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45 results for “Allometric Scaling”
Larval nutrition impacts survival to adulthood, body size, and the allometric scaling of metabolic rate in adult honeybees
<p>Resting metabolic rate (RMR) is a fundamental physiological measure linked to numerous aspects of organismal function, including lifespan. Although dietary restriction in insects during larval growth/development affects adult RMR, the impact of larval diet <i>quality</i> on adult RMR has not been studied. Using <i>in vitro</i> rearing to control larval diet quality, we determined the effect of dietary protein and carbohydrate on honeybee survival-to-adulthood, time-to-eclosion, body mass/size and adult RMR. High carbohydrate larval diets increased survival-to-adulthood and time-to-eclosion compared to both low carbohydrate and high protein diets. Upon emergence, bees reared on the high protein diet were smaller and lighter than those reared on other diets, whilst those raised on the high carbohydrate diet varied more in body mass. Newly emerged adult bees' reared on the high carbohydrate diet showed a significantly steeper increase in allometric scaling of RMR compared to those reared on other diets. This suggests that diet quality influences survival-to-adulthood, time-to-eclosion, and the allometric scaling of RMR. Given that agricultural intensification and increasing urbanisation have led to a decrease in both forage availability and dietary diversity for bees, our results are critical to improving understanding of the impacts of poor developmental nutrition on bee growth/development and physiology.</p>
Larval nutrition impacts survival to adulthood, body size, and the allometric scaling of metabolic rate in adult honeybees
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DATASET OF "Evolutionary Pathways to Thin-Coated Seeds in Crops: Insights from Allometric Scaling" by Milla et al.
<table> <tbody> <tr> <td>This database is composed of four spreadsheets:</td> </tr> <tr> <td>data</td> <td>Unpublished data used in the manuscript. Data that was published earlier is not included to avoid duplicates, but reference to their source is given in the other two spreadsheets</td> </tr> <tr> <td>species_in_sources</td> <td>Key to the sources of data for the project, for each species, and each observation within species</td> </tr> <tr> <td>list_of_sources</td> <td>Key to sources plus full reference of each key</td> </tr> <tr> <td>list_accessions</td> <td>list of accessions identities for each crop and domestication status</td> </tr> <tr> <td> </td> <td> </td> </tr> <tr> <td>Meaning of colums in each spreadsheet</td> </tr> <tr> <td> </td> <td> </td> </tr> <tr> <td>data:</td> <td> </td> </tr> <tr> <td>id_data</td> <td>id of row in this spreadsheet</td> </tr> <tr> <td>id_sources</td> <td>id of row in the species_in_sources spreadsheet</td> </tr> <tr> <td>species</td> <td>Botanical name of the species</td> </tr> <tr> <td>family</td> <td>Family adscription of the species</td> </tr> <tr> <td>genus</td> <td>genus</td> </tr> <tr> <td>species_epith</td> <td>species epithet</td> </tr> <tr> <td>cultivar_subsp_type</td> <td>for domesticated genotypes, cultivar, subspecies, or type</td> </tr> <tr> <td>accesion_id</td> <td>accesion id from seedbanks</td> </tr> <tr> <td>crop</td> <td>for domesticated genotypes and their direct wild progenitors: common name of the crop</td> </tr> <tr> <td>dom_status_c_w</td> <td>whether an entry comes from a domesticated or a wild genotype or species</td> </tr> <tr> <td>dom_status_im_lr_wp_wnowp</td> <td>domestication status of the entry, either an improved cultivar of a crop (im), a landrace (lr), a wild progenitor (wp) or a wild species not closely related to any crop (wnowp)</td> </tr> <tr> <td>seed_mass_mg</td> <td>seed mass, in mg</td> </tr> <tr> <td>seed_coat_mass_mg</td> <td>seed coat mass, in mg</td> </tr> <tr> <td>kernel_mass_mg</td> <td>kernel mass, in mg</td> </tr> <tr> <td>key_to_source</td> <td>code to link with the references listed in the list_of_sources spreadsheet</td> </tr> <tr> <td> </td> <td> </td> </tr> <tr> <td> </td> <td> </td> </tr> <tr> <td>species_in_sources:</td> <td> </td> </tr> <tr> <td>id_sources</td> <td>see above for data spreadsheet</td> </tr> <tr> <td>species</td> <td>see above for data spreadsheet</td> </tr> <tr> <td>family</td> <td>see