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Figure 11 in Phylogenetic history of golden moles and tenrecs (Mammalia: Afrotheria)

Figure 11. Topologies resulting from Bayesian-BIC (A; left) and parsimony implied weighting K = 4 (B; right) analyses of extant taxa sampled for six genes (cytB, ND2, GHR, vWF, 12S and stat5a), indels and morphology. Branch lengths reflect the scale at the top left; parsimony branch lengths are arbitrary. Only chrysochlorids and Procavia are known for stat5a (for other missing loci, see Table 1). Bayesian nodes have a posterior probability of one unless indicated otherwise. Numbers adjacent to parsimony nodes represent bootstrap values, calculated with 500 pseudoreplicates of a TNT search using mult = tbr 100 replicates each and reported only at or over 50. Chrysochlorids are red, tenrecids green. Circled and coloured letters adjacent to nodes indicate high-level taxonomy, as shown in Figure 10.

Figure 10 in Phylogenetic history of golden moles and tenrecs (Mammalia: Afrotheria)

Figure 10. Topologies resulting from Bayesian-BIC (A, left) and parsimony implied weighting K = 4 (B, right) analyses of extant taxa sampled for six genes (cytB, ND2, GHR, vWF, 12S and stat5a) and indels. Bayesian branch lengths reflect the scale at the top left; parsimony branch lengths are arbitrary. Only chrysochlorids and Procavia are known for stat5a (for other missing loci, see Table 1). Bayesian nodes have a posterior probability of one unless indicated otherwise. Numbers adjacent to parsimony nodes represent bootstrap values, calculated with 500 pseudoreplicates of a TNT search using mult = tbr 100 replicates each and reported only at or over 50. Chrysochlorids are in red, tenrecids green. Circled and coloured letters adjacent to nodes indicate high-level taxonomy: Am, Amblysominae; Cd, Chrysochloridae; Cn, Chrysochlorinae; Cx, Chrysospalacinae; Gi, Geogalini; Mg, Microgale; Oi, Oryzorictini; Or, Oryzorictinae; Po, Potamogalinae; Sa, Setiferina; Ta, Tenrecina; Td, Tenrecidae; Tn, Tenrecinae; Ti, Tenrecini.

Figure 12 in Phylogenetic history of golden moles and tenrecs (Mammalia: Afrotheria)

Figure 12. Topologies resulting from Bayesian-BIC (A; left) and parsimony implied weighting K = 4 (B; right) analyses of extant taxa sampled for six genes (cytB, ND2, GHR, vWF, 12S and stat5a) and indels, plus fossils and morphological data sampled for all. Bayesian branch lengths reflect the scale at the top left; parsimony branch lengths are arbitrary. Only chrysochlorids and Procavia are known for stat5a (and other regions of missing data are shown in Table 1). Bayesian nodes have a posterior probability of one unless indicated otherwise. Numbers adjacent to parsimony nodes represent bootstrap values, calculated with 250 pseudoreplicates of a TNT search using mult = tbr 10 replicates each and reported only at or over 50. Chrysochlorids are red, tenrecids green; fossils are darker shades of each. Circled and coloured letters adjacent to nodes indicate high-level taxonomy, as shown in Figure 10.

Figure 13 in Phylogenetic history of golden moles and tenrecs (Mammalia: Afrotheria)

Figure 13. Age distributions for fossil tip taxa from Eocliff (Namagale, Arenagale, Sperrgale and Namachloris), Black Crow (Nanogale) and crown Chrysochloridae. Continuous and dashed lines indicate analyses with (respectively) broad and narrow fossil priors (see Materials and methods).

Figure 14 in Phylogenetic history of golden moles and tenrecs (Mammalia: Afrotheria)

Figure 14. Right hand skeleton of Eremitalpa granti (NRM-MA 641288) in medial (A), lateral (B), ventral (C) and dorsal (D) views. Medial views of left hand skeletons of Amblysomus hottentotus (E; MCZ 57045) and Cryptochloris wintoni (F; NRM-MA 641436). Roman numerals indicate digital rays. Abbreviations: fp, flexor process; mc, metacarpal; oft, ossified flexor tendon; r, radius; u, ulna. Scale bars (one for A–D; one each for E, F): 5 mm.

