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FIGURE 3 in A new species of Alsodes (Anura: Alsodidae) from Altos de Cantillana, central Chile

FIGURE 3. Localities of Alsodes and Eupsophus (outgroup) samples included in the phylogenetic analyses. Circles indicate localities of all species of Alsodes, except for those of A. nodosus (squares, right map). The map of the right inferior corner shows the area of Altos de Cantillana mountains where the type locality (red star) and the other known site of A. cantillanensis sp. nov. are located.

FIGURE 2 in A new species of Alsodes (Anura: Alsodidae) from Altos de Cantillana, central Chile

FIGURE 2. Morphological details of the holotype of Alsodes cantillanensis sp. nov. (SSUC-Am-168). A. Dorsal view of the head. B. Ventral view of the head. Note the spines patches on the chest. C. Lateral view of the head. D. Dorsal view of the left hand. Note the nuptial pads on fingers one and two, formed by small whitish spines. E. Ventral view of the left hand. F. Ventral view of the right foot. Bars equal 5 mm.

FIGURE 1 in A new species of Alsodes (Anura: Alsodidae) from Altos de Cantillana, central Chile

FIGURE 1. Specimens of Alsodes cantillanensis sp. nov. (A, holotype, SSUC-Am-168) and A. nodosus (B, adult male, not captured) from Quebrada Infiernillo. C and D show details of the irises of A. cantillanensis and A. nodosus, respectively.

FIGURE 4 in A new species of Alsodes (Anura: Alsodidae) from Altos de Cantillana, central Chile

FIGURE 4. Bayesian inference consensus tree (50% majority-rule) showing the position of the new species, Alsodes cantillanensis (in bold), within the genus. Numbers next to the nodes, separated by slashes, correspond to bootstrap values of maximum parsimony analysis, treating gaps as a fifth state, and posterior probability of Bayesian inference, respectively.

Figure 4 from: Cuevas CC, Sanhueza R (2020) Geographic boundaries and natural history notes of the microendemic endangered frog Eupsophus migueli Formas, 1977 (Alsodidae) in the Mahuidanche Range, southern Chile. ZooKeys 929: 79-92. https://doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.929.35984

Figure 4 Scheme of the life history data of E. migueli (this paper) and E. altor. Data for E. altor were obtained from Núñez et al. (2012).

Figure 1 from: Cuevas CC, Sanhueza R (2020) Geographic boundaries and natural history notes of the microendemic endangered frog Eupsophus migueli Formas, 1977 (Alsodidae) in the Mahuidanche Range, southern Chile. ZooKeys 929: 79-92. https://doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.929.35984

Figure 1 A Distribution map of Eupsophus migueli. The red polygon corresponds to an updated distribution area of E. migueli, and it is formed by georeferenced landmarks including new records (this paper), old records (including the type locality, Mehuín, and nearby localities Queule and Pichicuyín) and other documented points (Méndez et al. 2005, Contreras 2014, Miranda 2015) B specimen of E. migueli from Colehual Alto.

Figure 3 from: Cuevas CC, Sanhueza R (2020) Geographic boundaries and natural history notes of the microendemic endangered frog Eupsophus migueli Formas, 1977 (Alsodidae) in the Mahuidanche Range, southern Chile. ZooKeys 929: 79-92. https://doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.929.35984

Figure 3 Habitat of Eupsophus migueliA, D native forest with anthropogenic disturbance in Boroa Norte 1 B pine monoculture with undergrowth habitat of Aristotelia chilensis in Boroa Norte 4 C, E native forest in El Socorro.

Figure 2 from: Cuevas CC, Sanhueza R (2020) Geographic boundaries and natural history notes of the microendemic endangered frog Eupsophus migueli Formas, 1977 (Alsodidae) in the Mahuidanche Range, southern Chile. ZooKeys 929: 79-92. https://doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.929.35984

Figure 2 Dorsal (capitals) and ventral (lowercase) patterns of pigmentation in Eupsophus migueli from different localities along its distribution range. A Dorsal pattern of dark brown (Socorro) a ventral white with longitudinal spots (El Socorro, Boroa Norte) B dorsal yellow pattern and b belly with yellow crosslinks (El Socorro) C dorsal pattern yellow with brown spots and c belly with yellow longitudinal spots (El Socorro, Boroa Norte) D dorsal pattern dark brown and d belly with whitish faded spots. All specimens were adults ranging in size from 4 to 5 cm.

