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FIGURE 7 in Systematics of the Ameerega rubriventris complex (Anura: Dendrobatidae) with descriptions of two new cryptic species from the East-Andean versant of Peru

FIGURE 7. Known distribution of species in the A. rubriventris complex. Each distribution was created by applying a 20 km buffer to a minimum convex polygon surrounding the known localities of each species. An asterisk indicates samples confirmed with genetic data. Gray dots represent frogs collected as either A. hahneli and A. picta over the past decades; in much of southern Peru it is impossible to positively ascribe these localities to either species based on observation alone. Thus, we have pooled them here to represent the joint distribution of these two similar looking species.

FIGURE 6 in Systematics of the Ameerega rubriventris complex (Anura: Dendrobatidae) with descriptions of two new cryptic species from the East-Andean versant of Peru

FIGURE 6. Advertisement calls of the A. rubriventris complex. The plot in center depicts the 2D call space occupied by each species with the x-axis representing advertisement call dominant frequency and y-axis representing individual note length (in seconds). Density plots extend from each axis and depict the relative frequency of each species' values. Letters depict significant differences among taxa (ANOVA: dominant frequency, df=3, F= 22.55, p<0.001; note length, df=3, F= 8.55, p<0.001). Black lines in density plots on each axis depict median, upper-, and lower-quartiles for each species. The isopleths in center plot depict a 2D kernel density estimation of each species' call space. White dots represent values for A. altamazonica.

FIGURE 5 in Systematics of the Ameerega rubriventris complex (Anura: Dendrobatidae) with descriptions of two new cryptic species from the East-Andean versant of Peru

FIGURE 5. Advertisement calls of: A) Ameerega hahneli from Panguana Biological Research Station at 25°C. B) A. rubriventris from type locality, Boqueron de Padre Abad, Peru at 24°C. C) A. altamazonica from type locality, near Tarapoto, Peru at 23°C. D) A. panguana from type locality at 24°C. E) A. imasmari from type locality at 23°C. Solid gray line depicts 5 kHz.

FIGURE 4. A–C in Systematics of the Ameerega rubriventris complex (Anura: Dendrobatidae) with descriptions of two new cryptic species from the East-Andean versant of Peru

FIGURE 4. A–C) Holotype of Ameerega panguana in life (MUSM 26846), SVL=17.3mm. D–E) Holotype of Ameerega imasmari in life (CORBIDI 20575), SVL= 19.9 mm, see Fig. 1 for additional image.

FIGURE 2 in Systematics of the Ameerega rubriventris complex (Anura: Dendrobatidae) with descriptions of two new cryptic species from the East-Andean versant of Peru

FIGURE 2. Phylogenetic relationships of A. rubriventris complex and outgroups. A) Species tree of focal taxa using UCE genome-scale molecular markers. B) Maximum-likelihood phylogeny based on 16s mtDNA and a backbone constraint tree from mtDNA genome data (Fig 3). Art by WXG. *Depicts taxa with mtDNA genome data, whose relationships were fixed in our constraint tree. Support values were not included, as they are misleading due to the use of a constraint tree. See Fig. 3 for more rigorous phylogeny. ǂ =holotype, α =paratype

FIGURE 1 in Systematics of the Ameerega rubriventris complex (Anura: Dendrobatidae) with descriptions of two new cryptic species from the East-Andean versant of Peru

FIGURE 1. Species in the Ameerega rubriventris species complex: A & B) Ameerega altamazonica, C) A. rubriventris dorsal view, D) A. rubriventris ventral view E) Ameerega panguana sp. nov. (photo T. Ostrowski), F) Ameerega imasmari sp. nov. (holotype)

FIGURE 1 in A partial revision of the Ameerega hahneli complex (Anura: Dendrobatidae) and a new cryptic species from the East-Andean versant of Central Peru

FIGURE 1. Ameerega altamazonica, dorsal and ventral views of same specimens. Top row, left to right: MUSM 26934, 26935 (Chazuta); MUSM 26936–26939 (near Tarapoto); ECU-F 107 (Tocache, non-paratype); second row, left to right: ECU-F 108-111 (Tocache, non-paratypes); MUSM 26974 (Saposoa); MUSM 26977 (Huicungo); MUSM 26981, 26982 (Campanilla); 646 (Tocache); ventral photos are in the same order. Bar in bottom center represents 10 mm.

FIGURE 4 in A partial revision of the Ameerega hahneli complex (Anura: Dendrobatidae) and a new cryptic species from the East-Andean versant of Central Peru

FIGURE 4. Lateral view (right) and oral disc (left) of tadpole of Ameerega altamazonica from Chazuta, San Martín, Peru. Bar under tadpole represents 10 mm and under oral disc 1 mm.

