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11 results for “Allen's rule”
The contribution of genetic and environmental effects to Bergmann's rule and Allen's rule in house mice
<p>Data associated with the manuscript, "The contribution of genetic and environmental effects to Bergmann's rule and Allen's rule in house mice".</p> <p><strong>Abstract</strong>: Distinguishing between genetic, environmental, and genotype-by-environment effects is central to understanding geographic variation in phenotypic clines. Two of the best-documented phenotypic clines are Bergmann's rule and Allen's rule, which describe larger body sizes and shortened extremities in colder climates, respectively. Although numerous studies have found inter- and intraspecific evidence for both ecogeographic patterns, we still have a poor understanding of the extent to which these patterns are driven by genetics, environment, or both. Here, we measured the genetic and environmental contributions to Bergmann's rule and Allen's rule across introduced populations of house mice (<em>Mus musculus domesticus</em>) in the Americas. First, we documented clines for body mass, tail length, and ear length in natural populations, and found that these conform to both Bergmann's rule and Allen's rule. We then raised descendants of wild-caught mice in the lab and showed that these differences persisted in a common environment and are heritable, indicating that they have a genetic basis. Finally, using a full-sib design, we reared mice under warm and cold conditions. We found very little plasticity associated with body size, suggesting that Bergmann's rule has been shaped by strong directional selection in house mice. However, extremities showed considerable plasticity, as both tails and ears grew shorter in cold environments. These results indicate that adaptive phenotypic plasticity as well as genetic changes underlie major patterns of clinal variation in house mice and likely facilitated their rapid expansion into new environments across the Americas.</p> <p>Supplemental data files are provided below.</p> <p>Code associated with the analysis of these data can be found on GitHub at <a href="https://github.com/malballinger/Ballinger_allenbergmann_AmNat_2021">https://github.com/malballinger/Ballinger_allenbergmann_AmNat_2021</a>.</p>
Data and Code: Complementarity in Allen's and Bergmann's rules among birds
<p>This document shows the R code and analyses for the paper ‘Complementarity in Allen’s and<br> Bergmann’s rules among birds’, by Justin Baldwin, Joan Garcia Porta (shared first authorship) and<br> Carlos Botero, at Nature Communications.</p>
Data from: A test of a corollary of Allen's rule suggests a role for population density
A body of research by Russell Greenberg, Glenn Tattersall, and their colleagues has proposed a corollary of Allen's Rule: that in freshwater‐limited environments, bill surface area increases with temperature. Increases in both population density and sexual dimorphism, however, could also explain increases in bill surface area. After controlling for the effects of a hybrid zone, we tested whether temperature or population density in the Saltmarsh Sparrow (Ammospiza caudacuta), a sexually monomorphic estuarine specialist, explained greater variance in bill surface area. This allowed us to examine multiple potential selective mechanisms underlying the Greenberg‐Tattersall Corollary. We found that Saltmarsh Sparrows follow the general pattern of the Corollary (larger bills in warmer summer climates) but only after controlling for population density. The relationship between bill surface area and temperature varied inversely with population density. We discuss the relative abilities of sexual selection and ecological competition to explain these results.
Data from: Thermal adaptation best explains Bergmann's and Allen's rule across ecologically diverse shorebirds
<p>Bergmann's and Allen's rules state that endotherms should be larger and have shorter appendages in cooler climates. However, the drivers of these rules are not clear. Both rules could be explained by adaptation for improved thermoregulation, including plastic responses to temperature in early life. Non-thermal explanations are also plausible as climate impacts other factors that influence size and shape, including starvation risk, predation risk, and foraging ecology. We assess the potential drivers of Bergmann's and Allen's rules in 30 shorebird species using extensive field data (>200,000 observations). We show birds in hot, tropical northern Australia have longer bills and smaller bodies than conspecifics in temperate, southern Australia, conforming with both ecogeographical rules. This pattern is consistent across ecologically diverse species, including migratory birds that spend early life in the Arctic. Our findings best support the hypothesis that thermoregulatory adaptation to warm climates drives latitudinal patterns in shorebird size and shape. </p>
Data for: Allometry reveals trade-offs between Bergmann's and Allen's rules, and different avian adaptive strategies for thermoregulation
<p>Animals tend to decrease in body size (Bergmann's rule) and elongate appendages (Allen's rule) in warm climates. However, it is unknown whether these patterns depend on each other or constitute independent responses to thermal environment. Here, based on a global phylogenetic comparative analysis across 99.7% of the world's bird species, we show that the way in which the relative length of unfeathered appendages co-varies with temperature depends on body size and vice versa. First, the larger the body, the greater the increase in beak length with temperature. Second, the temperature-based increase in tarsus length is apparent only in larger birds, whereas in smaller birds, tarsus length decreases with temperature. Third, body size and the length of beak and tarsus interact each other to predict the species' temperature preferences. These findings suggest that the animals' body size and shape are products of an evolutionary compromise that reflects distinct alternative thermoregulatory adaptations.</p>
Data for: Allometry reveals trade-offs between Bergmann’s and Allen’s rules, and different avian adaptive strategies for thermoregulation
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Data from: A test of a corollary of Allen’s rule suggests a role for population density
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Data from: Thermal adaptation best explains Bergmann's and Allen's rule across ecologically diverse shorebirds
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Data from: Geographical variation in bill size provides evidence for Allen's rule in a cosmopolitan raptor
Aim. Avian beak morphology is a good example of how anatomical structures evolved in response to different selective pressures, such as diet and vocalizations, but also thermoregulation. The latter function was neglected until recently, but convincing evidence has been provided about the birds' capacity to regulate heat dissipation through their highly vascularized bill. According to this adaptive function and coherently with the ecogeographical "Allen's rule", which predicts smaller body appendages in colder climates, large beaks should be favoured in warm environments. Here, we tested this prediction in the cosmopolitan common barn owl group. Location. World Time period. 1809-2017 Major taxa studied. Tyto alba species complex Methods. We analysed the variation in bill length relative to body size according to temperature, latitude and elevation in 7619 barn owls. The specimens were collected by 140 museums, and represent three distinct evolutionary lineages, occurring in geographically separated regions and covering the entire distribution range of the species complex: the Afro-Palearctic Tyto alba, the Australasian T. javanica, and the American T. furcata. Results. In the three lineages, bill becomes larger with increasing temperature. This convergent pattern of evolution of smaller bills in colder climates is associated with a latitudinal variation in temperature, as small-billed individuals occurred at higher latitudes than conspecifics living closer to the Equator. Moreover, in T. furcata large-billed birds mostly occur at lower elevation closer to the Equator, bill length decreasing progressively with concomitant increase in latitude and elevation. Discussion. These findings provide evidence of repeated evolution of bill size on a global scale that is compatible with the Allen's rule. These results suggest a role of the bill as a potential heat-exchange surface, also in nocturnal raptors, which are not directly exposed to solar radiation and whose bill shape primarily evolved to hunt and consume animal prey.
Data from: Geographical variation in bill size across bird species provides evidence for Allen’s rule
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Data from: Geographical variation in bill size provides evidence for Allen’s rule in a cosmopolitan raptor
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