above for data spreadsheet</td> </tr> <tr> <td>genus</td> <td>see above for data spreadsheet</td> </tr> <tr> <td>species_epith</td> <td>see above for data spreadsheet</td> </tr> <tr> <td>cultivar_subsp_type</td> <td>see above for data spreadsheet</td> </tr> <tr> <td>accesion_id</td> <td>see above for data spreadsheet</td> </tr> <tr> <td>crop</td> <td>see above for data spreadsheet</td> </tr> <tr> <td>dom_status_c_w</td> <td>see above for data spreadsheet</td> </tr> <tr> <td>dom_status_im_lr_wp_wnowp</td> <td>see above for data spreadsheet</td> </tr> <tr> <td>key_to_source</td> <td>see above for data spreadsheet</td> </tr> <tr> <td> </td> <td> </td> </tr> <tr> <td>list_of_sources:</td> <td> </td> </tr> <tr> <td>key_to_source</td> <td>code to link with the references</td> </tr> <tr> <td>source</td> <td>full reference</td> </tr> <tr> <td> </td> <td> </td> </tr> <tr> <td>list_accessions:</td> <td>see "data" sheet</td> </tr> </tbody> </table>
Allometric scaling of a superposition eye optimises sensitivity and acuity in large and small hawkmoths
<p>Animals vary widely in body size within and across species. This has consequences for the function of organs and body parts in both large and small individuals. How these scale, in relation to body size, reveals evolutionary investment strategies, often resulting in trade-offs between functions. Eyes exemplify these trade-offs, as they are limited by their absolute size in two key performance features: sensitivity and spatial acuity. Due to their size polymorphism, insect compound eyes are ideal models for studying the allometric scaling of eye performance. Previous work on apposition compound eyes revealed that allometric scaling led to poorer spatial resolution and visual sensitivity in small individuals, across a range of insect species. Here, we used X-ray microtomography to investigate allometric scaling in superposition compound eyes – the second most common eye type in insects – for the first time. Our results reveal a novel strategy to cope with the trade-off between sensitivity and spatial acuity, as we show that the eyes of the hummingbird hawkmoth retain an optimal balance between these performance measures across all body sizes.</p>
Data from: Interspecific allometric scaling in eDNA production among Northwestern Atlantic bony fishes reflects physiological allometric scaling
<p>Relating environmental DNA (eDNA) signal strength to organism abundance requires a fundamental understanding of eDNA production. A number of studies have demonstrated that eDNA production may scale allometrically – that is, larger organisms tend to exhibit lower mass-specific eDNA production rates, likely due to allometric scaling in key processes related to eDNA production (e.g. surface area, excretion/egestion). While most previous studies have examined intra-specific allometry, physiological rates and organism surface area also scale allometrically across species. We therefore hypothesize that eDNA production will similarly exhibit inter-specific allometric scaling. To evaluate this hypothesis, we reanalyzed previously published eDNA data from Stoeckle et al. (2021) which compared metabarcoding read count to organism count and biomass data obtained from trawl surveys off the New Jersey coast. Using a Bayesian model we empirically estimated the value of the allometric scaling coefficient ('b') for Northwestern Atlantic bony fishes to be 0.77 (credible interval = 0.64 – 0.92), although our model failed to converge for Chondrichthyan species. We found that integrating allometry significantly improved correlations between organism abundance and metabarcoding read count relative to traditional metrics of abundance (density and biomass) for bony fishes. Although substantial unexplained variation remains in the relationship between read count and organism abundance, our study provides evidence that eDNA production may scale allometrically across species in some contexts. Future studies investigating the relationship between eDNA signal strength and metrics of fish abundance could potentially be improved by accounting for allometry; to this end, we developed an online tool that can facilitate the integration of allometry in eDNA/abundance relationships.</p>
Allometric scaling of a superposition eye optimises sensitivity and acuity in large and small hawkmoths
