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Figure 1 in Biological characterization of the obligate symbiosis between Acropyga sauteri Forel (Hymenoptera: Formicidae) and Eumyrmococcus smithii Silvestri (Hemiptera: Pseudococcidae: Rhizoecinae) on Okinawa Island, southern Japan

Figure 1. Schematic design of cubic clod sampling. (a) Protocol for sampling in June 2002; (b) protocol for sampling in January 2002. At each sampling event we randomly chose a ground surface area for sampling clods, from which individuals of Acropyga sauteri and its symbiont Eumyrmococcus smithii were collected. The dates of sampling events and the numbers and sizes of areas and cubic clods are listed in Table I.

Figure 10 in Biological characterization of the obligate symbiosis between Acropyga sauteri Forel (Hymenoptera: Formicidae) and Eumyrmococcus smithii Silvestri (Hemiptera: Pseudococcidae: Rhizoecinae) on Okinawa Island, southern Japan

Figure 10. Seasonal changes in the average numbers (with SE) of individuals of Eumyrmococcus smithii per colony and the age structure (percentage of components). Numerals above the bars indicate the sample size (presumed number of ant colonies). ''Pupa'' here includes pupae of both sexes and male prepupa, which were difficult to discriminate when not on slides.

Figure 13 in Biological characterization of the obligate symbiosis between Acropyga sauteri Forel (Hymenoptera: Formicidae) and Eumyrmococcus smithii Silvestri (Hemiptera: Pseudococcidae: Rhizoecinae) on Okinawa Island, southern Japan

Figure 13. First-instar nymph, right side shows venter of the nymph; left side shows dorsum of the nymph. Anal lobe setae are long, but here only a part of the setae are drawn. Scale bar: 0.1 mm.

Figure 4 in Biological characterization of the obligate symbiosis between Acropyga sauteri Forel (Hymenoptera: Formicidae) and Eumyrmococcus smithii Silvestri (Hemiptera: Pseudococcidae: Rhizoecinae) on Okinawa Island, southern Japan

Figure 4. Schematic illustration of the presumed life cycle of Eumyrmococcus smithii. The first-instar nymph is followed by the pupa and adult in the female and by the prepupa, pupa, and adult in the male.

Figure 12 in Biological characterization of the obligate symbiosis between Acropyga sauteri Forel (Hymenoptera: Formicidae) and Eumyrmococcus smithii Silvestri (Hemiptera: Pseudococcidae: Rhizoecinae) on Okinawa Island, southern Japan

Figure 12. (a) Female pupa; (b) male prepupa; (c) male pupa. Right sides show venter of the prepupal or pupal stages; left sides show dorsum of the prepupal or pupal stages. Scale bars: 0.2 mm.

Figure 6 in Biological characterization of the obligate symbiosis between Acropyga sauteri Forel (Hymenoptera: Formicidae) and Eumyrmococcus smithii Silvestri (Hemiptera: Pseudococcidae: Rhizoecinae) on Okinawa Island, southern Japan

Figure 6. Average numbers (with SD) of workers of Acropyga sauteri in clods with Eumyrmococcus smithii (open area) or without E. smithii (shaded area) in August and June. Numerals above the bars indicate the sample size (number of cubic clods).

Figure 9 in Biological characterization of the obligate symbiosis between Acropyga sauteri Forel (Hymenoptera: Formicidae) and Eumyrmococcus smithii Silvestri (Hemiptera: Pseudococcidae: Rhizoecinae) on Okinawa Island, southern Japan

Figure 9. Seasonal changes in the average numbers (with SE) of individuals of Acropyga sauteri per colony and the age structure (percentage of components). Numerals above the bars indicate the sample size (presumed number of ant colonies).

Figure 8 in Biological characterization of the obligate symbiosis between Acropyga sauteri Forel (Hymenoptera: Formicidae) and Eumyrmococcus smithii Silvestri (Hemiptera: Pseudococcidae: Rhizoecinae) on Okinawa Island, southern Japan

Figure 8. Distribution of the numbers of alate female ants (a) and alate male ants (b) per colony of Acropyga sauteri. A plot represents the variable for a colony or the average for multiple colonies in the vicinity. When multiple queens were sampled from certain clods in the vicinity, we estimated the average numbers of the reproductives by dividing the total number of queens into the total numbers of the reproductives. Numerals above the solid circles indicate the number of colonies used for the average estimation.

Figure 5 in Biological characterization of the obligate symbiosis between Acropyga sauteri Forel (Hymenoptera: Formicidae) and Eumyrmococcus smithii Silvestri (Hemiptera: Pseudococcidae: Rhizoecinae) on Okinawa Island, southern Japan

Figure 5. Percentage of clods containing more than five workers of Acropyga sauteri across depths. Numerals above the bars indicate the sample size (number of cubic clods).

Figure 11 in Biological characterization of the obligate symbiosis between Acropyga sauteri Forel (Hymenoptera: Formicidae) and Eumyrmococcus smithii Silvestri (Hemiptera: Pseudococcidae: Rhizoecinae) on Okinawa Island, southern Japan

Figure 11. Adult male, right side shows venter of the adult male; left side shows dorsum of the adult male. (a) Lateral view of genitalia of the adult male; (b) ventral view of genitalia of the adult male. Scale bar: 0.1 mm.

