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1D layered structures of the accretionary prism beneath the DONET stations

Description We converted the smooth depth-varying velocity structure model of <a href="https://doi.org/10.1038/s41467-017-02276-8">Tonegawa et al. (2017)</a> to a 5-layer model beneath each DONET station. The physical parameters of each layer are listed in the vmodel.csv. The thicknesses of each layer were determined by fitting the depth-averaged S-wave velocities derived by <a href="https://doi.org/10.1038/s41467-017-02276-8">Tonegawa et al. (2017)</a>. For example, if the depth-averaged VS of <a href="https://doi.org/10.1038/s41467-017-02276-8">Tonegawa et al. (2017)</a> become the VS of layer 1 at a certain depth, this depth is considered as the bottom of layer 1. In DONET_layeredData.csv, the estimated bottom depths of each layer are listed.    For seismic wave propagation simulation For simulations of seismic wave propagation along the Nankai Trough, the 3D model used in the simulations was basically constructed from the <a href="https://www.jishin.go.jp/evaluation/seismic_hazard_map/lpshm/12_choshuki_dat/">Japan Integrated Velocity Structure Model</a> (JIVSM) (<a href="https://www.iitk.ac.in/nicee/wcee/article/WCEE2012_1773.pdf">Koketsu et al., 2012</a>). The JIVSM onshore and outer-rise sedimentary structures and structures beneath bedrock were fixed. To construct 3D model of the accretionary prism from layered S wave velocity models in "DONET_layeredData.csv," each station's bottom depths were interpolated and extrapolated via the ‘Surface’ gridding algorithm in Generic Mapping Tools software (GMT; Wessel et al. 2013). Interpolation and extrapolation were only applied within the region of the accretionary prism (Figure S1 of <a href="https://doi.org/10.1093/gji/ggaa404%20">Takemura, Yabe & Emoto 2020</a>). By using interpolated and extrapolated data of layer bottom depths and physical parameters (vmodel.csv), we can obtain 3D model of the accretionary prism along the Nankai Trough.  We confirmed very similar simulation results between smooth depth-varying and layered accretionary prism models.    Smooth depth varying model case <ul> <li><a href="https://doi.org/10.1007/s00024-018-2013-8">Takemura, Kubo et al., 2019</a> </li> <li><a href="https://doi.org/10.1029/2019GL082448">Takemura, Matsuzawa et al., 2019</a></li> </ul> Layered model case <ul> <li>Figures S3, S4 of <a href="https://doi.org/10.1093/gji/ggaa404%20">Takemura, Yabe & Emoto 2020</a></li> </ul>   Related papers For citing general information of this dataset, please include this data DOI and the following references <ul> <li>Tonegawa, T., Araki, E., Kimura, T. et al. (2017). Sporadic low-velocity volumes spatially correlate with shallow very low frequency earthquake clusters. Nat Commun 8, 2048 <a href="https://doi.org/10.1038/s41467-017-02276-8">https://doi.org/10.1038/s41467-017-02276-8</a></li> <li>Takemura, S., Yabe, S., & Emoto (2020), K. Modelling high-frequency seismograms at ocean bottom seismometers: effects of heterogeneous structures on source parameter estimation for small offshore earthquakes and shallow low-frequency tremors, Geophys. J. Int., 223 (3), 1708-1723, <a href="https://doi.org/10.1093/gji/ggaa404">https://doi.org/10.1093/gji/ggaa404</a> </li> </ul>

Fig. 10 in Jurassic and Cretaceous gastropods from hydrocarbon seeps in forearc basin and accretionary prism settings, California

Fig. 10. Examples of "folded" rather than crushed shells. A. Paskentana globosa sp. nov. (CAS 70394) from Knoxville (Lower Cretaceous; site 9). B. Paskentana paskentaensis (Stanton, 1895) (UCMP 154113) from Rice Valley (Hauterivian?; site 3). C. Atresius liratus (CAS 70405) from Rocky Creek (Valanginian; site 7).

Fig. 9 in Jurassic and Cretaceous gastropods from hydrocarbon seeps in forearc basin and accretionary prism settings, California

Fig. 9. Gastropods of uncertain affinities from Early Cretaceous seep carbonates in California, USA. A. Stanton's (1895) "Cerithium" sp. (USNM 23081) from Cold Fork of Cottonwood Creek (Albian; site 1), image taken with light microscope (A1) and with SEM (specimen uncoated, A2). B. Fusiform gastropod (CAS 70403) from Rocky Creek (Valanginian; site 7). C. High−spired gastropod (CAS 70404) from W Berryessa (probably Valanginian; site 11).

