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10 results for “African sunbirds”
African sunbirds predominantly pollinate plants useful to humans
<p>Birds provide multiple ecological services that benefit humans including pollination. In Africa, sunbirds are the <span>domi- </span>nant vertebrate pollinator. Here we present a species-level assessment for African sunbirds of the number and relative frequency of their food plants that have useful properties to humans. <span>We </span>conducted this analysis by compiling and integrating known sunbird food plants with useful tropical plant and tropical cultivated plant databases. Across Africa, 68% of the 329 genera and 44% of the 468 species of sunbirds' known food plants are used by humans for medicine, food, building materials, or other uses. <span>Yet </span>most genera and species of useful plants are visited by a small number of sunbird species. The median number of sunbird species that visit a useful genus and species of plant is two and one, re- spectively. Of the 409 genera and 308 species of useful plants that are sunbird pollinated across one or more of the <span>six </span>predominant habitats for sunbirds, 67% of genera and 71% of species are pollinated by sunbird species that are forest or woodland dependent. Additionally, 58% of all genera and 83% of all species of useful plants pollinated by sunbirds are non-cultivated. In Africa, non-cultivated sunbird-pollinated useful plants are almost entirely collected, used, and traded locally rather than regionally or internationally. Our results indicate that African sunbirds provide important ecological services as pollinators that benefit humans, and these services are provided largely at a local scale. Given the decline of invertebrate and vertebrate pollinators both globally and in Africa, sunbirds are important to the long-term conservation of many useful plants in Africa and hence human well-being.</p>
African sunbirds predominantly pollinate plants useful to humans
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Figure 4 in Variable foraging and flower probing behaviour of sunbird pollinators of the South African Pelargonium fulgidum
Figure 4. Comparison of mean ± standard error (SE) of various aspects of sternotribic and nototribic foraging efficiency for different foraging behaviours. (a) Number of open flowers per visited inflorescence. (b) Number of probed flowers per visited inflorescence. (c) The proportion of probed flowers per visited inflorescence. None of the comparisons were significantly different (P <0.05).
Figure 3 in Variable foraging and flower probing behaviour of sunbird pollinators of the South African Pelargonium fulgidum
Figure 3. Mean proportion ± 95% confidence interval (CI) of direction of flower probing based on (a) Cinnyris chalybeus sex and (b) foraging behaviour. Different letters indicate significant differences (P <0.05). Hovering behaviour was not included in the statistical analysis as it always resulted in sternotrobic foraging.
Figure 1 in Variable foraging and flower probing behaviour of sunbird pollinators of the South African Pelargonium fulgidum
Figure 1. Pelargonium fulgidum plants and Cinnyris chalybeus sunbird pollinators. (a) Plants of P. fulgidum flower in dense coastal scrub on sand dunes along the west coast of South Africa. (b) Top view of the fan-shaped P. fulgidum inflorescence, showing the number of open flowers and the angles among open flowers and peduncle. (c) Side view of P. fulgidum inflorescence, showing the angles of peduncle and pedicels. (d) Male C. chalybeus with its slightly decurved bill. (e) Pelargonium fulgidum flower in longitudinal cross section, showing the slightly upcurved nectar tube and the reproductive parts partly blocking the flower entrance. Scale bars: b, d = 10 mm; e = 5 mm.
Figure 2 in Variable foraging and flower probing behaviour of sunbird pollinators of the South African Pelargonium fulgidum
Figure 2. All different foraging positions and perch uses observed in this study. (a) Nototribic foraging by a Cinnyris chalybeus male using an alternative perch. (b) Nototrobic foraging by a C. chalybeus male using the inflorescence as perch. (c) Sternotribic foraging by a C. chalybeus female using the inflorescence as perch. (d) Sternotrobic foraging by a C. chalybeus female using an alternative perch. (e) Sternotribic foraging by a C. chalybeus female while hovering. The association between bird sex and flower probing direction is not representative.