Figure 2 in Biological characterization of the obligate symbiosis between Acropyga sauteri Forel (Hymenoptera: Formicidae) and Eumyrmococcus smithii Silvestri (Hemiptera: Pseudococcidae: Rhizoecinae) on Okinawa Island, southern Japan

Figure 2. Schematic illustration of the method used to determine colony identity. (a) Distance (D) between two particular ant aggregations was defined as the distance between the centre of the two clods containing the two aggregations; (b) five workers were placed in a plastic cup covered with black paper; (c) an ant worker was introduced into another cup (of recipient workers); (d) the contact behaviour of recipient and introduced workers was observed; (e) the trial ended after contact had occurred two or three times, after which the introduced worker was returned to the original cup. In a match between two aggregations, the method described from (c) to (e) was repeated five times.

Fig. 9 in Acropyga and Azteca Ants (Hymenoptera: Formicidae) with Scale Insects (Sternorrhyncha: Coccoidea): 20 Million Years of Intimate Symbiosis

Fig. 9. Electromyrmococcus inclusus Williams and Agosti, new species a. Adult female, dorsal aspect. b. Cephalothorax, ventral aspect.

Fig. 10. Electromyrmococcus reginae Williams, new species a in Acropyga and Azteca Ants (Hymenoptera: Formicidae) with Scale Insects (Sternorrhyncha: Coccoidea): 20 Million Years of Intimate Symbiosis

Fig. 10. Electromyrmococcus reginae Williams, new species a. Adult female, dorsolateral aspect. Arrow points to area held by ant with mandibles. b. Posterior segment, dorsal aspect. c. Antenna.

Fig. 5. a in Acropyga and Azteca Ants (Hymenoptera: Formicidae) with Scale Insects (Sternorrhyncha: Coccoidea): 20 Million Years of Intimate Symbiosis

Fig. 5. a. Acropyga sp. 1, gyne with mealybug between mandibles in amber from the Dominican Republic (Frankfurt collection piece, detail). b. Acropyga sp. 1, alate gyne and male in Dominican amber (Frankfurt collection piece). c. Acropyga sp. 2, dealate gyne and mealybug in Miocene amber from the Dominican Republic (Harvard collection piece, AMNH DR10228). d. Acropyga sp. 2, alate gyne and mealybug in Miocene amber from the Dominican Republic (Harvard collection piece, AMNH DR14403).

Fig. 4 in Acropyga and Azteca Ants (Hymenoptera: Formicidae) with Scale Insects (Sternorrhyncha: Coccoidea): 20 Million Years of Intimate Symbiosis

Fig. 4. Scanning electron micrographs (40–50X) of an Acropyga gyne from Saül, French Guiana, carrying a mealybug (collected by C. Johnson). a. Frontal view. b. Oblique lateral view.

Fig. 3 in Acropyga and Azteca Ants (Hymenoptera: Formicidae) with Scale Insects (Sternorrhyncha: Coccoidea): 20 Million Years of Intimate Symbiosis

Fig. 3. Alate female of a South African Acropyga carrying a Eumyrmococcus mealybug (redrawn from Prins [1982] by Williams [1993]).

Fig. 8. Electromyrmococcus abductus Williams, new species a in Acropyga and Azteca Ants (Hymenoptera: Formicidae) with Scale Insects (Sternorrhyncha: Coccoidea): 20 Million Years of Intimate Symbiosis

Fig. 8. Electromyrmococcus abductus Williams, new species a. Adult female, ventral aspect. Arrows point to area held by ant with mandibles. b. Posterior segments, dorsal aspect. c. Posterior segments, ventral aspect. d. Anal area. e. Claw.

Fig. 1 in Acropyga and Azteca Ants (Hymenoptera: Formicidae) with Scale Insects (Sternorrhyncha: Coccoidea): 20 Million Years of Intimate Symbiosis

Fig. 1. World distribution of Acropyga subgenera (from Emery, 1925; Menozzi, 1936; Weber, 1944; Prins, 1982; Terayama, 1985; Williams, 1998).

Fig. 7 in Acropyga and Azteca Ants (Hymenoptera: Formicidae) with Scale Insects (Sternorrhyncha: Coccoidea): 20 Million Years of Intimate Symbiosis

Fig. 7. Azteca alpha Wilson workers with mealybugs in Dominican amber (Larimer piece, AMNH DR14–955). A = Azteca alpha Wilson; M = mealybug; C = Cecidomyiidae.

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Figure 3 in Biological characterization of the obligate symbiosis between Acropyga sauteri Forel (Hymenoptera: Formicidae) and Eumyrmococcus smithii Silvestri (Hemiptera: Pseudococcidae: Rhizoecinae) on Okinawa Island, southern Japan

Figure 3. Pupae containing the exoskeletons of adults. (a) Female; (b) male.