Figure 7 in Phylogenetic history of golden moles and tenrecs (Mammalia: Afrotheria)

Figure 7. Ventral view of cranium of Eremitalpa granti (BMNH 39.472). Dental abbreviations are I, C, P and M for incisors, canine, premolars and molars, respectively. Other abbreviations are c, carotid foramen; j, jugular/posterior lacerate foramen; lpp, lateral process of premaxilla; plf, anterior extension of the posterior lacerate foramen; smf, stylomastoid foramen. Scale bar: 5 mm.

Figure 9 in Phylogenetic history of golden moles and tenrecs (Mammalia: Afrotheria)

Figure 9. In situ right mallei and incudes of Amblysomus meesteri (A; ZM 42550), Huetia leucorhinus (B; MNHN CG1901-1093), Chrysospalax trevelyani (C; UMZC E5470C; image is of left side flipped to appear as right) and Cryptochloris wintoni (D; NRM-MA 621447). Abbreviations: i, incus; m, malleus. Scale bars: 5 mm.

Figure 8 in Phylogenetic history of golden moles and tenrecs (Mammalia: Afrotheria)

Figure 8. Dentary of Amblysomus hottentotus (Asher NFC2) in lingual view. Dental abbreviations given in Figure 7. Other abbreviations are ap, angular process; cp, coronoid process; mc, mandibular condyle; t, talonid cusp. Scale bar: 5 mm.

Figure 6 in Phylogenetic history of golden moles and tenrecs (Mammalia: Afrotheria)

Figure 6. Ventrolateral views of in situ right hyoid apparatus and angular process of dentary in Eremitalpa granti (A; NRM-MA 641286), Huetia leucorhinus (B; AMNH 118829), Amblysomus meesteri (C; ZM 42550) and Chlorotalpa duthieae (D; ZM 42620). Abbreviations: ap, angular process of dentary; ba, basihyal; ce, ceratohyal; ep, epihyal; st, stylohyal; th, thyrohyal. Scale bars: 5 mm (same for C, D).

Figure 5 in Phylogenetic history of golden moles and tenrecs (Mammalia: Afrotheria)

Figure 5. Coronal slices through the posterior skull and ear regions of Amblysomus hottentotus (top, ZMB-Mam 35173, previously misidentified as Calcochloris obtusirostris) and Eremitalpa granti (bottom, NRM-MA 641286). Abbreviations: ic, non-trabeculated interbullar connection; m, malleus; tic, trabeculated interbullar connection. Scale bars: 5 mm.

Figure 4 in Phylogenetic history of golden moles and tenrecs (Mammalia: Afrotheria)

Figure 4. Right foot skeletons of Cryptochloris wintoni (left, NRM-MA 641436) and Microgale cowani (right, UMZC E5459A) in (from top to bottom) medial, lateral, dorsal and ventral views. Abbreviations: as, astragalus; ca, calcaneum; cu, cuboid; ec, ectocuneiform; en, entocuneiform; fpc, fibular process of calcaneum; mc, mesocuneiform; mtV, metatarsal V; nv, navicular; ph, prehallux; pt, peroneal tubercle; st, sustentacular tali of calcaneus; vts, ventral tarsal sesamoids. Roman numerals I, II, III, IV and V correspond to digits. Scale bars: 5 mm.

Figure 3 in Phylogenetic history of golden moles and tenrecs (Mammalia: Afrotheria)

Figure 3. Pelvis in left lateral view of Chrysospalax trevelyani (UMZC E5470D). Abbreviations: F, femoral head; Il, ilium; Is, Ischium; Ob, obturator foramen; Pu, pubis; S, sacrum. Scale bar: 5 mm.