Video of nest predation of an African Paradise Flycatcher (Terpsiphone viridis) by an Olive Sunbird (Cyanomitra olivacea)
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Table 3 in Variable foraging and flower probing behaviour of sunbird pollinators of the South African Pelargonium fulgidum
<p><b>Table 3.</b> Summary of sunbird foraging behaviour. During consistent bouts none of the aspects of foraging behaviour quantified here changed during a plant visit, whereas during variable bouts foraging behaviour and/or flower probing direction changed during a plant visit. Values represent total number of foraging bouts (2022/2023 bouts).</p><table><tbody><tr><th></th><th></th><th></th><th></th><th></th><th></th><th>Nototrobic and</th></tr></tbody><tbody><tr><th></th><td></td><td>Nototribic flower</td><td>Sternotribic flower</td><td>sternotrobic</td></tr><tr><th></th><td></td><td>probing</td><td>probing</td><td>flower probing</td></tr><tr><th></th><td></td><td>Female</td><td>Male</td><td>Female</td><td>Male</td><td>Female</td><td>Male</td></tr><tr><th>Consistent</th><td>Hovering</td><td>0</td><td>0</td><td>9 (0/9)</td><td>10 (0/10)</td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><th></th><td>Alternative perch</td><td>4 (3/1)</td><td>9 (2/7)</td><td>15 (6/9)</td><td>10 (2/8)</td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><th></th><td>Inflorescence perch</td><td>23 (3/20)</td><td>10 (3/7)</td><td>2 (0/2)</td><td>2 (1/1)</td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><th>Variable</th><td>Inflorescence perch</td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td>2 (0/2)</td><td></td></tr><tr><th></th><td>Hovering and alternative perch</td><td></td><td></td><td>1 (0/1)</td><td></td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><th></th><td>Hovering and inflorescence perch</td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td>1 (0/1)</td><td></td></tr><tr><th></th><td>Alternative perch and inflorescence perch</td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td>1 (0/1)</td><td>1 (0/1)</td><td></td></tr></tbody></table>
Table 2 in Variable foraging and flower probing behaviour of sunbird pollinators of the South African Pelargonium fulgidum
<p><b>Table 2.</b> Mean ± standard deviation (SD) (sample size) of sunbird measurements.</p><table><tbody><tr><th></th><th><i>Cinnyris chalybeus</i></th></tr></tbody><tbody><tr><th></th><td>Male</td><td>Female</td></tr><tr><th>Bill length (mm)**</th><td>18.59 ± 1.03 (21)</td><td>16.45 ± 0.73 (6)</td></tr><tr><th>Bill base diameter (mm)</th><td>2.88 ± 0.27 (20)</td><td>2.92 ± 0.23 (6)</td></tr><tr><th>Bill height (mm)</th><td>3.53 ± 0.40 (21)</td><td>3.30 ± 0.44 (6)</td></tr></tbody></table><p>**Differed significantly between male and female sunbirds (P <0.05).</p>
Table 1 in Variable foraging and flower probing behaviour of sunbird pollinators of the South African Pelargonium fulgidum
<p><b>Table 1.</b> Mean ± standard deviation (SD) (sample size) of Pelargonium <i>fulgidum</i> measurements.</p><table><tbody><tr><th></th><th>P. fulgidum</th></tr></tbody><tbody><tr><th>Peduncle length (mm)</th><td>45.5 ± 12.3 (35)</td></tr><tr><th>Peduncle angle (°)</th><td>24.2 ± 15.1 (35)</td></tr><tr><th>Pedicel length (mm)</th><td>32.4 ± 3.2 (35)</td></tr><tr><th>Number of open flowers per inflorescence</th><td>5.3 ± 1.5 (21)</td></tr><tr><th>Angle between peduncle and nearest flower (°)</th><td>94.7 ± 18.4 (21)</td></tr><tr><th>Angle between two outermost flowers of inflorescence (°)</th><td>145.3 ± 31.8 (21)</td></tr><tr><th>Most upright flower angle (°)</th><td>18.1 ± 10.5 (35)</td></tr><tr><th>Most downward flower angle (°)</th><td>−1.7 ± 12.6 (35)</td></tr><tr><th>Hypanthium length (mm)</th><td>26.0 ± 2.2 (20)</td></tr><tr><th>Reproductive organ length (mm)</th><td>5.55 ± 1.3 (20)</td></tr><tr><th>Nectar volume (μL)</th><td>12.8 ± 8.2 (19)</td></tr><tr><th>Sugar concentration (% brix)</th><td>18.2 ± 3.2 (19)</td></tr></tbody></table>
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International Brain Laboratory public data
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