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FIGURE 2. Phylogenetic relationships within the genus Abrodictyum, from a in Abrodictyum inexpectatum, an unexpected new fern species (Hymenophyllaceae, Polypodiidae) for Madagascar, as revealed by an integrative approach

FIGURE 2. Phylogenetic relationships within the genus Abrodictyum, from a BI analysis on rbcL sequences, only in-group is shown. The values on nodes are Posterior Probabilities (PP) superior to 0.90. The pink box shows the Afro-Malagasy clade, all other species are from Asia, Australasia and/or Pacific islands, or from Neotropics (A. rigidum). A. aff. angustimarginatum (in bold) = A. inexpectatum Dubuisson & Rouhan sp. nov.

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FIGURE 1 in Abrodictyum inexpectatum, an unexpected new fern species (Hymenophyllaceae, Polypodiidae) for Madagascar, as revealed by an integrative approach

FIGURE 1. Comparison of some Malagasy Abrodictyum. A‒B: A. aff. angustimarginatum (Bonap.) J.P. Roux (= A. inexpectatum Dubuisson & Rouhan sp. nov.; G. Rouhan s.n., P02434058). A. Habitus. B. Detail of terminal segments, scale = 0.5 mm. C‒D: A. angustimarginatum (L. Bauret et al. 144, P02434057). C. Habitus. D. Detail of terminal segments, scale = 0.5 mm. E‒G: A. franceae Bauret & Dubuisson (G. Rouhan 1602, P02434061). E. Habitus in the wild. F. Detail of the diagnostic curled pinnules in the wild. G. Detail of terminal segments, scale = 0.5 mm. (A, C & E: photographs by L. Bauret).

FIGURE 3 in New circumscription of Trichomanes cupressoides Desvaux (Hymenophyllaceae), an endemic filmy fern from the Seychelles (Indian Ocean), and new insights into the genus Abrodictyum C.Presl in the western Indian Ocean

FIGURE 3. Details of pinnules and ultimate segments. A. Seychellois Abrodictyum cupressoides (Rouhan 135, P00696126). B. Malagasy Abrodictyum « cupressoides » (Rakotondrainibe 6229, P00243868). C. Malagasy Abrodictyum «rigidum» (Rakotondrainibe 6111, P00212654). D. Trichomanes boivinii (Rouhan 326, P00749272). E. Abrodictyum guineense (Jongkind 5504, P06243593). F. Trichomanes madagascariense (Rouhan 367, P00749322). Scale = 500 μm.

FIGURE 4 in New circumscription of Trichomanes cupressoides Desvaux (Hymenophyllaceae), an endemic filmy fern from the Seychelles (Indian Ocean), and new insights into the genus Abrodictyum C.Presl in the western Indian Ocean

FIGURE 4. Bayesian phylogeny inferred from rbcL sequences. Support values on nodes are posterior probabilities. The three morphotypes (see text and Fig. 1) are outlined by a box. The dotted line defines the Africa-Indian Ocean clade close to neotropical Trichomanes (see text). The arrow shows the valid A. rigidum (according to the type). Tr = trichomanoid lineage; Ab = subgenus Abrodictyum; Pa = subgenus Pachychaetum; T = genus Trichomanes.

FIGURE 2 in New circumscription of Trichomanes cupressoides Desvaux (Hymenophyllaceae), an endemic filmy fern from the Seychelles (Indian Ocean), and new insights into the genus Abrodictyum C.Presl in the western Indian Ocean

FIGURE 2. Comparison of the three morphotypes. A. Malagasy Abrodictyum «cupressoides» (Rouhan 267, P00749196). B. Seychellois Abrodictyum cupressoides (Rouhan 135, P00696126). C. Malagasy Abrodictyum «rigidum» (Rakotondrainibe 6111, P00212654). Scale = 2 cm.

FIGURE 1 in New circumscription of Trichomanes cupressoides Desvaux (Hymenophyllaceae), an endemic filmy fern from the Seychelles (Indian Ocean), and new insights into the genus Abrodictyum C.Presl in the western Indian Ocean

FIGURE 1. In situ population of Abrodictyum cupressoides in the rainforest understory in Seychelles, Mont du Nord, Mahé Island. Abrodictyum cupressoides can locally form dense populations while other Abrodictyum species in the region seem more sparsely distributed (photograph by B. Senterre).

