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22 results for “Altruism”
Figure 3. A in Humpback whales interfering when mammal-eating killer whales attack other species: Mobbing behavior and interspecific altruism?
Figure 3. A mother humpback whale and newborn calf photographed off Baja California, Mexico, Oct 2009. When necessary, the mother will use her massive pectoral flippers to defend her small calf from attacking predators, especially killer whales. Photo: M. Lynn, NOAA, Southwest Fisheries Science Center.
Figure 1 in Humpback whales interfering when mammal-eating killer whales attack other species: Mobbing behavior and interspecific altruism?
Figure 1. Locations and numbers of recorded interactions between humpback and killer whales described in Appendix S2 and summarized in Table 1; the number in each circle is the number of interactions from the general area.
Promoting Altruism to Enhance Vaccine Acceptance
ClinicalTrials.gov study NCT04568590. IPD Sharing: YES. Countries: 1. Publications: 1.
Data from: Altruism or selfishness: Floral behavior based on genetic relatedness with neighboring plants
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Data from: Stalk size and altruism investment within and among populations of the social amoeba
Reproductive division of labor is common in many societies, including those of eusocial insects, cooperatively breeding vertebrates, and most forms of multicellularity. However, conflict over what is best for the individual versus the group can prevent an optimal division of labor from being achieved. In the social amoeba <i>Dictyostelium discoideum</i>, cells aggregate to become multicellular and a fraction behaves altruistically, forming a dead stalk that supports the rest. Theory suggests that intraorganismal conflict over spore-stalk cell fate can drive rapid evolutionary change in allocation traits, leading to polymorphisms within populations or rapid divergence between them. Here we assess several proxies for stalk size and spore-stalk allocation as metrics of altruism investment among strains and across geographic regions. We observe geographic divergence in stalk height that can be partly explained by differences in multicellular size, as well as variation among strains in clonal spore-stalk allocation, suggesting within-population variation in altruism investment. Analyses of chimeras comprised of strains from the same versus different populations indicated genotype-by-genotype epistasis, where the morphology of the chimeras deviated significantly from the average morphology of the strains developed clonally. The significantly negative epistasis observed for allopatric pairings suggests that populations are diverging in their spore-stalk allocation behaviors, generating incompatibilities when they encounter one another. Our results demonstrate divergence in microbial social traits across geographically separated populations and demonstrate how quantification of genotype-by-genotype interactions can elucidate the trajectory of social trait evolution in nature.
High-quality video files for Hermsen, R, "Emergent multilevel selection in a simple spatial model of the evolution of altruism" (2021)
<p>The supplementary movies published with the article<br> <br> R. Hermsen<em>, Emergent multilevel selection in a simple spatial model of the evolution of altruism</em><br> <br> have a relatively low resolution. Here, the same three movies are provided at a higher resolution.</p> <p>Note: In Version 1 of this deposit, Movie 1 was incorrect: it visualized a different simulation run than intended. This is corrected in Version 2.</p>
Highlighting altruism in geoscience careers aligns with diverse US student ideals better than emphasizing working outdoors
<p>We surveyed students enrolled in College Algebra at a large, urban, Hispanic-serving, R-1 public university in the southwestern United States. The data span five semesters, from Fall 2018 through Spring 2020. The survey was composed of demographic questions as well as questions using the Likert scale, in which students rated how much they agreed or disagreed with a particular statement regarding descriptions of their “ideal career.” Students were also asked to rate statements about careers in different science fields and engineering. Demographic questions were included at the end of the survey in order to mitigate stereotype threat.</p> <p>Our study tests (i) whether altruistic factors, personal achievement, or work environment are most important to college students (early in their undergraduate program) for their future careers, (ii) whether the ratings of these ideals differ between male/female, URM/non-URM, and first-generation/non-first-generation college students, and (iii) how student perceptions of the geosciences are in regard to those ideals compared to other STEM fields. </p>
Data from: Stalk size and altruism investment within and among populations of the social amoeba
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Data from: Genetic signatures of microbial altruism and cheating in social amoebas in the wild
Many microbes engage in social interactions. Some of these have come to play an important role in the study of cooperation and conflict, largely because, unlike most animals, they can be genetically manipulated and experimentally evolved. However, whereas animal social behavior can be observed and assessed in natural environments, microbes usually cannot, so we know little about microbial social adaptations in nature. This has led to some difficult-to-resolve controversies about social adaptation even for well-studied traits such as bacterial quorum sensing, siderophore production, and biofilms. Here we use molecular signatures of population genetics and molecular evolution to address controversies over the existence of altruism and cheating in social amoebas. First, we find signatures of rapid adaptive molecular evolution that are consistent with social conflict being a significant force in nature. Second, we find population-genetic signatures of purifying selection to support the hypothesis that the cells that form the sterile stalk evolve primarily through altruistic kin selection rather than through selfish direct reproduction. Our results show how molecular signatures can provide insight into social adaptations that cannot be observed in their natural context, and they support the hypotheses that social amoebas in the wild are both altruists and cheaters.
