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Figures 1a–1f in Non-aggressive competition between males of Srilankametrus yaleensis (Kovařík et al., 2019) (Scorpionidae), and other types of agonistic behavior observed in scorpions

Figures 1a–1f. Developing from the initial stage to the confronting stage. Figure 1a. Initial stage, showing a defensive posture (left, A1, right, A2). Figure 1b. Initial stage, tentative pinching when mutually touched (left, A1, right, A2). Figure 1c. Initial stage, showing a shielding posture (left, B1, right, B2). Figure 1d. Initial stage, one trying to suppress the other (left, B1, right, B2). Figure 1e. Initial stage, shielding collision (left, B1, right, B2). Figure 1f. Spanning pedipalps, developing into confronting stage (left, A1, right, A2).

Figure 5 in Non-aggressive competition between males of Srilankametrus yaleensis (Kovařík et al., 2019) (Scorpionidae), and other types of agonistic behavior observed in scorpions

Figure 5. Duration of each round and that of arm-span competition occurred in each round (in seconds).

Figures 9a–9f in Non-aggressive competition between males of Srilankametrus yaleensis (Kovařík et al., 2019) (Scorpionidae), and other types of agonistic behavior observed in scorpions

Figures 9a–9f. Examples of physical combat in genus Hottentotta Birula, 1908. Figures 9a–9c. Adult males of H. minusalta Vachon, 1959. Figure 9d. An adult pair of H. jayakari (Pocock, 1895). Figure 9e. An adult pair of H. franzwerneri (Birula, 1914). Figure 9f. An adult pair of H. buchariensis (Birula, 1897).

Figures 10a–10c in Non-aggressive competition between males of Srilankametrus yaleensis (Kovařík et al., 2019) (Scorpionidae), and other types of agonistic behavior observed in scorpions

Figures 10a–10c. Examples of three types of behavior observed among several species of Heterometrinae. Figure 10a. Arm-span competition (Chersonesometrus tristis). Figure 10b. Shielding response (strictly defined as an easily triggered response; Heterometrus species do exhibit similar posture but happens only when their pedipalps are suppressed; Srilankametrus yaleensis). Figure 10c. Aggressive response (here shows a pre-posture before "pinching" or "punching"; Heterometrus spinifer).

Figures 7a–7d in Non-aggressive competition between males of Srilankametrus yaleensis (Kovařík et al., 2019) (Scorpionidae), and other types of agonistic behavior observed in scorpions

Figures 7a–7d. Examples of physical combat in other scorpions. Figure 7a. Adult females of Androctonus gonneti Vachon, 1948 aiming at each other with their metasoma (the accompanied juddering behavior cannot be illustrated by the figure). Figure 7b. A pair of adult A. gonneti, the female is controlling the telson of the male. Figures 7c–7d. Adults of Hottentotta salei (Vachon, 1980) controlling the telson of the opponent: female and male (c), and two males (d).

Figures 3a–3b in Non-aggressive competition between males of Srilankametrus yaleensis (Kovařík et al., 2019) (Scorpionidae), and other types of agonistic behavior observed in scorpions

Figures 3a–3b. Comparison of aggression between arm-span competition and stinging fighting behavior. Figure 3a. No fighting occurred after one was pulled over (left, A1, right, C). Figure 3b. Violent fighting occurred at the initial stage when both individuals were infuriated (left, A1, right, B1).

Figures 8a–8f in Non-aggressive competition between males of Srilankametrus yaleensis (Kovařík et al., 2019) (Scorpionidae), and other types of agonistic behavior observed in scorpions

Figures 8a–8f. Examples of physical combat in other scorpions. Figures 8a–8c. Juveniles of Hadrurus arizonensis Ewing, 1928, performing the typical deterrent posture. Figures 8d–8f. Leiurus spp., performing the intimidation behavior: adult males of Leiurus jordanensis Lourenço et al., 2002 and L. haenggii Lowe et al., 2014 (d), adult males of L. jordanensis and L. quinquestriatus (Ehrenberg, 1828) (e), and an adult pair of L. jordanensis (f; male on the left).

Figures 6a–6d in Non-aggressive competition between males of Srilankametrus yaleensis (Kovařík et al., 2019) (Scorpionidae), and other types of agonistic behavior observed in scorpions

Figures 6a–6d. Examples of similar behavior observed between two adult males in other Heterometrinae species. Figure 6a. Heterometrus minotaurus (above) and Heterometrus thorellii (below) (photo: V. Tang). Figure 6b. Chersonesometrus tristis (photo: V. Tang). Figure 6c. H. thorellii (photo: Gentia). Figure 6d. H. thorellii (below) and Heterometrus longimanus (above) (photo: Gentia).