FIGURE 5 in Discussion on the taxonomy of African fern Abrodictyum rigidum (Sw.) Ebihara & Dubuisson and description of two new Abrodictyum C.Presl species (Hymenophyllaceae, Polypodiidae) for the Afro-Malagasy region

FIGURE 5. Bayesian phylogeny inferred from rbcL sequences showing relationships within genus Abrodictyum (noted A). Support values on nodes are posterior probabilities. The species/populations studied and compared here are shown in coloured boxes (the colours used here are arbitrary). T = trichomanoids. Clades noted α and β are commented in text.

FIGURE 1 in Discussion on the taxonomy of African fern Abrodictyum rigidum (Sw.) Ebihara & Dubuisson and description of two new Abrodictyum C.Presl species (Hymenophyllaceae, Polypodiidae) for the Afro-Malagasy region

FIGURE 1. Comparison of three Abrodictyum species in situ, which show a similar gross morphology but are clearly molecularly distinct according to Bauret et al. (2015). A. A. rigidum (Sw.) Ebihara & Dubuisson, Guadeloupe (photograph by J.-Y. Dubuisson); B. Abrodictyum sp1 (= A. pseudorigidum Bauret & Dubuisson, sp. nov.), Madagascar (photograph by L. Bauret); C. Abrodictyum sp2 (= A. franceae Bauret & Dubuisson, sp. nov.), Madagascar (photograph by L. Bauret); D. Abrodictyum sp2 (= A. franceae sp. nov.), the fronds are often more or less curled in the wild as shown here (photograph by L. Bauret).

FIGURE 4 in Discussion on the taxonomy of African fern Abrodictyum rigidum (Sw.) Ebihara & Dubuisson and description of two new Abrodictyum C.Presl species (Hymenophyllaceae, Polypodiidae) for the Afro-Malagasy region

FIGURE 4. Multivariate analyses. PCA (above) and CDA (below) results for selected trait ratios. The PCA shows the contribution of each trait to overall morphological variation; the CDA shows the distribution of the four taxa in morphological 2-D trait space.

FIGURE 7 in Discussion on the taxonomy of African fern Abrodictyum rigidum (Sw.) Ebihara & Dubuisson and description of two new Abrodictyum C.Presl species (Hymenophyllaceae, Polypodiidae) for the Afro-Malagasy region

FIGURE 7. Abrodictyum franceae Bauret & Dubuisson, sp. nov. (G. Rouhan et al. 267, holotype P00749196). A. Habitus; B. Detail of a pinna with sori; C. Detail of indusium; D. Detail of laminar cells, the arrow shows the margin.

FIGURE 6 in Discussion on the taxonomy of African fern Abrodictyum rigidum (Sw.) Ebihara & Dubuisson and description of two new Abrodictyum C.Presl species (Hymenophyllaceae, Polypodiidae) for the Afro-Malagasy region

FIGURE 6. Abrodictyum pseudorigidum Bauret & Dubuisson, sp. nov. (F. Rakotondrainibe 2708, holotype P00059914). A. Habitus; B. Detail of a pinna, the arrows show some of the sori; C. Detail of a terminal pinnule with a basal sorus; D. Detail of indusium; E. Detail of laminar cells, the arrow shows the margin.

FIGURE 2 in Discussion on the taxonomy of African fern Abrodictyum rigidum (Sw.) Ebihara & Dubuisson and description of two new Abrodictyum C.Presl species (Hymenophyllaceae, Polypodiidae) for the Afro-Malagasy region

FIGURE 2. Proportional synthetic and schematic representations, at the same scale, of the frond gross morphology of the studied taxa and populations taking into account length and width mean values (see Table 2).

FIGURE 3 in Discussion on the taxonomy of African fern Abrodictyum rigidum (Sw.) Ebihara & Dubuisson and description of two new Abrodictyum C.Presl species (Hymenophyllaceae, Polypodiidae) for the Afro-Malagasy region

FIGURE 3. Multivariate analyses. PCA (above) and CDA (below) results for selected quantitative traits. The PCA shows the contribution of each trait to overall morphological variation; the CDA shows the distribution of the four taxa in morphological 2-D trait space.

FIGURE 4. A in Taxonomic study of the fern genera Abrodictyum C.Presl and Trichomanes L. (Hymenophyllaceae, Polypodiidae) in the western Indian Ocean, and description of a new Abrodictyum species for Madagascar

FIGURE 4. A. Habitus of Abrodictyum angustimarginatum (Bonap.) J.P.Roux (L. Bauret et al. 144, P02434057). B. Habitus of A. pachyphlebium (C.Chr.) Bauret & Dubuisson (G. Rouhan et al. 331, P00749278).