50 shades of greenbeard: Robust evolution of altruism based on similarity of complex phenotypes
<p>We study the evolution of altruistic behavior under a model where individuals choose to cooperate by comparing a set of continuous phenotype tags. Individuals play a donation game and only donate to other individuals that are sufficiently similar to themselves in a multidimensional phenotype space. We find the generic maintenance of robust altruism when phenotypes are multidimensional. Selection for altruism is driven by the coevolution of individual strategy and phenotype; altruism levels shape the distribution of individuals in phenotype space. Low donation rates induce a phenotype distribution that renders the population vulnerable to the invasion of altruists, whereas high donation rates prime a population for cheater invasion, resulting in cyclic dynamics that maintain substantial levels of altruism. Altruism is therefore robust to invasion by cheaters in the long term in this model. Furthermore, the shape of the phenotype distribution in high phenotype dimension allows altruists to better resist the invasion by cheaters, and as a result, the amount of donation increases with increasing phenotype dimension. We also generalize previous results in the regime of weak selection to two competing strategies in continuous phenotype space, and show that success under weak selection is crucial to success under strong selection in our model. Our results support the viability of a simple similarity-based mechanism for altruism in a well-mixed population.</p>
Data from: Genetic signatures of microbial altruism and cheating in social amoebas in the wild
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50 shades of greenbeard: Robust evolution of altruism based on similarity of complex phenotypes
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Data from: Lack of aggression and apparent altruism towards intruders in a primitive termite
In eusocial insects, the ability to discriminate nest-mates from non-nest-mates is widespread and ensures that altruistic actions are directed towards kin and agonistic actions are directed towards non-relatives. Most tests of nest-mate recognition have focused on hymenopterans, and suggest that cooperation typically evolves in tandem with strong antagonism towards non-nest-mates. Here, we present evidence from a phylogenetically and behaviourally basal termite species that workers discriminate members of foreign colonies. However, contrary to our expectations, foreign intruders were the recipients of more rather than less cooperative behaviour and were not subjected to elevated aggression. We suggest that relationships between groups may be much more peaceable in basal termites compared with eusocial hymenoptera, owing to energetic and temporal constraints on colony growth, and the reduced incentive that totipotent workers (who may inherit breeding status) have to contribute to self-sacrificial intergroup conflict.
Figure 2 in Humpback whales interfering when mammal-eating killer whales attack other species: Mobbing behavior and interspecific altruism?
Figure 2. Examples of humpback whales interacting with mammal-eating killer whales attacking various prey species: (A) large type B killer whales attacking a crabeater seal hauled out on an ice floe with an agitated (bellowing) humpback in the foreground; January 2009, Western Antarctic Peninsula, Appendix S2 account #89; photo by J. Durban; (B) Bigg's killer whales attacking a gray whale calf (gray whale mother on left; wounded calf in center) with a humpback whale in the background; May 2012, Monterey Bay, CA, #55; photo E. Robinson courtesy Monterey Bay Whale Watch; (C) Bigg's killer whales attacking a Steller sea lion with humpback in the immediate background; 21 August 2010, Vancouver Island, Canada, #67; photo by R. Frank; (D) Bigg's killer whales attacking a harbor seal (below trailing edge of killer whale dorsal fin; the seal has a transmitter mounted on its head) and a humpback in the background; June 2005, Glacier Bay, AK, #91; photo by M. de Roos.
Figure 4 in Humpback whales interfering when mammal-eating killer whales attack other species: Mobbing behavior and interspecific altruism?
Figure 4. In the Aleutian Islands, Alaska, 17 Bigg's killer whales (in the background) attacked a large humpback calf accompanied by its mother and an escort in July 2003; three other adult humpbacks joined in and helped drive off the killer whales. (This record arrived too late to be included in Appendix S2). Photo: © Flip Nicklin/Minden Pictures.
Data from: Genes underlying altruism
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Data from: Can natural selection favour altruism between species?
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Data from: The evolution of indiscriminate altruism in a cooperatively breeding mammal
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Data from: Lack of aggression and apparent altruism towards intruders in a primitive termite
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Data from: Altruism can evolve when relatedness is low: evidence from bacteria committing suicide upon phage infection
High relatedness among interacting individuals has generally been considered a precondition for the evolution of altruism. However, kin-selection theory also predicts the evolution of altruism when relatedness is low, as long as the cost of the altruistic act is minor compared to its benefit. Here, we demonstrate evidence for a low-cost altruistic act in bacteria. We investigated Escherichia coli responding to the attack of an obligately lytic phage by committing suicide in order to prevent parasite transmission to nearby relatives. We found that bacterial suicide provides large benefits to survivors at marginal costs to committers. The cost of suicide was low because infected cells are moribund, rapidly dying upon phage infection, such that no more opportunity for reproduction remains. As a consequence of its marginal cost, host suicide was selectively favoured even when relatedness between committers and survivors approached zero. Altogether, our findings demonstrate that low-cost suicide can evolve with ease, represents an effective host-defence strategy, and seems to be widespread among microbes. Moreover, low-cost suicide might also occur in higher organisms as exemplified by infected social insect workers leaving the colony to die in isolation.
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Allen Brain Atlas
Allen Brain Atlas is an Allen Institute collection of brain map atlases, datasets, APIs, and analysis tools covering mouse, human, and non-human primate brain resources.
Annotated Behaviour and Observability Dataset (ABODe)
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DANDI Archive for NWB datasets
DANDI is a BRAIN Initiative archive for publishing and sharing neurophysiology data, including electrophysiology, optophysiology, and behavioral data packaged as NWB and related standards.
International Brain Laboratory public data
The International Brain Laboratory public data releases expose standardized mouse decision-making experiments, including Neuropixels recordings, widefield calcium imaging, behavior, and session metadata accessed through the ONE API.
OpenNeuro
OpenNeuro is a free, open platform for sharing neuroimaging datasets, with public search, dataset pages, and download paths for web, S3, DataLad, and the OpenNeuro CLI.