Figures 2a–2f. Confronting stage. Figure 2a in Non-aggressive competition between males of Srilankametrus yaleensis (Kovařík et al., 2019) (Scorpionidae), and other types of agonistic behavior observed in scorpions

Figures 2a–2f. Confronting stage. Figure 2a. Spreading the pedipalps, lateral view (left, A2, right, A1). Figure 2b. Spreading the pedipalps, posterior view (distal, A1, proximal, C). Figure 2c. Metasoma of the two males entangling with each other (left, C, right, A1). Figure 2d. One being lifted up by the "metasomal hook" (left, C, right, A1). Figure 2e. Lifting, lateral view (left, A1, right, C). Figure 2f. Lifting, posterior view (proximal, A1, distal, C).

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Figs 2-6. Agonistic behavior between a in The hard task of a short-tailed mouse opossum (Monodelphis) to prey a harvestman (Arachnida: Opiliones)

Figs 2-6. Agonistic behavior between a harvestman of the family Gonyleptidae and the mouse opossum Monodelphis dimidiata (Wagner, 1847). The interaction starts with the mouse opossum in an attack position, facing the harvestman (Fig. 2), then the marsupial staggers side to side (Fig. 3) and is knocked out (Fig. 4). This sequence of events is repeated two times, until the mouse opossum assumes its third attack position and attacks the harvestman (Fig. 5). The mouse opossum removes the harvestman's legs one by one to then feed on its body (Fig. 6). Image edited in the Inkscape software.

Fig. 5 in Description Of The Agonistic Behavior Of Aegla Longirostri (Decapoda: Aeglidae)

Fig. 5. Percentage of the time spent by winners and losers, males of Aegla longirostri, in each of the agonistic acts. The item ''Others'' refers to: BTO, DB, DO, FF, GO, PO, PQ, and TOD, which occurred in low frequency. *Represents a significant difference in the Mann-Whitney Test (P, 0.05). Refer to Table 1 for descriptions of the agonistic acts.

Fig. 3 in Description Of The Agonistic Behavior Of Aegla Longirostri (Decapoda: Aeglidae)

Fig. 3. Mean duration (in seconds) of time spent by males of Aegla longirostri, in each of the levels of aggression intensity (-2 to 5, see definition in Table 3). *Represents a significant difference in the Mann-Whitney Test (P, 0.05) (Calculation with overall values for each level of intensity).

Fig. 2 in Description Of The Agonistic Behavior Of Aegla Longirostri (Decapoda: Aeglidae)

Fig. 2. Sum of intensities (-2 to 5) of combats between similar-sized males of Aegla longirostri. *Represents significant difference in the x2 Test (P, 0.05). (Size – cephalothorax length in mm of winners ''W'' and losers ''L.'' Pair 1- W = 15.18 X L = 14.27; Pair 2- W = 16.54 X L = 15.78; Pair 3- W = 18.65 X L = 17.71; Pair 4- W = 18.31 X L = 18.73; Pair 5- W = 18.70 X L = 18.64; Pair 6- W = 18.86 X L = 19.27; Pair 7- W = 19.26 X L = 19.09; Pair 8 - W = 19.45 X L = 19.50; Pair 9- W = 20.19 X L = 19.94; and Pair 10- W = 20.84 X L = 20.64).

Fig. 1 in Description Of The Agonistic Behavior Of Aegla Longirostri (Decapoda: Aeglidae)

Fig. 1. Selected frames from the films documenting the agonistic behavior of A. longirostri: A-B: Hitting with chelipeds; C-E-F: Fight and D: Going up the opponent.

Fig. 4 in Description Of The Agonistic Behavior Of Aegla Longirostri (Decapoda: Aeglidae)

Fig. 4. Progression in mean intensity of aggressive combats related to time in encounters, of males of Aegla longirostri.

Figure 11 in Non-aggressive competition between males of Srilankametrus yaleensis (Kovařík et al., 2019) (Scorpionidae), and other types of agonistic behavior observed in scorpions

Figure 11. Dinorhax rostrumpsittaci (Simon, 1877), two males in threatening condition.

Figure 4 in Non-aggressive competition between males of Srilankametrus yaleensis (Kovařík et al., 2019) (Scorpionidae), and other types of agonistic behavior observed in scorpions

Figure 4. Escaping stage (right male (A2) fled).