FIGURE 1 in Taxonomic study of the fern genera Abrodictyum C.Presl and Trichomanes L. (Hymenophyllaceae, Polypodiidae) in the western Indian Ocean, and description of a new Abrodictyum species for Madagascar

FIGURE 1. Polymorphism in lamina shape of some similar Abrodictyum species in the western Indian Ocean. A. Narrowly cylindrical brush-like Malagasy A. cylindratum Dubuisson sp. nov. (G. Rouhan 1219; photograph by G. Rouhan). B. Habitus of a narrowly cylindrical brush-like Malagasy A. cylindratum Dubuisson sp. nov. (G. Rouhan et al. 1595, P02434066). C. Habitus of La Réunion A. meifolium (Bory ex. Willd) Ebihara & K.Iwats. exhibiting the shape of the species type with elliptic-lanceolate brush-like fronds (J.-Y. Dubuisson HR-2003- 2, P). D. Habitus of La Réunion A. meifolium with lanceolate plane fronds, specimen with such frond shape would correspond to distinct Trichomanes parviflorum Poir. according to Tardieu-Blot (2008) (J.-Y. Dubuisson HR-2003-2, P). E. Plane form of T. parviflorum in the wild, La Réunion (photograph by L. Bauret).

FIGURE 6. A in Taxonomic study of the fern genera Abrodictyum C.Presl and Trichomanes L. (Hymenophyllaceae, Polypodiidae) in the western Indian Ocean, and description of a new Abrodictyum species for Madagascar

FIGURE 6. A. Habitus of Trichomanes boivinii Bosch (F. Rakotondrainibe 1788, P00100302). B. Habitus of T. madagascariense (Bosch) T.Moore (G. Rouhan et al. 367, P00749322).

FIGURE 5 in Taxonomic study of the fern genera Abrodictyum C.Presl and Trichomanes L. (Hymenophyllaceae, Polypodiidae) in the western Indian Ocean, and description of a new Abrodictyum species for Madagascar

FIGURE 5. Abrodictyum tamarisciforme (Jacq.) Ebihara & Dubuisson A. As epiphytes on a tree fern trunk in montane forest in La Réunion (photograph by L. Bauret). B. Habitus (J.-Y. Dubuisson HR-1999-11, P).

FIGURE 3 in Taxonomic study of the fern genera Abrodictyum C.Presl and Trichomanes L. (Hymenophyllaceae, Polypodiidae) in the western Indian Ocean, and description of a new Abrodictyum species for Madagascar

FIGURE 3. Bayesian phylogeny inferred from rbcL sequences showing relationships within genus Abrodictyum (noted A) and Trichomanes (noted T). Support values on nodes are posterior probabilities. The new taxonomic treatment discussed here is indicated on the right. Taxa in coloured boxes represent Afro-western Indian Ocean clades here noted α and β as discussed in the text.

FIGURE 2 in Taxonomic study of the fern genera Abrodictyum C.Presl and Trichomanes L. (Hymenophyllaceae, Polypodiidae) in the western Indian Ocean, and description of a new Abrodictyum species for Madagascar

FIGURE 2. Anatomical details of pinnae, pinnules and segments for Abrodictyum and Trichomanes species of the western Indian Ocean. A. Capillary segments with a thin lamina of one row of cells of brush-like A. meifolium (Bory ex Willd.) Ebihara & K.Iwats (J.-Y. Dubuisson HR-2003-2, P). B. Details of capillary segments of brush-like A. meifolium (J.-Y. Dubuisson HR-2003-21, P). C. Segments with thin lamina of A. meifolium (H. Humbert 17766, P01526554), such similar segments are also observed in plane T. parviflorum Poir. D. Details of segments with thin lamina of A. meifolium (H. Humbert 17766, P01526554), such similar segments are also observed in plane T. parviflorum. E. Segments with homogeneous thin lamina of A. angustimarginatum (Bonap.) J.P. Roux (F. Rakotondrainibe 6392, P00244962, first identified as T. aff. meifolium). F. Pinnules of A. pachyphlebium (C.Chr.) Bauret & Dubuisson (G. Rouhan et al. 331, P00749278). G. Segments of A. tamarisciforme (Jacq.) Ebihara & Dubuisson with the particular distinct marginal row of cells (as detailed in inset) (J.-Y. Dubuisson HR-2002-15, P02433297). H. Pinnules of T. boivinii Bosch (F. Rakotondrainibe 1788, P00100302). I. Pinnae of T. madagascariense (Bosch) T. Moore (G. Rouhan et al. 367, P00749322).