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Data from: Allometric scaling laws linking biomass and rooting depth vary across ontogeny and functional groups in tropical dry forest lianas and trees
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Data from: Scaling of ovipositor size in Drosophila suzukii and D. subpulchrella: Altered genital-coupling mechanisms and evolution of allometric slopes
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Data from: Interspecific allometric scaling in eDNA production among Northwestern Atlantic bony fishes reflects physiological allometric scaling
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Data from: Allometric scaling of eDNA production in stream-dwelling brook trout (Salvelinus fontinalis) inferred from population size structure
<p>Environmental DNA (eDNA) concentration exhibits a positive correlation with organism abundance in nature, but modelling this relationship could be substantially improved by incorporating the biology of eDNA production. A recent model (Yates et al. 2020) extended models of physiological allometric scaling to eDNA production, hypothesizing that brook trout eDNA production scales non-linearly with mass as a power-function with scaling coefficients < 1 in lakes. To validate this hypothesis, we re-analysed data from Wilcox et al. (2016) that examined the correlation between eDNA concentration and brook trout abundance in streams. We found that allometrically scaled mass (ASM) (e.g. ∑(individual mass<sup>0.36</sup>) best described patterns of eDNA concentration across streams (r<sup>2</sup> = 0.43). ASM<sup> </sup>exhibited substantially improved model fit relative to biomass (r<sup>2</sup> = 0.31, ∆AIC = 5.19), indicating that eDNA production did not scale linearly with biomass. However, the explanatory power of ASM was comparable to density (r<sup>2</sup> = 0.40, ∆AIC = 1.25). Additionally, the optimal scaling coefficient estimated from the data (0.36) was substantially lower than that found in Yates et al. (2020) (0.72). Discrepancies between datasets could be attributable to ecological differences between study habitats (streams vs lakes) or due to the exclusion of juveniles (i.e. individuals < 75 mm) that can be abundant in stream environments. Nevertheless, this study adds to the growing body of literature demonstrating that individual eDNA production does not scale linearly with biomass.</p>
Data from: Allometric scaling of indirect effects: body size ratios predict non-consumptive effects in multi-predator systems
1. Non-consumptive effects (NCES) frequently lead to non-independent effects of multiple predators. While such emergent predator effects are ubiquitous in natural communities, the strength of these effects varies among studies and systems, making it difficult to predict a priory how changes in predator diversity influence prey suppression. Thus, identifying general scaling rules which can explain this variation of non-independent effects is vital for modeling natural communities and how they respond to biodiversity loss. 2. Body size is a key trait determining the nature and strength of ecological interactions. While great progress has been made using allometric relationships to predict the interaction strength of predator-prey pairs, it is unknown whether similar relationships explain variation in the strength of NCEs, and how they are related to consumptive effects. 3. Here we experimentally manipulate the relative size difference of multiple predators to determine whether NCEs follow general allometric scaling relationships in an aquatic multi-predator system. 4. Results demonstrate that the presence and strength of NCEs can vary dramatically across predator combinations. However, this variation scaled predictably with the size ratio of predators; increasing the size difference among predators increased NCEs. This pattern was driven by a size-mediated shift in "food web motif" from competition to intraguild predation and a positive correlation of NCEs and intraguild predation rate. 5. Results indicate that models which assume that consumers have independent effects are particularly likely to make erroneous predictions when predators differ substantially in size, but simple allometric relationships of NCEs could be used to correct this bias.
