist microclimates, while Dermacentor occidentalis and Dermacentor variabilis, competent vectors of Rocky Mountain Spotted Fever, were found to be more tolerant of higher average temperatures and more open habitats. These results suggest that I. pacificus may be expected to experience reductions in geographic distribution and seasonal activity under projected land cover and climate change in coastal southern California, while D. occidentalis may experience more limited effects. We discuss implications for changing tick-borne disease risk associated with pathogens transmitted by Ixodes as well as Dermacentor species ticks in the western US, and contrast these predictions with eastern North America.
Megafruit and megafauna diversity are positively associated, while megafruit traits are related to abiotic factors, in Tropical Asia
<p class="Body"><b>Aim</b></p> <p class="Body">For tens of millions of years, herbivorous megafauna were abundant across the globe, fulfilling important ecological roles including seed dispersal. Megafruits are very large fruits that are dispersed most effectively by megafauna. However, megafruits also occur in ecosystems where megafauna are extinct or were never present, emphasizing our incomplete understanding of megafauna-megafruit relationships. Here we use the complex biogeography of tropical Asia to investigate how megafruit diversity and traits are associated with the diversity of megafauna, smaller animals, and abiotic factors.</p> <p class="Body"><b>Location</b></p> <p class="Body">Tropical Asia, from the Indian subcontinent in the west to tropical China in the north to the Maluku archipelago (Indonesia) in the east.</p> <p class="Body"><b>Time period</b></p> <p class="Body">Late Pleistocene to the present day.</p> <p class="Body"><b>Major taxa studied</b></p> <p class="Body">Megafauna (body weight >500 kg) that consume fruits, including stegodons, elephants, rhinoceroses, giant tapirs, and large bovids. Fleshy-fruited plant species across the region with a fruit width >40 mm (i.e., megafruits).</p> <p class="Body"><b>Methods</b></p> <p class="Body">We compiled a list of all megafruits along with selected plant, fruit, and seed traits in 16 subregions across tropical Asia. We explored biogeographic patterns in megafruit diversity and traits in relation to the diversities of past and present megafauna, large- and medium-sized animals and abiotic factors (mean temperature, mean precipitation, precipitation seasonality, insularity).</p> <p class="Body"><b>Results</b></p> <p class="Body">We identified 496 megafruits in tropical Asia. Megafruit diversity was highest in subregions with high megafaunal diversity, particularly extant species. Megafruit traits were influenced most strongly by abiotic factors (mainly temperature and land area), and weakly by megafauna and smaller dispersers.</p> <p class="Body"><b>Main conclusions</b></p> <p class="Body">Our results are consistent with megafauna maintaining or responding to megafruit diversity, but variation in megafruit traits is primarily associated with abiotic factors. Given the massive megafaunal losses in tropical Asia since the Late Pleistocene, it is important to identify fruit traits that can increase megafauna-dependence and thus vulnerability to these losses.</p>
Dataset on abiotic conditions, diversity of different taxa and connectivity indices for a floodplain case study in Austria
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Functional traits of both specific alien species and receptive community but not community diversity determined the invasion success under biotic and abiotic conditions
<p><span>Biodiversity can provide some resistance to alien species in some cases, but not in others. The observed paradoxical results may be related to several reasons, including variations in abiotic and/or biotic conditions, alien species characteristics, and the fact that the species number cannot adequately reflect native community diversity. A comprehensive study that incorporates these elements is lacking.</span></p> <p><span>We constructed invasion systems using nine alien plant species and 12 native communities, composed of two diversity levels (three vs. six species), under different nitrogen (N) and arbuscular mycorrhiza fungi (AMF) </span><span>inoculation</span><span> conditions. We used this fully crossed factorial experiment, i.e. N</span><span> (low vs. high) × native community diversity (three vs. six species) × AMF (with vs. without), to systematically explore the invasion success in native communities. </span></p> <p><span>We found that the species number of </span><span>native communities</span><span> didn't affect </span><span>invasion success under any of the N or AMF conditions. The effects of N enrichment and AMF inoculation on invasion were not consistent between alien species and native communities based on their phenotypic plasticity of functional traits in response to N enrichment and AMF inoculation. Specifically, the changing of invasion in response to N enrichment and AMF inoculation was associated with the plasticity of plant height and </span><span>root mass fraction</span><span> (RMF) that reflects the competitiveness for the acquisition of light and soil resources.