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5 results for “Acanthopleura granulata”
The iron-responsive genome of the chiton Acanthopleura granulata
<p>Molluscs biomineralize structures that vary in composition, form, and function, prompting questions about the genetic mechanisms responsible for their production and the evolution of these mechanisms. Chitons (Mollusca, Polyplacophora) are a promising system for studies of biomineralization because they build a range of calcified structures including shell plates and spine- or scale-like sclerites. Chitons also harden the calcified teeth of their rasp-like radula with a coat of iron (as magnetite). Here we present the genome of the West Indian fuzzy chiton Acanthopleura granulata, the first from any aculiferan mollusc. The A. granulata genome contains homologs of many genes associated with biomineralization in conchiferan molluscs. We expected chitons to lack genes previously identified from pathways conchiferans use to make biominerals like calcite and nacre because chitons do not use these materials in their shells. Surprisingly, the A. granulata genome has homologs of many of these genes, suggesting that the ancestral mollusc may have had a more diverse biomineralization toolkit than expected. The A. granulata genome has features that may be specialized for iron biomineralization, including a higher proportion of genes regulated directly by iron than other molluscs. A. granulata also produces two isoforms of soma-like ferritin: one is regulated by iron and similar in sequence to the soma-like ferritins of other molluscs, and the other is constitutively translated and is not found in other molluscs. The A. granulata genome is a resource for future studies of molluscan evolution and biomineralization.</p> <p> </p>
The iron-responsive genome of the chiton Acanthopleura granulata
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Figure 3 in The shell-eyes of the chiton Acanthopleura granulata (Mollusca, Polyplacophora) use pheomelanin as a screening pigment
Figure 3. High-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) elution profile of the degradation products of the pigment that we extracted from the valves of the chiton Acanthopleura granulata (where absorption was set at 280 nm). The solid line represents the digestion product of the extracted pigment. For reference, the dashed line represents the same digestion reaction minus the pigment. The inset shows an elution profile for the degradation products of synthetic pheomelanin (DOPA-cysteine melanin) from Panzella et al. (2007), a paper whose methods we replicated. We hypothesize that the distinct peak that we see at 30 min in our elution profile represents BTCA, a diagnostic degradation product of pheomelanin.
Figure 2 in The shell-eyes of the chiton Acanthopleura granulata (Mollusca, Polyplacophora) use pheomelanin as a screening pigment
Figure 2. Absorption spectra of the pigment that we extracted from the valves of the chiton Acanthopleura granulata. The black line represents freshly extracted pigment. The grey line represents the same sample of pigment after it had been digested in alkaline hydrogen peroxide for 14 h. Note that digestion by hydrogen peroxide causes: (1) the absorption peak in the visible wavelengths to drop and shift towards shorter wavelengths; and (2) the appearance of degradation products that absorb strongly in the UV wavelengths. Both of these observations are consistent with the degradation of pheomelanin by hydrogen peroxide.
Figure 1 in The shell-eyes of the chiton Acanthopleura granulata (Mollusca, Polyplacophora) use pheomelanin as a screening pigment
Figure 1. The results of using sodium hydroxide to extract pigment from the decalcified shell plates of the eyed chiton Acanthopleura granulata. (A) An image taken before bleaching, where the dark spots are the rings of screening pigment associated with the shell-eyes (the arrow points to a single eye). The same red-brown pigment is expressed around the shell-eyes and, more broadly, in the proteinaceous extra-cellular matrix that surrounds the eyes and aesthetes. (B) The same valve after 48 h in 1 M sodium hydroxide at room temperature. The scale bar represents 1 mm.
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