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26 results for “Allopatry”
Figure 1-2 in Acoustic communication in two species of the Hypsiboas albopunctatus group (Anura: Hylidae) in sympatry and allopatry
Figure 1-2. Advertisement (1) and aggressive (2) calls of Hypsiboas abopunctatus from Barro Alto, Goiás, Brazil. Above audiospectrogram, below oscillogram. (1) Air temperature = 23.4°C, Air humidity = 68%, SVL = 51,84 mm; (2) Air temperature = 19,8°C; Air humidity = 88%; SVL = 50,27 mm.
Figure 3-5 in Acoustic communication in two species of the Hypsiboas albopunctatus group (Anura: Hylidae) in sympatry and allopatry
Figure 3-5. Advertisement (3), aggressive I (4) and aggressive II (5) calls of Hypsiboas paranaiba from Barro Alto, Goiás, Brazil. Above audiospectrogram; below oscillogram. (3) Air temperature = 21°C, Air humidity = 92%, SVL = 45.03 mm; (4) Air temperature = 21°C, Air humidity = 92%, SVL = 45.04 mm; (5) Air temperature = 21°C, Air humidity = 92%, SVL = 43.22 mm.
Data from: Poison frog color morphs express assortative mate preferences in allopatry but not sympatry
The concurrent divergence of mating traits and preferences is necessary for the evolution of reproductive isolation via sexual selection, and such coevolution has been demonstrated in diverse lineages. However, the extent to which assortative mate preferences are sufficient to drive reproductive isolation in nature is less clear. Natural contact zones between lineages divergent in traits and preferences provide exceptional opportunities for testing the predicted evolutionary consequences of such divergence. The strawberry poison frog (Oophaga pumilio) displays extreme color polymorphism in and around the young Bocas del Toro archipelago. In a transition zone between red and blue allopatric lineages, we asked whether female preferences diverged along with coloration, and whether any divergent preferences persist in a zone of sympatry. When choosing among red, blue and phenotypically intermediate males, females from monomorphic red and monomorphic blue populations both expressed assortative preferences. However, red, blue, and intermediate females from the contact zone all preferred red males, suggesting that divergent preferences may be insufficient to effect behavioral isolation. Our results highlight the complexity of behavioral isolation, and the need for studies that can reveal the circumstances under which divergent preferences do and do not contribute to speciation.
Morphological measurements of two host specialists of the dipteran Tephritis conura, both in sympatry and allopatry
<div> <div> <div> <div> <p>Adaptation to new ecological niches is known to spur population diversification and may lead to speciation if gene flow is ceased. While adaptation to the same ecological niche is expected to be parallel, it is more difficult to predict whether selection against maladaptive hybridization in secondary sympatry results in parallel divergence also in traits that are not directly related to the ecological niches. Such parallelisms in response to selection for reproductive isolation can be identified through estimating parallelism in reproductive character displacement across different zones of secondary contact. Here, we use a host shift in the phytophagous peacock fly Tephritis conura, with both host races represented in two geographically separate areas East and West of the Baltic Sea to investigate convergence in morphological adaptations. We asked i) if there are consistent morphological adaptations to a host plant shift and ii) if the response to secondary sympatry with the alternate host race is parallel across contact zones. We found surprisingly low and variable, albeit significant, divergence between host races. Only one trait, the length of the female ovipositor, which serves an important function in the interaction with the hosts, was consistently different between host races. Instead, co-existence with the other host race significantly affected the degree of morphological divergence, but the divergence was largely driven by different traits in different contact zones. Thus, local stochastic fixation or reinforcement could generate trait divergence, and additional evidence is needed to conclude whether divergence is locally adaptive.</p> </div> </div> </div> </div>
Data from: Genomic variation across two barn swallow hybrid zones reveals traits associated with divergence in sympatry and allopatry
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Historical allopatry and secondary contact or primary intergradation in the Puerto Rican Crested Anole, Anolis cristatellus, on Vieques Island
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Data from: Male-driven reproductive and agonistic character displacement in darters and its implications for speciation in allopatry
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Data from: Poison frog color morphs express assortative mate preferences in allopatry but not sympatry
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Supplementary data from: Species delimitation under allopatry: Genomic insights within and across continents in Lepidoptera
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Morphological measurements of two host specialists of the dipteran Tephritis conura, both in sympatry and allopatry
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Data from: Ecological speciation of bacteriophage lambda in allopatry and sympatry
Understanding the conditions that allow speciation to occur is difficult because most research has focused on either long-lived organisms or asexual microorganisms. We propagated bacteriophage λ, a virus with rapid generations and frequent recombination, on two Escherichia coli host genotypes that expressed either the LamB or OmpF receptor. When supplied with either single host (allopatry), λ improved its binding to the available receptor while losing its ability to use the alternative. When evolving on both hosts together (sympatry), the viruses split into two lineages with divergent receptor preferences. Although the level of divergence varied among replicates, some lineages evolved reproductive isolation via genetic incompatibilities. This outcome indicates that, under suitable conditions, allopatric and sympatric speciation can occur with similar ease.
