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Figs 86–109 in Four new monoraphid diatom species (Bacillariophyta, Achnanthaceae) from the Maritime Antarctic Region

Figs 86–109. Psammothidium superpapilio Kopalová, Zidarova & Van de Vijver sp. nov. Light and scanning electron micrographs of the type population on Byers Peninsula (Livingston Island). 86–95. LM views of rapheless valves. 96–105. LM views of raphe valves. 106. SEM external view of an entire raphe valve. 107. SEM internal view of an entire raphe valve. 108. SEM external view of an entire rapheless valve. 109. SEM internal view of an entire rapheless valve. Scale bars represent 10 µm.

Figs 58–85 in Four new monoraphid diatom species (Bacillariophyta, Achnanthaceae) from the Maritime Antarctic Region

Figs 58–85. Psammothidium confusoneglectum Kopalová, Zidarova & Van de Vijver sp. nov. Light and scanning electron micrographs of the type population on Byers Peninsula (Livingston Island). 58–70. LM views of raphe valves. 71–82. LM views of rapheless valves. 83. SEM external view of an entire raphe valve. 84. SEM external view of an entire rapheless valve. 85. SEM internal view of an entire rapheless valve. Scale bars represent 10 µm.

Figs 1–13 in Four new monoraphid diatom species (Bacillariophyta, Achnanthaceae) from the Maritime Antarctic Region

Figs 1–13. Achnanthes kohleriana Kopalová, Zidarova & Van de Vijver sp. nov. Light micrographs of the type population from Deception Island (South Shetland Islands, Antarctica). 1–16. LM views of raphe valves. 7–12. LM views of rapheless valves. 13. LM view of a girdle view. Scale bar represents 10 µm.

Figs 25–57 in Four new monoraphid diatom species (Bacillariophyta, Achnanthaceae) from the Maritime Antarctic Region

Figs 25–57. Planothidium wetzelectorianum Kopalová, Zidarova & Van de Vijver sp. nov. Light and scanning electron micrographs of the type population in Monolith Lake (James Ross Island). 25. LM view of a girdle view. 26–38. LM views of raphe valves. 39–52. LM views of rapheless valves. 53. SEM external view of an entire raphe valve. 54. SEM external detail of the areolae. 55. SEM internal view of the raphe and the striae. Note the hymenes on the areolae. 56. SEM external view of an entire rapheless valve. 57. SEM internal view of an entire rapheless valve. Scale bars represent 10 µm for Figs 25–52, 1 µm for Figs 53–57.

Figs 20–24 in Four new monoraphid diatom species (Bacillariophyta, Achnanthaceae) from the Maritime Antarctic Region

Figs 20–24. Achnanthes kohleriana Kopalová, Zidarova & Van de Vijver sp. nov. Scanning electron micrographs of the type population from Deception Island (South Shetland Islands, Antarctica). 20. SEM girdle view of an entire frustule. 21. SEM external view of a raphe valve. 22. SEM external detail of the areolae with the typical cribrate structure. 23. SEM external detail of the apex with the typical terminal orbiculus. 24. SEM internal view of an entire rapheless valve. Arrows show the rapheless sternum. Scale bars represent 10 µm for Figs 20, 21 & 24, 1 µm for Fig. 22 and 5 µm for Fig. 23.

FIGURES 36–40 in A new freshwater species Achnanthes licunese sp. nov. (Achnanthaceae, Bacillariophyta) from pebbles of Licun River, Shandong Province, China

FIGURES 36–40. Achnanthes licunese sp. nov. SEM, the internal view of araphid valve (ARV). 36. internal view of the whole valve. 37. central area of ARV. 38. detailed internal view of virgae and areolae 39–40. apices of ARV. Scale bars: 10 µm (36); 2 µm (37); 1 µm (38–40).

FIGURES 21–23 in A new freshwater species Achnanthes licunese sp. nov. (Achnanthaceae, Bacillariophyta) from pebbles of Licun River, Shandong Province, China

FIGURES 21–23. Achnanthes licunese sp. nov. SEM, girdle view. 21. a complete girdle view of the frustule and the cone-shaped spines (arrows). 22–23. middle detail of 21, showing the areolae and silica granules on the girdle bands (wavy arrows). Scale bar: 10 µm (21); 2 µm (22–23).

FIGURES 28–31 in A new freshwater species Achnanthes licunese sp. nov. (Achnanthaceae, Bacillariophyta) from pebbles of Licun River, Shandong Province, China

FIGURES 28–31. Achnanthes licunese sp. nov. SEM, the internal view of raphid valve (RV). 28. internal view of the whole valve. 29. central area of the valve, showing the proximal raphe ends, and central raphe endings are hookshaped. 30. detail of the internal areolae, showing the areolae is not occluded by the complex cribra. 31. apices of the valve, showing the detail view of areolae (arrows), terminal raphe fissure, helictoglossae, and margin of valve. Scale bars: 10 µm (28); 2 µm (29); 1 µm (31); 0.5 µm (30).

FIGURES 24–27 in A new freshwater species Achnanthes licunese sp. nov. (Achnanthaceae, Bacillariophyta) from pebbles of Licun River, Shandong Province, China

FIGURES 24–27 Achnanthes licunese sp. nov. SEM, the external view of raphid valve (RV). 24. external view of the whole valve. 26. central area of RV, showing the proximal raphe ends. 25, 27. apices of the valve, showing the terminal raphe fissure and areolae. Scale bars: 10 µm (24); 2 µm (26); 1 µm (25, 27).