Data from: Contextualizing macroecological laws: A big data analysis on electrofishing and allometric scalings in Ohio, USA
We investigated the influence of different electrofishing methods on allometric scaling features of fish assemblages in lotic environments. The ultimate aim was to elucidate to which extent the structure of fish assemblages is predictable by the three-quarter power law theory. Water bodies across the state of Ohio, USA, provided a suitable data set to analyze the size–biomass spectra of 2051 fish assemblages. For the first time, 41,070 allometric field observations were screened according to sampling methods (i.e., longline, tote barge, boat) adopted for sampling collection. Allometric patterns varied considerably in relation with the sampling method, in turn imposed by the local hydrology and morphology of the investigated water courses, as shown by the lowering of scalings from boatable to wadeable systems. There are several lines of evidence indicating that the chosen type of electrofishing acts as a pitfall for size spectra. Using individually weighted body-mass values as independent predictor of spectra we show that the specific sampling methodology required by the physical characteristics of different lotic habitats influence the allometric outcomes, a novel result that makes universality of community power laws not as straightforward as supposed until now.
Data from: Allometric scaling of intraspecific space use
Allometric scaling relationships enable exploration of animal space-use patterns, yet interspecific studies cannot address many of the underlying mechanisms. We present the first intraspecific study of home range (HR) allometry relative to energetic requirements over several orders of magnitude of body mass, using as a model the predatory fish, pike Esox lucius. Analogous with interspecific studies, we show that space use increases more rapidly with mass (exponent = 1.08) than metabolic scaling theories predict. Our results support a theory that suggests increasing HR overlap with body mass explains many of these differences in allometric scaling of HR size. We conclude that, on a population scale, HR size and energetic requirement scale allometrically, but with different exponents.
Data from: Choice of resolution by functional trait or taxonomy affects allometric scaling in soil food webs
Belowground organisms often display a shift in their mass-abundance scaling relationships due to environmental factors such as soil chemistry and atmospheric deposition. Here we present new empirical data that show strong differences in allometric scaling according to whether the resolution at the local scale is based on a taxonomic or a functional classification, while only slight differences arise according to soil environmental conditions. For the first time, isometry (an inverse 1∶1 proportion) is recognized in mass-abundance relationships, providing a functional signal for constant biomass distribution in soil biota regardless of discrete trophic levels. Our findings are in contrast to those from aquatic ecosystems, in that higher trophic levels in soil biota are not a direct function of increasing body mass.
Data from: Size structuring and allometric scaling relationships in coral reef fishes
Temperate marine fish communities are often size structured, with predators consuming increasingly larger prey and feeding at higher trophic levels as they grow. Gape limitation and ontogenetic diet shifts are key mechanisms by which size structuring arises in these communities. Little is known, however, about size structuring in coral reef fishes. Here, we aimed to advance understanding of size structuring in coral reef food webs by examining the evidence for these mechanisms in two groups of reef predators. Given the diversity of feeding modes amongst coral reef fishes, we also compared gape size—body size allometric relationships across functional groups to determine if they are reliable indicators of size structuring. We used gut content analysis and quantile regressions of predator size—prey size relationships to test for evidence of gape limitation and ontogenetic niche shifts in reef piscivores (n=13 species) and benthic invertivores (n=3 species). We then estimated gape size—body size allometric scaling coefficients for 21 different species from four functional groups, including herbivores/detritivores, which are not expected to be gape-limited. We found evidence of both mechanisms for size structuring in coral reef piscivores, with maximum prey size scaling positively with predator body size, and ontogenetic diet shifts including prey type and expansion of prey size. There was, however, little evidence of size structuring in benthic invertivores. Across species and functional groups, absolute and relative gape sizes were largest in piscivores as expected, but gape size—body size scaling relationships were not indicative of size structuring. Instead, relative gape sizes and mouth morphologies may be better indicators. Our results provide evidence that coral reef piscivores are size-structured, and that gape limitation and ontogenetic niche shifts are the mechanisms from which this structure arises. Although gape allometry was not indicative of size structuring, it may have implications for ecosystem function: positively allometric gape size—body size scaling relationships in herbivores/detritivores suggests that loss of large-bodied individuals of these species will have a disproportionately negative impact on reef grazing pressure.
