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14 results for “American kestrel”
Disentangling relationships between physiology, morphology, diet, and gut microbial diversity in American Kestrel nestlings
<p>Gut microbiota are increasingly recognized as important drivers of host health and fitness across vertebrate taxa. Given that gut microbial composition is directly influenced by the environment, gut microbiota may also serve as an eco-physiological mechanism connecting host ecology, such as diet, and physiology. Although gut microbiota have been well-studied in mammalian systems, little is known about how gut microbial diversity and composition impact morphological and physiological development in wild birds. Here, we characterized both diet and gut microbial diversity of free-living American kestrel (<em>Falco sparverius</em>) nestlings throughout development to test whether gut microbial diversity predicts host morphological and physiological traits in either contemporary or time-lagged manners. Gut microbial alpha diversity on day 21 of nestling development was positively correlated with diet alpha diversity representative of the majority of nestling development (days 5–20). Gut microbial alpha diversity early in development was negatively correlated with body mass in both contemporary and time-lagged manners. Gut microbial alpha diversity early in development was positively correlated with blood glucose later in development. As nestlings experience rapid growth demands in preparation to fledge, these time-lagged associations may indicate that gut microbial diversity at early critical developmental windows may determine the future trajectory of morphological and physiological traits underlying metabolism that ultimately impact fitness.</p>
Sex, body size, and winter weather explain migration strategies in a partial migrant population of American Kestrels (Falco sparverius)
<p>Given increasing evidence that climate change affects the annual cycles of birds, it is important to understand the mechanisms underlying individual migration strategies and population-level patterns in partial migrants. In this study, we found that thermoregulation (body size and winter temperatures) was a key driver of American Kestrel (<em>Falco</em> <em>sparverius</em>) migration decisions. The annual proportion of migrants in the population, however, was not explained by winter weather and may be the result of differential survival. We measured stable hydrogen isotope values (δD) of talon tissues collected from 501 breeding and overwintering birds to distinguish migrant from resident kestrels in a partially migratory population of American Kestrels in southwestern Idaho in 2013–2021. We then evaluated drivers of migration decisions by assessing potential correlates of migration strategies, whether individuals switched migration strategies between years, and whether the proportion of migrants in the population changed over time or was correlated with winter weather. Male kestrels were 1.6 times more likely to migrate than females, and in colder than average winters, smaller birds of both sexes were more likely to migrate than larger birds. Only 27% of 26 recaptured individuals showed evidence of switching their migration strategies on an annual basis. There was no temporal trend in the proportion of migrants in the population, but proportions varied between years. Interestingly, there was no association between winter minimum temperature anomalies and annual migrant proportions in the population, suggesting that differential over-winter survival, or other stochastic processes, may play an important role in population composition. As winters continue to warm, fewer kestrels may migrate and more may remain resident on breeding grounds. However, it is unclear how changes in migration strategies might affect population-level patterns and resilience to climate change.</p>
Disentangling relationships between physiology, morphology, diet, and gut microbial diversity in American Kestrel nestlings
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Sex, body size, and winter weather explain migration strategies in a partial migrant population of American Kestrels (Falco sparverius)
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Grooming time predicts survival in American kestrels
<p>Animals have evolved a variety of adaptations to care for the body surface, such as grooming behavior, which keeps the integument clean, parasite-free, and properly arranged. Despite extensive research on the grooming of mammals, birds, and arthropods, the survival value of grooming has never been measured directly in natural populations. We monitored grooming and survival in a population of marked American kestrels (<em>Falco sparverius</em>) on San Salvador Island, Bahamas. We found a strong association between time spent grooming and survival over a two-year period. The quadratic relationship we show is consistent with stabilizing natural selection on grooming time. To our knowledge, this is the first evidence for a correlation between grooming time and survival in a natural population. Grooming time may predict the survival of many animal taxa, but additional studies are needed to determine the shape and strength of the relationship among birds, mammals and arthropods.</p>
Data from: Grooming time predicts survival in American kestrels
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Data from: Plasma carotenoid concentrations of incubating American kestrels (Falco sparverius) show annual, seasonal, and individual variation and explain reproductive outcome
In wild birds, the proximate and ultimate factors that affect circulating carotenoid concentrations remain poorly understood. We studied variation in plasma carotenoid concentrations across several scales: annual, seasonal, pair, territory and individual, and evaluated whether plasma carotenoid concentrations explained reproductive outcome of wild American kestrels (Falco sparverius). We sampled plasma carotenoid concentrations of 99 female and 80 male incubating kestrels from April to June in 2008 to 2012. Plasma carotenoid concentrations were explained by an interaction between year and sex, date, and random effects for pair and individual identity. In general, plasma carotenoid concentrations of males were significantly higher than females, but this depended on year. Within a breeding season, earlier nesting kestrels had higher carotenoid concentrations than later nesting kestrels, a pattern that is coincident with seasonal trends in local fitness. Pair and individual identity explained variation in carotenoid concentrations suggesting that carotenoid concentrations of mated birds were correlated, and some individuals consistently maintained higher carotenoid levels than others. Male carotenoid concentrations were positively associated with number of young fledged per pair. These results are consistent with the hypothesis that higher quality individuals have higher carotenoid levels compared to lower quality individuals, despite annual variations in carotenoid availability.
Figure A2 in Trophic segregation of the Burrowing Owl and the American Kestrel in fragmented desert in Mexico
Figure A2. Cumulative identified taxa (%) according to the number of egested pellets of F. sparverius in Valle Santo Domingo, in Baja California Sur, Mexico during the 2017 breeding season.
Figure A1 in Trophic segregation of the Burrowing Owl and the American Kestrel in fragmented desert in Mexico
Figure A1. Cumulative identified taxa (%) according to the number of egested pellets of A. cunicularia in Valle Santo Domingo, in Baja California Sur, Mexico during the 2017 breeding season.
Figure 3 in Trophic segregation of the Burrowing Owl and the American Kestrel in fragmented desert in Mexico
Figure 3. Area (km2) covered by natural vegetation around (0.5 km, 1 km, or 2 km radii buffers) nests of the Burrowing Owl and American Kestrel in Valle Santo Domingo, in Baja California Sur, Mexico during the 2017 breeding season.
Figure 2 in Trophic segregation of the Burrowing Owl and the American Kestrel in fragmented desert in Mexico
Figure 2. Plot of the Percent Contribution to Differences (PCD) in the diets of the Burrowing Owl and the American Kestrel, for relative frequency (F%) and relative biomass (B%) data, as per the SIMPER analysis. Valle Santo Domingo, in Baja California Sur, Mexico during the 2017 breeding season.
Figure 1 in Trophic segregation of the Burrowing Owl and the American Kestrel in fragmented desert in Mexico
Figure 1. Fragmented and natural scrubland surroundings in Valle de Santo Domingo, Baja California Sur, Mexico. Dots mark the spots where pellets casted by A. cunicularia (white dots) and F. sparverius (black dots) were collected. Influence areas (0.5 km, 1 km, or 2 km radii) around nests of the Burrowing Owl (dotted circles) and American Kestrel (continuous-line circles) within the agriculture matrix. Patches of natural vegetation are shown in white.
Data from: Plasma carotenoid concentrations of incubating American kestrels (Falco sparverius) show annual, seasonal, and individual variation and explain reproductive outcome
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Data from: The American Kestrel (Falco sparverius) genoscape: implications for monitoring, management, and subspecies boundaries
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