Data from: Para-allopatry in hybridizing fire-bellied toads (Bombina bombina and B. variegata): inference from transcriptome-wide coalescence analyses
Ancient origins, profound ecological divergence, and extensive hybridization make the fire-bellied toads Bombina bombina and B. variegata (Anura: Bombinatoridae) an intriguing test case of ecological speciation. Previous modeling has proposed that the narrow Bombina hybrid zones represent strong barriers to neutral introgression. We test this prediction by inferring the rate of gene exchange between pure populations on either side of the intensively studied Kraków transect. We developed a method to extract high confidence sets of orthologous genes from de novo transcriptome assemblies, fitted a range of divergence models to these data and assessed their relative support with analytic likelihood calculations. There was clear evidence for postdivergence gene flow, but, as expected, no perceptible signal of recent introgression via the nearby hybrid zone. The analysis of two additional Bombina taxa (B. v. scabra and B. orientalis) validated our parameter estimates against a larger set of prior expectations. Despite substantial cumulative introgression over millions of years, adaptive divergence of the hybridizing taxa is essentially unaffected by their lack of reproductive isolation. Extended distribution ranges also buffer them against small-scale environmental perturbations that have been shown to reverse the speciation process in other, more recent ecotypes.
Data from: Genetics of incipient speciation in Drosophila mojavensis. III. Life history divergence in allopatry and reproductive isolation
We carried out a three-tiered genetic analysis of egg-to-adult development time and viability in ancestral and derived populations of cactophilic D. mojavensis to test the hypothesis that evolution of these life history characters has shaped premating reproductive isolation in this species. First, a common garden experiment with 11 populations from Baja California and mainland Mexico and Arizona reared on two host cacti revealed significant host plant X region and population interactions for viability and development time. Second, replicated line crosses with cactus-reared flies revealed autosomal, X chromosome, cytoplasmic, and autosome X cactus influences on development time. Third, a QTL analysis of development time differences on 1688 Baja X mainland F2 males revealed eight QTL. Eight GxE interactions were also detected, caused by longer development times associated with mainland alleles reared a mainland host with smaller differences among Baja genotypes on a Baja host plant. Four QTL influenced both development time and cuticular hydrocarbon differences associated with courtship success, and there was a significant QTL-based correlation between development time and cuticular hydrocarbon variation. Thus, the regional shifts in life histories that evolved once D. mojavensis invaded mainland Mexico from Baja California by shifting host plants were genetically correlated with variation in cuticular hydrocarbon-based mate preferences.
Data from: Allopatry, competitor recognition and heterospecific aggression in crater lake cichlids
Background: Aggressive behaviour can have significant evolutionary consequences - not only within species, but also in the context of heterospecific interactions. Here, we carried out an experimental field study to investigate the importance of phenotypic similarity on levels of aggression between species whilst controlling for familiarity effects using manipulated allopatric stimuli. Specifically, we investigated aggressive responses of territory holding males and females in two species of Neotropical cichlid fish, Amphilophus sagittae and Hypsophrys nicaraguensis, that differ in their phenotypic similarity to our allopatric stimulus species, Amphilophus astorquii. Results: We found that, independent of phenotypic similarity (and correlated phylogenetic proximity) between the territory holders and intruder, territorial aggression was not adjusted in relation to allopatric intruder colour markings that are associated with different levels of threat and known to provoke different responses in a sympatric setting. We also found that males and females did not differ in their overall patterns of aggression adjustment towards intruder cues. Nevertheless, the two focal species, which share the same breeding grounds and external threats, exhibited different sex roles in breeding territory defence. Conclusion: Together with earlier studies assessing hetrospecific aggression in sympatry, our current results highlight the importance of coevolution and learning in species interactions.
Allopatry, hybridization, and reproductive isolation in Arctostaphylos: phenology and field morphology
<p class="Body"><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><b>Premise of the study</b>: Hybridization plays a key role in introgressive adaptation, speciation, and adaptive radiation as a source of evolutionary innovation. Hybridization is considered common in <i>Arctostaphylos</i>, yet species boundaries are retained in stands containing multiple species. <i>Arctostaphylos</i> contains diploids and tetraploids, and recent phylogenies indicate two clades; we hypothesize combinations of these traits limit or promote hybridization rates. </span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></p> <p class="Body"><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><b>Methods</b>: We statistically analyzed co-occurrence patterns of species by clade membership and ploidy level from 87-0.1 ha plots. We sampled multiple sites to analyze for percent hybridization based on morphology. Finally, phenophases were analyzed by scoring herbarium sheets for a large number of taxa from both clades as well as tetraploids, and second, surveying three field sites over two years for divergence in phenological stages between co-occurring taxa.</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></p> <p class="Body"><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><b>Key results</b>: Most taxa in <i>Arctostaphylos</i> are allopatric relative to other congenerics. When two taxa co-occur, the patterns are a diploid with a tetraploid, or two diploids from different clades. When three taxa co-occur, the pattern is two diploids from different clades and a tetraploid. Field and herbarium data both indicate flowering phenology is displaced between diploids from the two clades; one of the diploid clades and tetraploids overlap considerably. </span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></p> <p class="Body"><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><b>Conclusions</b>: The two deep clades in <i>Arctostaphylos</i> are genetically distant, with hybrids rare or non-existent when taxa co-occur. Reproductive isolation between clades is enhanced by displaced flowering phenology for co-occurring species. Within clades, taxa appear to have few reproductive barriers other than an allopatric distribution or different ploidy levels.</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></p>
Data from: Genetics of incipient speciation in Drosophila mojavensis. III. Life history divergence in allopatry and reproductive isolation
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Data from: Ecological speciation of bacteriophage lambda in allopatry and sympatry
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Data from: Allopatry, competitor recognition and heterospecific aggression in crater lake cichlids
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Data from: Para-allopatry in hybridizing fire-bellied toads (Bombina bombina and B. variegata): inference from transcriptome-wide coalescence analyses
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Data from: Neo-allopatry and rapid reproductive isolation
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