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Figure 2 from: Correa C, Zepeda P, Lagos N, Salinas H, Palma RE, Vásquez D (2018) New populations of two threatened species of Alsodes (Anura, Alsodidae) reveal the scarce biogeographic knowledge of the genus in the Andes of central Chile. Zoosystematics and Evolution 94(2): 349-358. https://doi.org/10.3897/zse.94.25189

Figure 2 Adult males of Alsodes from the new discovered localities. In parentheses the specific identification according to the phylogenetic analysis (Fig. 3), the snout-vent length (SVL) and code of the respective buccal mucosa sample are indicated. A. Vegas de Cisternas (A. hugoi, SVL = 68.3 mm, VC1m). B. Cajón de Plaza (undetermined, SVL = 54.8 mm, CP5m). C. Vegas de Andrade (A. hugoi, SVL = 57.2 mm, VA1m). D. Vegas de Miranda (A. hugoi, SVL = 56.3 mm, VM6m). E. Cajón Lagunitas (site 3) (A. hugoi, SVL = 71.7 mm, CLP3-5m). F. Lo Aguirre Chico (A. pehuenche, SVL = 52.0 mm, AgCh4m). Some populations are characterized by well-developed interdigital webbing in the hind feet (shown in the insets).

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Figure 1 from: Correa C, Zepeda P, Lagos N, Salinas H, Palma RE, Vásquez D (2018) New populations of two threatened species of Alsodes (Anura, Alsodidae) reveal the scarce biogeographic knowledge of the genus in the Andes of central Chile. Zoosystematics and Evolution 94(2): 349-358. https://doi.org/10.3897/zse.94.25189

Figure 1 New and literature records of Alsodes from the Andes Range between 34°50' and 38°05'S. Yellow circles represent the new localities reported in this study; squares represent type localities. A. Andean localities of Alsodes of the literature between 34°50' and 38°05'S: the southernmost localities of A. montanus and A. tumultuosus, the type locality of A. hugoi, localities of A. pehuenche (within red box B, see map B) and the type locality of A. vittatus. There is a record of a putative new species related to A. nodosus in Pemehue (Alsodes sp. 1 of Blotto et al. 2013; not included in the map), presumably the same type locality of A. vittatus. Red boxes correspond to the three explored areas described in this study (maps B, C and D). B. Area explored during the first field campaign (Paso Pehuenche, Laguna del Maule and surroundings). All colored symbols correspond to localities of A. pehuenche: yellow circles correspond to new records; green circles and the square are all previously known localities of the species. The white circle is the place where no amphibian was found. C. Area and sites explored during the third field campaign (tributaries of the Guaiquivilo River). D. Area and sites explored during the second field campaign (surroundings of Laguna El Dial). See details of the localities and the populations discovered in Table 1. Orange lines represent the boundary between Chile and Argentina; thinner yellow lines indicate the boundaries of the administrative regions of Chile.

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Figure 3 from: Correa C, Zepeda P, Lagos N, Salinas H, Palma RE, Vásquez D (2018) New populations of two threatened species of Alsodes (Anura, Alsodidae) reveal the scarce biogeographic knowledge of the genus in the Andes of central Chile. Zoosystematics and Evolution 94(2): 349-358. https://doi.org/10.3897/zse.94.25189

Figure 3 Bayesian consensus tree (50% majority-rule) showing the relationships of the new Andean populations of Alsodes. Representatives of the new populations are labeled in green (related to A. pehuenche) and red (related to A. hugoi) (see details of the new localities in Table 1). Note that specimens from Cajón de Plaza are distributed in both the red and green clades. Reference sequences of the type localities of A. pehuenche and A. hugoi are in bold. Numbers next to the nodes correspond to posterior probabilities (only values ≥ 0.95 of the more internal nodes are shown). The scale bar in the lower left corner represents the expected substitutions per site along the branches.

Figure 6 from: Correa C, Durán F (2019) Taxonomy, systematics and geographic distribution of ground frogs (Alsodidae, Eupsophus): a comprehensive synthesis of the last six decades of research. ZooKeys 863: 107-152. https://doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.863.35484

Figure 6 Consensus phylogram (50% mayority-rule) of the Bayesian analysis of the mitochondrial fragments cytochrome c oxidase subunit I and cytochrome b. For simplicity, the outgroup (Alsodesnorae) is not shown. Colored branches indicate the specimens of the two putative species: Villarrica (green) and Tolhuaca (red). The values next to the nodes are the posterior probabilities (pp); asterisks represent maximum values (pp = 1). Note that all species currently recognized (Suárez-Villota et al. 2018b) are supported by high pp values (> 0.97), except for both of the vertebralis group, wich are not reciprocally monophyletic. The scale bar under the tree represents the expected substitutions per site.

Figure 4 from: Correa C, Durán F (2019) Taxonomy, systematics and geographic distribution of ground frogs (Alsodidae, Eupsophus): a comprehensive synthesis of the last six decades of research. ZooKeys 863: 107-152. https://doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.863.35484

Figure 4 Cryptic coloration and variation of coloration patterns in two undetermined populations of the Eupsophusroseus group A adult females from Pidenco, showing cryptic coloration resembling the forest ground; insets show head profiles of the same individuals B adults and juveniles from Las Lianas exemplifying variation in coloration patterns. Both localities were included as Eupsophus sp. in the map of Fig. 3.