Table 3 in Description Of The Agonistic Behavior Of Aegla Longirostri (Decapoda: Aeglidae)

<p>Table 3. Definition of levels of aggression intensity shown by males of <i>Aegla longirostri</i>.</p><table><tbody><tr><th>Level</th><th>Behavior</th><th>Definition</th></tr></tbody><tbody><tr><th>-2</th><td>Fleeing</td><td>Walking rapidly, away from the opponent, tail flipping against opponent, being</td></tr><tr><th></th><td></td><td>caught, pulled, pushed, turned over, and/or climbed by opponent.</td></tr><tr><th>-1</th><td>Avoiding/Walking away</td><td>Walking slowly away from the opponent, without physical touch, and/or being</td></tr><tr><th></th><td></td><td>touched by opponent.</td></tr><tr><th>0</th><td>Separated without displacement (without physical touch)</td><td>Animals remain not physically touching, without moving, and ignoring the</td></tr><tr><th>opponent.</th></tr><tr><th>1</th><td>Separated with moving (without physical touch)</td><td>Animals remain without physical touching, moving around the arena, with</td></tr><tr><th></th><td></td><td>displacement or climbing the arena and ignoring the opponent.</td></tr><tr><th>2</th><td>Approaching (without physical contact)</td><td>Animals approach each other slowly and remain face to face for a short time.</td></tr><tr><th>3</th><td>Physical contact (not using chelae to hold)</td><td>Chasing, slapping, and whipping with antennae, touching and hitting with</td></tr><tr><th>chelipeds.</th></tr><tr><th>4</th><td>Physical contact (chelae used to hold)</td><td>Chelae used to pull, hold, and catch the opponent, displace the opponent with the</td></tr><tr><th></th><td></td><td>body, turn, and go up on the opponent’s body, fight.</td></tr><tr><th>5</th><td>Intense combat</td><td>No restrictions to using chelae.</td></tr></tbody></table>

Table 1 in Description Of The Agonistic Behavior Of Aegla Longirostri (Decapoda: Aeglidae)