</span></p> <p><span>Our results that species number did not capture well the resistance of the native community suggested that the </span><span>simple expression of species richness is not realistic to describe the invasion resistance of the community. Additionally, the association between functional traits of both alien species and native communities and </span><span>invasion success suggested that changes in competitive advantage and resource acquisition strategy are more important in explaining changes in invasive success in different N and AMF conditions.</span></p> <p><span>Future studies are needed to explore invasion success by systematically considering the characteristics of invasive species and the native community, and the specific abiotic and biotic conditions. Using functional traits may help advance our understanding of plant invasion in broad circumstances and shed light on a generalized framework of biological invasion.</span></p>
Data from: Abiotic and habitat drivers of tick vector abundance, diversity, phenology and human encounter risk in southern California
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Megafruit and megafauna diversity are positively associated, while megafruit traits are related to abiotic factors, in Tropical Asia
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Functional traits of both specific alien species and receptive community but not community diversity determined the invasion success under biotic and abiotic conditions
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Is drought tolerance a domestication trait in tepary bean?: Allelic diversity at abiotic stress responsive genes in cultivated Phaseolus acutifolius A. Gray and its wild relatives
<p>Some of the major impacts of climate change are expected in the poorest regions of the world where drought stress and nutrient deficiency are already a main issue. Legumes are an essential food crop for the poorest because of their high dietary protein and micronutrient contents. However, they are generally drought susceptible. Therefore, our goal in this study was to explore allele diversity at abiotic stress responsive candidate genes in the only drought tolerant cultivated bean species of the genus <i>Phaseolus</i>, tepary bean (<i>P. acutifolius</i> A. Gray) and its related species <i>P. parvifolius </i>Freytag. Specifically, we estimated drought tolerance in 52 tepary bean <i>s.l.</i> geo-referenced germplasm accessions from the <i>P. acutifolius</i>–<i>parvifolius</i> clade using climate information, and used this estimated drought stress index to examine allele correlations with <i>Asr2</i>, <i>Dreb2B</i> and ERECTA-encoding candidate genes for drought tolerance. Genetic clustering showed that cultivated and wild <i>P. acutifolius</i> were intermingled with <i>P. acutifolius </i>var.<i> tenuifolius</i> and <i>P. parvifolius</i>, signifying that allele diversity at candidate genes for drought tolerance was not scarce in tepary bean <i>s.l</i>. <i>Dreb2B</i> and ERECTA-encoding genes harbored signatures of directional/purifying selection, likely in favor of adaptive alleles selectively advantageous because each had two SNPs significantly correlated (<i>p-value</i> < 0.05) with habitat drought stress at six and 12 months. These results suggest that tepary bean <i>s.l. </i>is a reservoir of novel alleles at candidate genes for drought tolerance, as expected for a drought-tolerant species that originated in warmer and arid environments. Abiotic stress responsive candidate genes also exhibit comparable patterns of selective signatures when comparing orthologous across species, which speaks for a predominant role of gene sub-functionalization likely due to ecological constrains. Our study therefore corroborates that the candidate gene approach is still an effective alternative for marker validation across a broader genetic basis of germplasm accessions. Further efforts to determine the genetic architecture of drought tolerance will unlock novel alleles hidden in a crop with limited modern relevance as tepary bean, but capable of acting as a donor in backcrossing and genome editing strategies with elite common bean lines aiming to meet the imminent demands of a drier world.</p>
Data from: Effects of abiotic environmental factors and land use on the diversity of carrion-visiting silphid beetles (Coleoptera: Silphidae): a large scale carrion study
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Is drought tolerance a domestication trait in tepary bean?: Allelic diversity at abiotic stress responsive genes in cultivated Phaseolus acutifolius A. Gray and its wild relatives
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Data from: Effects of abiotic environmental factors and land use on the diversity of carrion-visiting silphid beetles (Coleoptera: Silphidae): a large scale carrion study
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