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72 results for “Alternative Reproductive Tactics”
Genetically identical mice express alternative reproductive tactics depending on social conditions in the field
<p>In many species, establishing and maintaining a territory is critical to survival and reproduction, and an animal's ability to do so is strongly influenced by the presence and density of competitors. Here we manipulate social conditions to study the alternative reproductive tactics displayed by genetically identical, age-matched laboratory mice competing for territories under ecologically realistic social environmental conditions. We introduced adult males and females of the laboratory mouse strain (C57BL/6J) into a large, outdoor field enclosure containing defendable resource zones under one of two social conditions. We first created a low-density social environment, such that the number of available territories exceeded the number of males. After males established stable territories, we introduced a pulse of intruder males and observed the resulting defensive and invasive tactics employed. In response to this change in social environment, males with large territories invested more in patrolling but were less effective at excluding intruder males as compared to males with small territories. Intruding males failed to establish territories and displayed an alternative tactic featuring greater exploration as compared to genetically identical territorial males. Alternative tactics did not lead to equal reproductive success—males that acquired territories experienced greater survival and had greater access to females.</p>
Genetically identical mice express alternative reproductive tactics depending on social conditions in the field
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Data from: A genetic polymorphism underlying alternative reproductive tactics in Eurycea salamanders
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Social environment influences the temporal dynamics of sneak-spawning in a fish with alternative reproductive tactics
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Data from: Parental effects of male alternative reproductive tactics (ARTs) on ARTs of haploid sons
1. Alternative reproductive tactics (ARTs) represent distinct behavioral phenotypes to maximize reproductive success within the same sex, primarily males, and may be genetically and/or conditionally determined. Across animals, intragenerational determinants of conditional ARTs are relatively well understood but transgenerational (non-genetic) effects of parental ARTs on filial ARTs are largely unknown. 2. Here, we assessed parental effects of conditional male ARTs on sons' ARTs in arrhenotokous spider mites Tetranychus urticae. Arrhenotoky, i.e. males arising from unfertilized and females from fertilized eggs, sets the stage for sexual and transgenerational conflicts between male mates and females and their sons. Male ARTs of T. urticae are dichotomous, fighting and sneaking, and apparent in male-male combat and pre-copulatory guarding behavior. Due to haplodiploidy, male ARTs can only exert non-genetic effects on sons of their mates. 3. We hypothesized that parental ART effects are likely to occur in T. urticae because maternal ART mating status (unmated, sneaker- or fighter-mated) is indicative of the offspring' social environment and ART flexibility rather prevails in younger than older males. 4. Fighter-mated mothers produced more offspring than unmated mothers and had a more daughter-biased offspring sex ratio than sneaker-mated mothers. Sons of fighter-mated mothers were more likely to guard and did so earlier than sons of unmated and sneaker-mated mothers. Unmated and sneaker-mated, but not fighter-mated, mothers produced sneaker sons that were quicker to start guarding than were fighter sons. 5. Proximately, parental ART effects on sons' ARTs were most likely mediated by differences in seminal fluids. Ultimately, observed alterations of sons' ARTs represent adaptive maternal responses to ART phenotypes rather than manipulation by male mates. 6. Fighter-mated mothers tuned filial ARTs to male-competitive environments whereas unmated and sneaker-mated mothers tuned them to benign environments. Observed alterations in reproductive traits of fighter-mated mothers suggest adaptive manipulation by the fighter phenotype or aligned male and female interests. 7. Overall, our study documents previously unknown transgenerational ART effects on haploid sons' ARTs.
Sex differences in alternative reproductive tactics in response to predation risk in tree crickets
<p>1. Alternative reproductive tactics (ARTs) are variable, often discontinuous, behaviours that allow a particular sex to achieve enhanced mating success. Predation risk has been hypothesised to drive the evolution of ARTs, but few empirical studies have examined this. It is unclear whether predators affect fitness of the two sexes directly, by reducing survival, or indirectly, by altering mate-searching.</p> <p>2. In crickets, mate-search typically involves acoustic signalling by males and acoustic-mediated movement towards males by silent females. Males and females may however employ ARTs, which includes silent searching by males, and mating without performing phonotaxis in females.</p> <p>3. We empirically examined effects of increased predation risk on mate-searching behaviour and survival of male and female tree crickets, and their effects on mating success, using field-enclosure experiments with tree crickets <i>Oecanthus henryi</i> and their primary predator, green lynx spiders, <i>Peucetia viridans</i>. Crickets were allocated into three treatments with different levels of predation risk.</p> <p>4. Increased predation risk strongly reduced survival, and thereby mating success, for both sexes. With increasing predation risk, males reduced calling and increased movement towards neighbouring callers, with negative effects on mating success. By comparing with simulated random movement, we found that male movement was significantly directed towards other calling males, implying a switch to satellite strategies. Female movement behaviour, however, remained unaltered.</p> <p>5. Males and females thus differed in their response to comparable levels of predation risk, implying that the role of predation as a driver of alternative mate search strategies is sex-specific.</p>
Squid male alternative reproductive tactics are determined by birth date
<p>Alternative reproductive tactics (ARTs) are discontinuous phenotypes associated with reproduction, observed in males of many species. Typically, large males adopt a tactic of competing with rivals for mating, while small males adopt a tactic of stealing fertilization opportunities from the large males. The "birthdate hypothesis", proposing that the date of birth influences the determination of each male's reproductive tactic, has been tested only in teleost fish to date. Here, the birthdate hypothesis was tested in ARTs of Japanese spear squid <em>Heterololigo bleekeri </em>(consort/sneaker) by analyzing statolith growth increments. The birth date significantly differed between consorts (early-hatch) and sneakers (late-hatch). However, no differences were detected in growth history up to 100 days from hatching. Most immature males caught during the reproductive season were larger than sneakers, and their hatch date was similar to that of consorts, suggesting that these immature males had already been following a life history pathway as a consort. These results indicate that ARTs of <em>H. bleekeri</em> are determined based on their hatch date in early life. This study firstly demonstrated the birthdate hypothesis in aquatic invertebrates, suggesting that the mechanism by which birth date determines the individual phenotype is a phenomenon more common than previously believed.</p>