FIGURES 32–35 in A new freshwater species Achnanthes licunese sp. nov. (Achnanthaceae, Bacillariophyta) from pebbles of Licun River, Shandong Province, China

FIGURES 32–35. Achnanthes licunese sp. nov. SEM, the external view of araphid valve (ARV). 32. external view of the whole valve. 34. central area of ARV. 33, 35. details of the apices of the valve, showing areolae and spines on the valve. Scale bars: 10 µm (32); 2 µm (34); 1 µm (33, 35).

FIGURES 3–20 in A new freshwater species Achnanthes licunese sp. nov. (Achnanthaceae, Bacillariophyta) from pebbles of Licun River, Shandong Province, China

FIGURES 3–20. Achnanthes licunese sp. nov. LM. 3–8. frustule in girdle view. 9–14. size diminution series of raphe valve. 15–20. size diminution series of rapheless valve. Scale bar: 10 μm.

FIGURES 1–2 in A new freshwater species Achnanthes licunese sp. nov. (Achnanthaceae, Bacillariophyta) from pebbles of Licun River, Shandong Province, China

FIGURES 1–2. Achnanthes licunses sp. nov. LM, the live cells 1. An unprocessed cell in girdle view. 2. Two unprocessed cells in girdle view. Scale bar: 10 μm.

TABLE 1 in A new freshwater species Achnanthes licunese sp. nov. (Achnanthaceae, Bacillariophyta) from pebbles of Licun River, Shandong Province, China

<p><b>TABLE 1.</b> Comparison of morphological characteristics of <i>Acnanthes licunese sp.nov.</i> and closely related taxa.</p><table><tbody><tr><th>Species/feature</th><th>Dimension Length(µm)</th><th>Width(µm)</th><th>Valve outline</th><th>center</th><th>Apices</th><th>Striae in 10 µm on RV</th><th>Striae in 10 µm on ARV</th><th>Spines</th><th>Marginal ridge</th><th>Terminal orbiculi on ARV</th><th>Habitat</th><th>Sources</th></tr></tbody><tbody><tr><th><i>A. licunese sp.nov.</i></th><td>38.0–53.5</td><td>10.0–12.5</td><td>linear to linear-lanceolate</td><td>slightly constricted</td><td>obtuse</td><td>9–10</td><td>9–10</td><td>cone-shaped, distributed along the margin on the ARV</td><td>absent</td><td>absent</td><td>Freshwater</td><td>This study</td></tr><tr><th><i>A. secretitaeniata</i> K.Toyoda & Ji. Tanaka</th><td>18.0–67.0</td><td>9.0–13.0</td><td>lanceolate to linear-lanceolate</td><td>slightly constricted</td><td>broadly rounded</td><td>9–11</td><td>8–10</td><td>plate-like, at each apex</td><td>present</td><td>absent</td><td>Brackish water</td><td>Heudre <i>et al.</i>, 2020</td></tr><tr><th><i>A. sinaensis</i> (Hustedt) Levkov, Tofilovska & Wetzel</th><td>32.5–43.0</td><td>8.5–11.5</td><td>linear to linear-lanceolate</td><td>slightly broad</td><td>broadly rounded to trunctate</td><td>10–11</td><td>10–11</td><td>absent</td><td>present</td><td>present</td><td>Freshwater</td><td>Tofilovska <i>et al.</i>, 2014</td></tr><tr><th><i>A. prominula</i> Levkov & Tofilovska</th><td>18.5–43.0</td><td>8.5–10.5</td><td>linear-lanceolate or elliptic-lanceolate</td><td>slightly broad</td><td>attenuated and narrowly rounded</td><td>11–12</td><td>10–12</td><td>absent</td><td>present</td><td>present</td><td>Freshwater</td><td>Tofilovska <i>et al.</i>, 2014</td></tr><tr><th><i>A</i>. <i>coarctata</i> (Brébisson & Smith) Grunow</th><td>29.0–44.5</td><td>7.0–9.5</td><td>biundulate</td><td>constricted</td><td>attenuated and narrowly rounded or rostrate and rounded</td><td>12–14</td><td>12–14</td><td>absent</td><td>present</td><td>present</td><td>Freshwater</td><td>Tofilovska <i>et al.</i>, 2014</td></tr></tbody></table>

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Figs 14–19 in Four new monoraphid diatom species (Bacillariophyta, Achnanthaceae) from the Maritime Antarctic Region

Figs 14–19. Achnanthes kohleriana Kopalová, Zidarova & Van de Vijver sp. nov. Scanning electron micrographs of the type population from Deception Island (South Shetland Islands, Antarctica). 14. SEM external view of an entire raphe valve. 15. SEM external detail of the areolae with the typical cribrate structure. 16. SEM external view of the distal raphe ending. 17. SEM external detail of the central area. 18. SEM internal detail of the central area showing the hooked proximal raphe endings. 19. SEM internal view of an entire raphe valve. Scale bars represent 10 µm for Figs 14 & 19, 1 µm for Fig. 15 and 5 µm for Figs 16–18.