FIGURE 5 in A partial revision of the Ameerega hahneli complex (Anura: Dendrobatidae) and a new cryptic species from the East-Andean versant of Central Peru

FIGURE 5. Niche prediction models of Ameerega altamazonica and A. hahneli generated with Maxent. Warmer colors shows more suitable habitat than colder ones. White triangles represent presence points used in generating niche models. (A) Predicted niche of A. hahneli, (B) Predicted niche of A. altamazonica with magnified inset of central Peru (C). Test AUC values for A. altamazonica and A. hahneli were 0.999 and 0.891, respectively, suggesting high accuracy of models.

FIGURE 6 in A partial revision of the Ameerega hahneli complex (Anura: Dendrobatidae) and a new cryptic species from the East-Andean versant of Central Peru

FIGURE 6. Phylogenetic tree showing the Maximum Likelihood topology of genus Ameerega using mtDNA (12s rRNA, 16s rRNA and cytochrome b).

FIGURE 3 in A partial revision of the Ameerega hahneli complex (Anura: Dendrobatidae) and a new cryptic species from the East-Andean versant of Central Peru

FIGURE 3. (A) Advertisement call of Ameerega altamazonica, recorded at type locality 9 June 2007 at 23° C. (B) Advertisement call of A. hahneli sensu stricto, recording of captive male from 56 km S Iquitos, Peru, at 24° C. (C) Advertisement call of A. hahneli sensu stricto, individual from Bolivia (recording made available by S. Lötters). (D) Aggressive call of A. altamazonica, recorded at type locality 9 June 2007 at 23° C.

FIGURE 2 in A partial revision of the Ameerega hahneli complex (Anura: Dendrobatidae) and a new cryptic species from the East-Andean versant of Central Peru

FIGURE 2. Interpopulation variation in Ameerega altamazonica. Individuals in the top row are from near Tarapoto (holotype), Chazuta, and Saposoa (left to right); individuals in the middle row are from Río Abiseo, Campanilla, and Tocache (left to right). In the Huallaga valley there is a cline from a black dorsum with well-defined dorsolateral stripes in the northern populations (e.g. Tarapoto) to a brown dorsum with dorsolateral stripes faint or absent in southern populations (e.g. Tocache). Bottom row showing ventral pattern in adults from Tarapoto, Río Abiseo, and Tocache (left to right).

FIGURE 12. Ameerega petersi, A in Complicated histories: three new species of poison frogs of the genus Ameerega (Anura: Dendrobatidae) from north-central Peru

FIGURE 12. Ameerega petersi, A. smaragdina, and A. bassleri. (a) A. petersi from Puerto Inca, Huánuco, Peru; (b) A. petersi from Tournavista, Huánuco, Peru; (c,d) A. smaragdina from Pan de Azucar, Pasco, Peru (photo 'd' by K. Summers); (e-h) A. bassleri from 8.6 km E of San José de Sisa, San Martín, Peru; (i-o) A. bassleri from 7 km NW of Saposoa, San Martín, Peru.

FIGURE 15 in Complicated histories: three new species of poison frogs of the genus Ameerega (Anura: Dendrobatidae) from north-central Peru

FIGURE 15. Ameerega pepperi and habitat photos for the new species in this paper. (a,e) A. pepperi from Chumanza, San Martín, Peru (photo 'a' by M. Pepper); (b-d) A. pepperi from Río Abiseo near Huicungo, San Martín, Peru; (f,g) A. pepperi from 6.3 km N of Campanilla, San Martín, Peru; (h) type locality of A. ignipedis, a geothermal stream flowing out of the Serranía de Contamana. The entire type series (as well as one A. yoshina metamorph) was found in the forest adjacent to the stream or among the plants growing in the stream banks. (i) type locality of A. pepperi near San Francisco, San Martín, Peru. (j) Quebrada Pacuyacu near Callanayacu. Three A. yoshina paratypes (MUSM 26985- 26987) were collected from amongst the rocks and vegetation alongside the stream.

FIGURE 16 in Complicated histories: three new species of poison frogs of the genus Ameerega (Anura: Dendrobatidae) from north-central Peru

FIGURE 16. Type series of new species in this paper. (a) Ameerega ignipedis (L-R, MUSM 24947–24952); (b) A. yoshina (L-R, MUSM 24945, 26953–26955, 26985–26987); (c) A. pepperi (L-R, MUSM 26940-26942, 26968, 26975, 26976, 26979, 26980).