<p>Table 1. Behavioral acts by males of <i>Aegla longirostri</i>, codes and descriptions.</p><table><tbody><tr><th>Code</th><th>Behavior</th><th>Description</th></tr><tr><th>NON-AGGRESSIVE ACTS</th></tr><tr><th>Without displacement</th></tr></tbody><tbody><tr><th>WD1</th><td>Without activity</td><td>The animal stands still, without moving its appendages, with the body near the</td></tr><tr><th></th><td></td><td>substrate, chelipeds directed forwards (near the back) and fingers open, or</td></tr><tr><th></th><td></td><td>chelipeds folded toward the cephalothorax, antennae directed forward, held</td></tr><tr><th></th><td></td><td>horizontally parallel to the body axis (on chelipeds).</td></tr><tr><th>WD2</th><td>With activity</td><td>The animal moves the pereiopods constantly (leg waving) and/or chelipeds or</td></tr><tr><th></th><td></td><td>antennae, always still; and keeps the chelipeds folded near the body and the</td></tr><tr><th></th><td></td><td>maxillipeds in motion.</td></tr><tr><th>With displacement (without real aggression)</th></tr><tr><th>WK</th><td>Walking</td><td>The animal walks slowly in the arena, with the body near the substrate, antennae</td></tr><tr><th></th><td></td><td>directed forward, parallel to the body axis, chelipeds directed down, folded, not</td></tr><tr><th></th><td></td><td>directed forward, or else chelipeds towards the front and open. Sometimes the</td></tr><tr><th></th><td></td><td>animal brings the cheliped to the maxillipeds, and moves the appendices</td></tr><tr><th></th><td></td><td>(antennae). This action is a way of exploring the arena.</td></tr><tr><th>CA</th><td>Climbing arena</td><td>The animal makes an attempt with chelipeds, pereiopods, and abdomen to climb the</td></tr><tr><th></th><td></td><td>arena walls. Antennae and chelipeds directed forward, chelipeds open, tailflips,</td></tr><tr><th></th><td></td><td>and movement of pereiopods.</td></tr><tr><th>AGGRESSIVE ACTS</th></tr><tr><th>AP</th><td>Approaching</td><td>An animal walks slowly toward the opponent; sometimes the antennae are directed</td></tr><tr><th></th><td></td><td>forwards and are in motion.</td></tr><tr><th>WA</th><td>Walking away</td><td>The animal slowly moves aside from the opponent, with abdomen directed toward the</td></tr><tr><th></th><td></td><td>opponent, generally it goes to one of the corners of the arena. The animal walks</td></tr><tr><th></th><td></td><td>away while the other animal approaches, but this does not characterize escaping,</td></tr><tr><th></th><td></td><td>because there is no signal of contact, only the approach of one animal leads the</td></tr><tr><th></th><td></td><td>other to walk away.</td></tr><tr><th>FF</th><td>Face to face</td><td>The animals remain still, face to face, one body length apart, antennae directed to the</td></tr><tr><th></th><td></td><td>front, chelipeds also directed to the front and very stretched, but sometimes the</td></tr><tr><th></th><td></td><td>chelipeds move toward the maxilliped.</td></tr><tr><th>To attack/the attack: when an animal chases its opponent and there is physical contact. The animals show the following behavioral postures during the</th></tr><tr><th>performance of the acts: chelipeds directed to the front, open and slightly raised; or chelipeds open and held high, antennae held perpendicular to the</th></tr><tr><th>animal’s body.</th><td></td></tr><tr><th>HQ</th><td>Hitting with chelipeds</td><td>An animal hits or ‘‘passes’’ with chelipeds on the opponent’s carapace or chelipeds.</td></tr><tr><th>TO</th><td>Being touched with chelipeds</td><td>When an animal is touched with the opponent’s chelipeds.</td></tr><tr><th>PQ</th><td>Pulling/pinching with chelipeds</td><td>Consists of pressing and pulling quickly the cheliped (or the pereiopods) of the</td></tr><tr><th></th><td></td><td>opponent. The animal tries to catch the opponent, but it cannot, during this act the</td></tr><tr><th></th><td></td><td>antennae (generally) remain horizontal to the body.</td></tr><tr><th>PO</th><td>Being pulled with chelipeds</td><td>When the animal is pulled by the opponent’s chelipeds, which may pull on both the</td></tr><tr><th></th><td></td><td>chelipeds and pereiopods.</td></tr><tr><th>CQ</th><td>Holding (catching) with chelipeds</td><td>Consists of holding (catching) the opponent with chelipeds. Generally the part which</td></tr><tr><th></th><td></td><td>is held is the chelipeds of the other animal or even the pereiopods and antennae,</td></tr><tr><th></th><td></td><td>and sometimes the animals try to catch the opponent’s cephalothorax.</td></tr><tr><th>CO</th><td>Being held (caught) with chelipeds</td><td>When the animal is held by the opponent’s chelipeds, which may hold chelipeds,</td></tr><tr><th></th><td></td><td>pereiopods, antennae, and even the cephalothorax of the other animal.</td></tr><tr><th>WhA</th><td>Whipping with antennae</td><td>This is a quick below with the antennae toward the back of the body, and the</td></tr><tr><th></th><td></td><td>opponent is behind the performer of the act.</td></tr><tr><th>TA</th><td>Touch with antennae</td><td>Consists in touching the opponent quickly with the antennae; the opponent being near</td></tr><tr><th></th><td></td><td>the front of the animal, the touch occurs both on the body and the antennae of the</td></tr><tr><th></th><td></td><td>opponent (commonly observed during combat).</td></tr><tr><th>DB</th><td>Pushing the opponent/displacing the body</td><td>One animal tries to displace the other pushing it with its own body (abdomen or</td></tr><tr><th></th><td></td><td>cheliped).</td></tr><tr><th>DO</th><td>Being pushed/ displaced by the opponent’s body</td><td>When the animal is moved by being pushed by the opponent; the pushing is</td></tr><tr><th></th><td></td><td>performed with the chelipeds or even the abdomen.</td></tr><tr><th>TOD</th><td>Turning the opponent upside down</td><td>During the combat an animal turns the opponent over, leaving it with the ventral part</td></tr><tr><th></th><td></td><td>of the body up.</td></tr><tr><th>BTO</th><td>Being turned by the opponent</td><td>When an animal is turned over by its opponent and remains with the ventral part of</td></tr><tr><th></th><td></td><td>the body up.</td></tr><tr><th>GO</th><td>Going up the opponent</td><td>An animal goes totally up over the opponent’s body, even when one of them is</td></tr><tr><th></th><td></td><td>climbing the arena.</td></tr><tr><th>BCO</th><td>Being ‘‘climbed’’ by the opponent</td><td>When an animal is ‘‘climbed’’ by the opponent.</td></tr><tr><th>Ch</th><td>Chasing</td><td>An animal chases (quickly approaching) the opponent, while the latter attempts to</td></tr><tr><th></th><td></td><td>escape.</td></tr><tr><th>Fl</th><td>Fleeing</td><td>The animal attempts to flee, walking or climbing the arena. The opponent approaches</td></tr><tr><th></th><td></td><td>and the animal escaping moves rapidly in another direction. In this act, the animal</td></tr><tr><th></th><td></td><td>keeps the antennae towards the front. One animal chases the other, which escapes,</td></tr><tr><th></th><td></td><td>sometimes with subtle contacts (with chelipeds and/or antennae).</td></tr></tbody></table>