Figure 1 in Phylogenetic history of golden moles and tenrecs (Mammalia: Afrotheria)

Figure 1. Right forelimb and hand skeleton of Amblysomus corriae in dorsal view (ZM 42553). Roman numerals indicate digital rays. Abbreviations: dt, deltoid trough; ef, entepicondylar foramen; fp, flexor process; hh, humeral head; me, medial epicondyle; oft, ossified flexor tendon; op, olecranon process; rfc, radius flexor canal; sc, supinator crest. Scale bar: 5 mm.

Figure 2 in Phylogenetic history of golden moles and tenrecs (Mammalia: Afrotheria)

Figure 2. Sternum and proximal ribs of Cryptochloris wintoni (NRM-MA 641436) in lateral (A), ventral (B) and anterior (C) views. Dorsal views of scapulae of Eremitalpa granti (D; NRM-MA 641289) and Chrysochloris asiatica (E; MVZ 183379). Abbreviations: c6, sixth cervical vertebra; cp, clavicular process of sternum; mc, metacromion; r1, first rib; scp, scapular spine caudal process; sk, sternal keel. Scale bars (one for A–C): 5 mm.

Figure 3 in Four-toed sengi (Petrodromus tetradactylus, Afrotheria, Mammalia) museomics reveals a crucial role of East African forests in macroscelidean diversification

Figure 3. Evolutionary and biogeographic history of Petrodromus. Top: Summary of secondary dating using StarBEAST2 with different numbers of lineages. For details for each run see Supporting Information, Fig. S1. Major biogeographic events are annotated to the respective nodes/branches. Boưom: Synoptic hypothesis of Petrodromus' biogeographic history through time. Moist broadleaf forest in neon green, more arid savannas, bushlands and woodlands in olive green.

Figure 2. Phylogenetic structure within Petrodromus. Colour coding indicates the main phylogenetic lineages found. A in Four-toed sengi (Petrodromus tetradactylus, Afrotheria, Mammalia) museomics reveals a crucial role of East African forests in macroscelidean diversification

Figure 2. Phylogenetic structure within Petrodromus. Colour coding indicates the main phylogenetic lineages found. A, Bayesian phylogenetic tree from mitochondrial (less) and nuclear DNA (right) with major genetic lineages highlighted. Numbers indicate posterior probability of deeper nodes. B, Collecting locations of samples assigned to lineages, with squares representing the P.t.s.s. lineages and dots all other lineages. C, Haplotype network of the nuclear gene IRBP (top) and mitochondrial gene 16S rRNA (boưom).

Figure 1 in Four-toed sengi (Petrodromus tetradactylus, Afrotheria, Mammalia) museomics reveals a crucial role of East African forests in macroscelidean diversification

Figure 1. Geographic distribution of Petrodromus tetradactylus. Topographic map of Sub-Saharan Africa with the red area showing the species' currently accepted distribution (IUCN Red List 2024, Rathbun 2015). Blue lines and areas represent major rivers and lakes. Black doưed lines indicate the East African Riss Valley, with the easternmost line representing the course of Kingdon's Line (red dots). Yellow circles mark the origin of samples analysed in this study.

Figure 4 in Four-toed sengi (Petrodromus tetradactylus, Afrotheria, Mammalia) museomics reveals a crucial role of East African forests in macroscelidean diversification

Figure 4. Evolutionary parallelism in forest-dwelling sengis, Rhynchocyon (less) and Petrodromus (right). Ŋe geographically widespread P.t.ss lineage (dark blue) mimics the cirnei/stuhlmanni sister pair in Rhynchocyon. Rhynchocyon species: Rch R. chrysopygus (cyan), Rci R. cirnei (dark blue), Rpe R. petersi (red), Rst R. stuhlmanni (dark blue), Rud R. udzungwensis (yellow). Petrodromus lineages: NC/Z Northern coastal/ Zanzibar Archipelago (red), P.t.ss (dark blue), Ud Udzungwa Mountains (yellow).