Figure 5 from: Correa C, Durán F (2019) Taxonomy, systematics and geographic distribution of ground frogs (Alsodidae, Eupsophus): a comprehensive synthesis of the last six decades of research. ZooKeys 863: 107-152. https://doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.863.35484

Figure 5 Examples of intrapopulation external variation in adult specimens of the type localities of two species of the Eupsophusroseus group AEupsophusroseus from Valdivia BEupsophusmigueli from Mehuín. Both examples illustrate the variation in dorsal and ventral (B) coloration, iris color and snout shape.

Figure 1 from: Correa C, Durán F (2019) Taxonomy, systematics and geographic distribution of ground frogs (Alsodidae, Eupsophus): a comprehensive synthesis of the last six decades of research. ZooKeys 863: 107-152. https://doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.863.35484

Figure 1 Composition of the genus Eupsophus between 1961 and 2018 according to several reviews and studies. Year of species description is provided in parentheses. Capurro (1958) and Cei (1958, 1960, 1962a, 1962b) recognized the same two species of Grandison (1961), but with different names (see comment in Cei 1962b). †Revalidated by Formas and Vera (1982) (removed from the synonymy of E.roseus). ‡Undescribed species from Isla Wellington (Chile), sister to E.calcaratus. §It appears as Eupsophus sp. 1 in Blotto et al. (2013). |Probable undescribed species from Tolhuaca (Chile), sister to E.roseus. ¶Putative species from Villarrica (Chile), sister to E.roseus.

Figure 3 from: Correa C, Durán F (2019) Taxonomy, systematics and geographic distribution of ground frogs (Alsodidae, Eupsophus): a comprehensive synthesis of the last six decades of research. ZooKeys 863: 107-152. https://doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.863.35484

Figure 3 Compilation of localities of Eupsophus species gathered from the literature (see the complete list of localities in Appendix 1). Multicolored circles and the star indicate localities where two or three species of the same group have been reported in the same or different sources. White circles indicate the localities where two undescribed species have been identified (Villarrica and Tolhuaca), two undetermined populations included in this study (Fig. 4) and several ones considered by Correa et al. (2017) as E.roseus, whose taxonomic status is uncertain according to the current taxonomy (Suárez-Villota et al. 2018b). Thin gray lines within Chile represent boundaries of Administrative Regions.

Figure 2 from: Correa C, Durán F (2019) Taxonomy, systematics and geographic distribution of ground frogs (Alsodidae, Eupsophus): a comprehensive synthesis of the last six decades of research. ZooKeys 863: 107-152. https://doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.863.35484

Figure 2 Phylogenetic hypotheses of Eupsophus obtained with DNA sequences. In some of these studies several phylogenetic analyses were made but here we show the hypotheses preferred by the authors. The trees were simplified by merging the terminal nodes by species or other relevant groupings and uniforming the branch lengths, but maintaining the original topologies. The numbers next to the nodes indicate the bootstrap or jackknife support values for the maximum parsimony (MP) analyses or posterior probability for those of Bayesian inference (BI). Black circles over the nodes indicate maximum support. The number of specimens included for each taxon or population is indicated in parentheses (omitted when only one was included). When relevant, the localities of origin of some specimens are indicated in parentheses. For simplicity, some names were abbreviated (for example, Esep = E.septentrionalis; Esp = Eupsophus sp.). Below the trees are indicated the gene fragments used, whether they are mitochondrial (mt) or nuclear (nuc), the analysis strategy (concatenated: ctd; species tree: st) and the phylogenetic reconstruction method used. ANuñez (2003); this is the only tree of those shown where morphological characters (15) were included to build it BNuñez et al. (2011); the only one of these studies where not all species of the genus were included; lineages A-F were considered a priori as E.calcaratusCBlotto et al. (2013); the alternative position of E.septentrionalis (with its respective support value) obtained with a Bayesian analysis of the same data set is shown in red; the method used was MP with direct optimization (do); the support values correspond to jackknife absolute frequencies DCorrea et al. (2017); note that several undescribed populations (Eupsophus sp. = Esp) appear intermixed with some nominal species of the roseus group; in this analysis E.contulmoensis (Econ) and E.nahuelbutensis (Enah) make up a clade but they are not reciprocally monophyletic ESuárez-Villota et al. (2018a); in this analysis E.vertebralis (Ever) and E.emiliopugini (Eemi) are not reciprocally monophyletic FSuárez-Villota et al. (2018b); they obtained a different topology within the roseus group in maximum likelihood and BI analyses of the same concatenated data set (not shown).