Data from: Prey limitation drives variation in allometric scaling of predator-prey interactions
Ecologists have long searched for a universal size-scaling constant that governs trophic interactions. Although this is an appealing theoretical concept, Predator-Prey Size Ratios (PPSR) vary strikingly across and within natural food webs, meaning that predators deviate from their optimal prey size by consuming relatively larger or smaller prey. Here, we suggest that this unexpected variation in allometric scaling of trophic interactions can be predicted by gradients of prey limitation consistent with predictions from the Optimal Foraging Theory. We analyzed >6,000 trophic interactions of 52 populations from four tropical frog species along a gradient of prey limitation. Mean of PPSR and its variance differed up to two orders of magnitude across and within food webs. Importantly, as prey availability decreased across food webs, PPSR and its variance became more size-dependent. Thus, trophic interactions did not follow a fixed allometric scaling but changed predictably with the strength of prey limitation. Our results emphasize the importance of ecological contexts in arranging food webs and the need to incorporate ecological drivers of PPSR and its variance in food web and community models.
Data and R scripts for "Allometric scaling of hyporheic respiration across basins in the Pacific Northwest USA" submission (Release L1)
<p>This repository holds data and scripts used for the analyses presented in a manuscript entitled "Allometric scaling of hyporheic respiration across basins in the Pacific Northwest United States" in revision in JGR Biogeosciences.</p>
Female reproductive mode shapes allometric scaling of male traits in livebearing fishes (family Poeciliidae)
<p>Reproductive mode is predicted to influence the form of sexual selection. The viviparity driven conflict hypothesis posits that a shift from lecithotrophic (yolk-nourished) to matrotrophic (mother-nourished or placental) viviparity drives a shift from pre-copulatory toward post-copulatory sexual selection. In lecithotrophic species, we predict that pre-copulatory sexual selection will manifest as males exhibiting a broad distribution of sizes, and small and large males exhibiting contrasting phenotypes (morphology and coloration); conversely, in matrotrophic species an emphasis on post-copulatory sexual selection will preclude these patterns. We test these predictions by gathering data on male size, morphology, and coloration for five sympatric Costa Rican poeciliid species that differ in reproductive mode (i.e. lecithotrophy vs matrotrophy). We find tentative support for these predictions of the viviparity driven conflict hypothesis, with some interesting caveats and subtleties. In particular, we find that the three lecithotrophic species tend to show a broader distribution of male sizes than matrotrophic species. Furthermore, large males of such species tend to exhibit proportionately large dorsal and caudal fins and short gonopodia relative to small males, while these patterns are expressed to a lesser extent in the two matrotrophic species. Finally, large males in some of the lecithotrophic species exhibit darker fins relative to small males, a pattern not evident in either matrotrophic species. One unexpected finding was that even in the matrotrophic species <i>Poeciliopsis retropinna</i> and <i>Poeciliopsis paucimaculata</i>, which lack courtship and dichromatic coloration, some morphological traits exhibit significant allometric relationships, suggesting that even in these species pre-copulatory sexual selection may be present and shaping size-specific male phenotypes in subtle ways.</p>
Figure 4 in Horn scaling relationships in three species of Bledius Leach 1819 (Insecta: Coleoptera: Staphylinidae) show no indication of fitting non-linear allometric models
Figure 4. Scaling relationship between log pronotum width and log horn length in Bledius tricornis (Herbst, 1784). The slope is 1.166 (SE = 0.093) and the linear model has an R2 of 0.78.
Figure 3 in Horn scaling relationships in three species of Bledius Leach 1819 (Insecta: Coleoptera: Staphylinidae) show no indication of fitting non-linear allometric models
Figure 3. Scaling relationship between log pronotum width and log horn length in Bledius frisius Lohse, 1978. The slope is 1.816 (SE = 0.136) and the linear model has an R2 of 0.78.
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