Fig. 8 in Jurassic and Cretaceous gastropods from hydrocarbon seeps in forearc basin and accretionary prism settings, California

Fig. 8. Gastropods of uncertain taxonomic position, Atresius liratus Gabb, 1869 and Bathypurpurinopsis stantoni sp. nov., from Early Cretaceous seep carbonates in California, USA. A–F. Atresius liratus. A. Specimen (CAS 70395) with broad shoulder, from Rocky Creek (Valanginian; site 7). B. Specimen (CAS 70396) from Rocky Creek, note fine spiral sculpture on shoulder. C. Specimen (CAS 70397) with strong axial ribs, from Rocky Creek. D. Large specimen (CAS 70398) with rounded basal margin, from Rocky Creek. E. Specimen (USNM 23075a) illustrated by Stanton (1895: pl. 11: 6). F. Another specimen (USNM 23075b) from Stanton's lot with fewer but stronger spirals, and a more angular basal margin. G–L. Bathypurpurinopsis stantoni, from Cold Fork of Cottonwood Creek (Albian; site 1). G. Specimen (CAS 70399) with thin apertural fold and preserved siphonal column. H. Specimen (CAS 70400) with excavated aperture. I. Specimen (UCMP 555102) showing fine spiral sculpture and sinuous growth lines. J. Specimen (CAS 70401) with well−developed apertural fold, note the indented shell on the left. K. Holotype (CAS 70402). L. Smooth specimen (UCMP 555103) with excavated aperture.

Fig. 7 in Jurassic and Cretaceous gastropods from hydrocarbon seeps in forearc basin and accretionary prism settings, California

Fig. 7. Abyssochrysoid gastropod Paskentana spp. from Late Jurassic and Early Cretaceous seep carbonates in California, USA. A–C. Paskentana berryessaensis sp. nov. A. Holotype (UCMP 555098), small specimen with nodular sculpture from NW Berryessa (Tithonian; site 10). B. Paratype (UCMP 555099), specimen with beaded spiral cords from NW Berryessa (Tithonian; site 10). C. Paratype (UCMP 555100) from Bear Creek (Valanginian; site 4), specimen with spiral sculpture and fine axial growth increments. D–F. Paskentana globosa sp. nov. D. Paratype (UCMP 555101) from Little Indian Valley (Valanginian?; site 6). E. Holotype (CAS 70394), large specimen from Knoxville (Early Cretaceous?, site 9). F. Rubber cast of a last whorl, from Knoxville.

Fig. 6 in Jurassic and Cretaceous gastropods from hydrocarbon seeps in forearc basin and accretionary prism settings, California

Fig. 6. Abyssochrysoid gastropod Paskentana paskentaensis (Stanton, 1895) from Late Jurassic and Early Cretaceous seep carbonates in California, USA. A. Small specimen (CAS 70392) with strong scaly sculpture from Bear Creek (Valanginian; site 4); apertural (A1) and lateral (A2) views. B. Specimen (CAS 70393) with broad shoulder from Bear Creek (Valanginian; site 4). C. Specimen (UCMP 555097) with broad shoulder and almost smooth spiral sculpture, from Little Indian Valley (Valanginian?; site 6). D. Juvenile specimen (UCMP 555104) from Bear Creek (Valanginian; site 4), close−up on first whorls (D1) and entire specimen (D2). E. Isolated partial larval shell (UCMP 555105) from Bear Creek (Valaginian; site 4) that most likely belongs to Paskentana paskentaensis. F. Specimen (UCMP 154113) without shoulder and fine scaly sculpture, from Rice Valley (Hauterivian?; site 3). G. Specimen (UCMP 13701) without shoulder, from Wilbur Springs (Hauterivian; site 5). H. "Turbo" wilburensis Stanton, 1895 (pl. 12: 15), lectotype (USNM 23068) from Wilbur Springs (Hauterivian; site 5). I. "Turbo" paskentaensis Stanton, 1895 (pl. 12: 6), lectotype (USNM 23067) from Paskenta (Tithonian; site 2). J, K. "Turbo?" humerosus Stanton, 1895 from Wilbur Springs (Hauterivian; site 5). J. Lectotype (USNM 23072). K. Paralectotype (specimen illustrated by Stanton 1895: pl. 12: 10).