Alternative reproductive tactic in male Drosophila prolongata
<p>Species with intense male-male competition for access to females often show alternative reproductive tactics (ARTs) where males of lower competitive ability adopt a sneaky behavior to gain access to mates. These ARTs are usually associated with intrasexual dimorphisms, in that males with distinct morphologies show different tactics. In some cases, however, males adopt different tactics without being dimorphic. Male <em>Drosophila prolongata</em> exhibit continuous variation in body size and shape, with enlarged forelegs that they use in male-male contests and in courtship, including stimulation of the female's abdomen. During this 'leg vibration', however, nearby males can intercept the courted female and mate without their own courtship. Here, we studied the causes and consequences of these different mating tactics in competitive mating trials between males varying in their size and shape. We found that male mating tactics were condition-dependent. Whereas large, high-condition males were more likely to show leg vibration in their courtship, smaller, lower-condition males were more likely to intercept. However, the number of offspring produced was independent of male condition and reproductive tactic. We discuss possible scenarios for the evolution and maintenance of the ARTs and some future directions for the study of ARTs in this species and in general.</p>
Supplementary data to "Alternative reproductive tactics are associated with sperm performance in invasive round goby from two different salinity environments"
<p>During male-male competition, evolution can favor alternative reproductive tactics. This often results in a dominant morph that holds a resource, such as a nest for egg laying, competes with a smaller sneaker morph that reproduces by stealing fertilizations. The salinity environment can influence male growth rates, e.g. via osmoregulatory costs, which in turn may influence the use of sneaker tactics for small males competing for mating opportunities. Salinity can also affect sperm directly; however, little is known of how salinity influences sneaker tactics through sperm performance. We sampled males of the invasive round goby (<i>Neogobius melanostomus</i>) from two environments, a freshwater river and a brackish estuary. This fish has two male morphs: nest-holding dark males and non-nest-holding light males. We examined the role of water salinity of 0, 8 and 16 on sperm performance and found that in estuarine males, a salinity of 0 reduced sperm velocity compared to a salinity of 8 and 16. Riverine males had low velocity in all salinities. Sperm viability also decreased by over 30 % in 0 salinity, compared to 8 and 16, for fish from both environments. Gobies produce ejaculate contents in specialized glands that could in theory shield sperm in an adverse environment. However, gland contents did not improve sperm performance in our tests. Body mass and age estimates indicate that riverine males invested more in somatic growth compared to estuarine males. Estuarine light morph males had a high enough gonadosomatic index to indicate sneaker tactics. We propose that when sperm performance is low, such as for the riverine males, sneaker tactics are ineffective, and will be selected against or phenotypically suppressed. Instead, we interpret the increased investment in somatic growth found in riverine males as a life-history decision that is advantageous when defending a nest in the next reproductive season.</p>
Alternative reproductive tactics in male freshwater fish influence the accuracy of species recognition
<p>Sexual conflict can result in coercive mating. Because males bear low costs of heterospecific mating, coercive males may engage in misdirected mating attempts toward heterospecific females. In contrast, sexual selection through consensual mate choice can cause mate recognition cues among species to diverge, leading to more accurate species recognition. Some species show both coercive mating and mate choice–associated courtship behaviors as male alternative reproductive tactics. We hypothesized that<br> if the selection pressures on each tactic differ, then the accuracy of species recognition would also change depending on the mating tactic adopted. We tested this hypothesis in the guppy (<em>Poecilia reticulata</em>) and mosquitofish (<em>Gambusia affinis</em>) by a series of choice experiments. <em>Poecilia reticulata</em> and <em>G. affinis</em> males both showed imperfect species recognition and directed all components of mating behavior towards heterospecific females. They tended to direct courtship displays more frequently towards conspecific than heterospecific females. With male <em>P. reticulata</em>, however, accurate species recognition disappeared when they attempted coercive copulation: they directed coercions more frequently towards heterospecific females. We also found that heterospecific sexual interaction had little effect on the fecundity of gravid females, which suggests that pre-pregnancy interactions likely underpin the exclusion of <em>G. affinis</em> by <em>P. reticulata</em> in our region.</p>
Intrasexual variations in arm morphology related to alternative reproductive tactics in Japanese spear squid
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Data from: Parental effects of male alternative reproductive tactics (ARTs) on ARTs of haploid sons
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Data from: Seasonal variation in male alternative reproductive tactics
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Alternative reproductive tactics in male freshwater fish influence the accuracy of species recognition
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Alternative reproductive tactics and evolutionary rescue
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Sex differences in alternative reproductive tactics in response to predation risk in tree crickets
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Supplementary data to “Alternative reproductive tactics are associated with sperm performance in invasive round goby from two different salinity environments”
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Alternative reproductive tactic in male Drosophila prolongata
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Squid male alternative reproductive tactics are determined by birth date
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Divergent alternative mating tactics in convergent male reproductive morphs
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