FIGURE 11 in Complicated histories: three new species of poison frogs of the genus Ameerega (Anura: Dendrobatidae) from north-central Peru

FIGURE 11. Ameerega ignipedis and similar species. (a,b) A. pongoensis from lower Cainarachi Valley, San Martin, Peru; (c,d) A. pongoensis from Shucushuyacu, Loreto, Peru; (e,f) A. ignipedis from type locality (holotype and MUSM 24952, respectively); (g) Ameerega simulans from Mazuko, Madre de Díos, Peru (photo by K. Summers); (h) A. petersi from Codo del Pozuzo, Huánuco, Peru; (i, k, j) A. petersi from Miguel Grau, Ucayali, Peru (photo k by J. Yeager); (l,m) A. petersi from Aguaytia, Ucayali, Peru; (n) A. petersi from Puerto Inca, Huánuco, Peru.

FIGURE 6. Our Bayesian phylogenetic hypothesis. Thicker branches represent posterior probabilities greater than 80 in Complicated histories: three new species of poison frogs of the genus Ameerega (Anura: Dendrobatidae) from north-central Peru

FIGURE 6. Our Bayesian phylogenetic hypothesis. Thicker branches represent posterior probabilities greater than 80 (nodes of particular interest to this study are labeled with observed posterior probabilities). Ameerega ignipedis sp. nov., A. yoshina sp. nov., and A. pepperi sp. nov. are highlighted with green, orange and red boxes, respectively. Since this study focused on the bassleri and petersi clades, to simplify visualization of the tree we reduced individuals of other species of Ameerega and other genera to a single representative (reducing the number of terminals to 76 from 135, and in every case, each clade comprised a monophyletic lineage).

FIGURE 5. Call variation between Ameerega bassleri, A. pepperi and A in Complicated histories: three new species of poison frogs of the genus Ameerega (Anura: Dendrobatidae) from north-central Peru

FIGURE 5. Call variation between Ameerega bassleri, A. pepperi and A. yoshina. Box plots show period of silence between notes (L) and the calling rate (notes per minute) of the three species (R).

FIGURE 3 in Complicated histories: three new species of poison frogs of the genus Ameerega (Anura: Dendrobatidae) from north-central Peru

FIGURE 3. Map of study areas. Inset in bottom right shows the two primary regions dealt with in this paper. Box B corresponds to Fig. 8. Box A corresponds to the detailed map shown here. Black dots represent A. bassleri localities, red dots represent A. yoshina localities, and orange dots represent A. pepperi localities. All localities are in Departamento San Martín unless stated otherwise. Ameerega bassleri: (1) Chumia (6° 37' 5.10" S, 76° 10' 12.22" W); (2) Sauce (6° 41' 41.90" S, 76° 14' 11.87" W); (3) Cainarachi Valley (6° 27' 4.54" S, 76° 17' 30.84" W); (4) Huallaga Canyon (6° 34' 18.76" S, 75° 57' 51.12" W, north side of river); (5) Chazuta (6° 33' 30.68" S, 76° 8' 44.88" W); (6) Roque (6° 20' 48.54" S, 76° 43' 38.60" W, type locality of A. bassleri); (7) Saposoa (6° 53' 46.85" S, 76° 49' 41.41" W); (8) Alto Shima (6° 46' 15.85" S, 76° 56' 28.32" W); (9) Sisa (6° 35' 37.10" S, 76° 34' 29.41" W). Ameerega yoshina: (1) Callanayacu (6° 35' 17.61" S, 75° 55' 2.47" W; south side of river); (2) El Unión, Loreto (7° 11' 7.43" S, 74° 57' 13.12" W, type locality of A. yoshina). Ameerega pepperi: (1) Río Abiseo near Huicungo (7° 22' 2.88" S, 76° 48' 42.81" W); (2) Chumanza (7° 34' 7.8" S, 76° 41' 34.4" W); (3) Nuevo San Martín (7° 42' 13.64" S, 76° 40' 3.15" W; (4) San Francisco (8° 18' 30.3" S, 76° 40'40' 37.6" W, type locality of A. pepperi); (5) Campanilla (7° 25' 38.6" S, 76° 39' 53.3" W); (6) Polvora (7° 53' 28.75" S, 76° 40' 21.49" W). Note: Shucushuyacu, Loreto (shown near the top of the map) is the locality of a newly-discovered population of A. pongoensis (Fig. 11 c & d) and represents a substantial northward extension of the known range of this species.