Fig. 4 in Jurassic and Cretaceous gastropods from hydrocarbon seeps in forearc basin and accretionary prism settings, California

Fig. 4. Late Jurassic and Early Cretaceous eucyclid Amberleya spp. from seep carbonates in California, USA. A–C. Amberleya dilleri Stanton, 1895, type specimens from Paskenta (site 2). A. Spire of juvenile specimen (USNM23074a). B. Spire of large specimen (USNM 23074b). C. Lectotype (USNM 23074c) showing the aperture. D. Amberleya cf. dilleri (UCMP 555090) from NW Berryessa (site 10). E–I. Amberleya morganensis (Stanton, 1895) from Rocky Creek (site 7). E. Lectotype (USNM 23071). F. Spire (CAS 70386) with two tuberculate spiral cords. G. View on flank and basal margin (CAS 70387). H. Spire (CAS 70388) with lower tuberculate spiral largely concealed by succeeding whorl. I. Specimen (CAS 70389) with narrow apical angle. F–I, rubber casts.

Fig. 3 in Jurassic and Cretaceous gastropods from hydrocarbon seeps in forearc basin and accretionary prism settings, California

Fig. 3. Hand sample and petrographic thin section (plane polarized light) occurrences of selected Mesozoic seep gastropod fossils, California, USA. A. Fossil coquina of Paskentana paskentensis from Bear Creek (site 4) carbonate pod. B. Thin section photomicrograph of Bathypurpurinopsis stantoni in clotted micrite with pore−filling fibrous cement, from Cold Fork of Cottonwood Creek (site 1). C. Longitudinal section through Paskentana paskentensis encased in early diagenetic (seafloor) anhedral yellow calcite cement (dark; cf. Campbell et al. 2002), with pores filled by lighter−colored fibrous cement, from Paskenta (site 2). D. Small individual of Paskentana paskentensis preserved in clotted micrite within serpulid worm tube; Bear Creek site (site 4).

Fig. 1 in Jurassic and Cretaceous gastropods from hydrocarbon seeps in forearc basin and accretionary prism settings, California

Fig. 1. Mesozoic (solid circles) and Cenozoic (open circles) seep carbonate occurrences, California, showing their broad geologic setting and overall geographic extent over ~130 m.y. and>600 km along the continental margin. Numbered sites indicate the 16 fossil gastropod−bearing deposits of this study. Relevant geologic features of the north−south trending, Mesozoic– Paleogene convergent margin include: belts of mélange, broken formation and ophiolites (Franciscan Accretionary Complex and Coast Range Ophiolite, CRO); siliciclastic forearc turbidites (Great Valley Group); and present−day root of the volcanic arc (Sierra Nevada Batholith). Geology simplified from the 1:2,500,000 Geologic Map of California (1966, U.S. Geological Survey and California Division of Mines and Geology). Appendix 1 lists locality data, ages and fossil lists for each of the 16 sites. 1, Cold Fork of Cottonwood Creek; 2, Paskenta; 3, Rice Valley; 4, Bear Creek; 5, Wilbur Springs; 6, Little Indian Valley; 7, Rocky Creek; 8, Foley Canyon; 9, Knoxville; 10, NW Berryessa; 11, W Berryessa; 12, E Berryessa; 13, Romero Creek; 14, Moreno Gulch; 15, Gravelly Flat; 16, Charlie Valley.

Fig. 2 in Jurassic and Cretaceous gastropods from hydrocarbon seeps in forearc basin and accretionary prism settings, California

Fig. 2. Stratigraphic distribution of the 16 fossil−bearing, seep carbonate deposits of this study (Fig. 1), correlated with petrofacies (Ingersoll, 1983, for Sacramento Valley), and a Buchia bivalve biostratigraphy (Tithonian through Valanginian stages; Jones et al., 1969, as modified by Bralower, 1990). Geologic time divisions (Gradstein et al. 2004) for each stage are shown to the nearest 1 m.y. Ages of these seep carbonate deposits are relatively poorly known, with most sites resolved to stage level only. A few others are even more poorly known, e.g., probable Early Cretaceous age, and one is more finely resolved to sub−stage level (i.e., Late Campanian). Tithonian and Valanginian sites comprise the majority of the gastropod−rich deposits, with relative ages constrained by a six species Buchia zonation. Hauterivian sites contain the seep−restricted brachiopod, Peregrinella whitneyi (see Campbell and Bottjer, 1995, for discussion of caveats with respect to using this genus to establish relative ages). Albian and younger Cretaceous sites are dated based on ammonite occurrences. See Appendix for complete fossil lists. Most deposits occur within forearc mudstone of the Great Valley Group, except for two sites (3, 5) associated with serpentinite (diapir) deposits. A further two (6, 16) are enclosed in accretionary prism rocks of the Franciscan Complex, and one (3) is in a Great Valley outlier within Franciscan rocks. Similar seep fossil assemblages and associated buchiids allow relative age correlations for these Franciscan−related deposits.

Fig. 5 in Jurassic and Cretaceous gastropods from hydrocarbon seeps in forearc basin and accretionary prism settings, California

Fig. 5. Late Jurassic and Early Cretaceous abyssochrysoids Hokkaidoconcha spp. and Abyssochrysos? giganteum sp. nov. from seep carbonates in California, USA. A–C. Hokkaidoconcha occidentalis (Stanton, 1895). A. Lectotype (USNM 23077) from Paskenta (Tithonian; site 2). B. Specimen (CAS 70391) with well−developed spiral sculpture from Wilbur Springs (Hauterivian; site 5). C. Specimen (UCMP 555091) with poorly developed spiral sculpture from NW Berryessa (Tithonian; site 10). D, E. Hokkaidoconcha tehamaensis sp. nov. from Paskenta (Tithonian; site 10). D. Holotype (UCMP 555092); apertural (D1) and lateral (D2) views. E. Paratype (CAS 70390), note fading axial ribs on flank. F, G. Hokkaidoconcha morenoensis sp. nov. from Moreno Gulch (Santonian; site 14) F. Holotype (LACMIP 13483) with well−developed axial ribs and spiral sculpture on base. G. Paratype (LACMIP 13484) with fading axial ribs on later whorls. H. Hokkaidoconcha bilirata sp. nov., holotype (UCMP 555093) from Wilbur Springs (Hauterivian; site 5). I. Hokkaidoconcha sp. (UCMP 555094) from NW Berryessa (Tithonian; site 10). J, K. Abyssochrysos? giganteum sp. nov. from E Berryessa (Lower Cretaceous; site 12). J. Holotype (UCMP 555095). K. Paratype (UCMP 555096).

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FIG. 3 in Structure and genesis of the Taukha Mesozoic accretionary prism (southern Sikhote-Alin, Russia)

FIG. 3. — Generalized cross-section of the Taukha terrane and stratigraphic columns. Abbreviations: Er, Erdagouskaya unit; Gr, Gorboushinskaya unit; Sk, Skalistorechenskaya unit.

FIG. 4 in Structure and genesis of the lower structural unit of the Samarka Jurassic accretionary prism (Sikhote-Alin, Russia)

FIG. 4. — Cross-sections across the Samarka terrane in the Samarka village (A) and Uborka village (B) areas.

FIG. 2 in Structure and genesis of the lower structural unit of the Samarka Jurassic accretionary prism (Sikhote-Alin, Russia)

FIG. 2. — Location of studied areas. Abbreviations: A, Arsen'evsky; C, Central Sikhote-Alin; M, Meridional; MF, Mishan-Fushung faults.

FIG. 7 in Structure and genesis of the lower structural unit of the Samarka Jurassic accretionary prism (Sikhote-Alin, Russia)

FIG. 7. — Generalized section of the Samarka prism and stratigraphic columns of allocated tectonostratigraphic units. See legend on Figs 2 and 5.

FIG. 1 in Structure and genesis of the lower structural unit of the Samarka Jurassic accretionary prism (Sikhote-Alin, Russia)

FIG. 1. — Tectonostratigraphic terranes of the Sikhote-Alin and adjacent areas. After Khanchuk (1994). Abbreviations: CSAF, Central Sikhote-Alin fault; MFF, Mishan-Fushung faults.

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FIG. 8 in Structure and genesis of the lower structural unit of the Samarka Jurassic accretionary prism (Sikhote-Alin, Russia)

FIG. 8. — Model of the mechanism of olistostrome formation. See legend on Fig. 5.

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FIG. 6 in Structure and genesis of the lower structural unit of the Samarka Jurassic accretionary prism (Sikhote-Alin, Russia)

FIG. 6. — Geological reconstruction of the Sikhote-Alin region at the end of Early Cretaceous; A, Arsen'evsky; C, Central Sikhote- Alin; M, Meridional; MF, Mishan-Fushung faults.