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Figs. 22–25 in Immatures of the Solitary Bee Camptopoeum friesei (Andrenidae: Panurginae: Panurgini) and of its Cleptoparasite Parammobatodes minutus (Apidae: Nomadinae: Ammobatini)

Figs. 22–25. Diagrams of postdefecating larva of Parammobatodes minutus. 22. Entire larva, lateral view. 23. Close-up of terminal abdominal segments, lateral view. 24, 25. Head, frontal and lateral views, respectively. PTP 5 posterior tentorial pit. Scale (5 1.0 mm) refers to fig. 22.

Figs. 18–21 in Immatures of the Solitary Bee Camptopoeum friesei (Andrenidae: Panurginae: Panurgini) and of its Cleptoparasite Parammobatodes minutus (Apidae: Nomadinae: Ammobatini)

Figs. 18–21. Oocytes of Parammobatodes minutus. 18. Entire oocyte, anterior end toward right, lateral view, with chorion too badly damaged to demonstrate transverse dorsal folds. 19. Close-up of operculum, showing flange draped over and clinging to rest of oocytes; flange almost certainly outstretched and continuous with surface of operculum after deposition in host cell, as in Pasites maculatus (see Rozen, 1986: figs. 5, 6), presumably an adaptation to obscure seam in cell wall so that returning host female will not detect parasite egg. 20. Close-up of another oocytes, end view, showing texture of surface and micropyle on left. 21. Close-up of micropyle.

Figs. 16, 17 in Immatures of the Solitary Bee Camptopoeum friesei (Andrenidae: Panurginae: Panurgini) and of its Cleptoparasite Parammobatodes minutus (Apidae: Nomadinae: Ammobatini)

Figs. 16, 17. Diagrams of pupa of Camptopoeum friesei, lateral views, drawn from different specimens to different scales. 16. Anterior part of body. 17. Posterior part of metasoma, with short terminal spine. Scales (5 1.0 mm) refer to closest figures.

Fig. 1 in Immatures of the Solitary Bee Camptopoeum friesei (Andrenidae: Panurginae: Panurgini) and of its Cleptoparasite Parammobatodes minutus (Apidae: Nomadinae: Ammobatini)

Fig. 1. Macrophotograph of male (above) and female (below) postdefecating larvae of Camptopoeum friesei, lateral views; scale (5 1.0 mm) refers to both figures.

Figs. 14, 15 in Immatures of the Solitary Bee Camptopoeum friesei (Andrenidae: Panurginae: Panurgini) and of its Cleptoparasite Parammobatodes minutus (Apidae: Nomadinae: Ammobatini)

Figs. 14, 15. Macrophotographs of spiracles from cleared specimens, lateral views. 14. Camptopoeum friesei. 15. Parammobatodes minutus.

Figs. 8–13 in Immatures of the Solitary Bee Camptopoeum friesei (Andrenidae: Panurginae: Panurgini) and of its Cleptoparasite Parammobatodes minutus (Apidae: Nomadinae: Ammobatini)

Figs. 8–13. SEM micrographs of last larval instar of Camptopoeum friesei. 8. Head of cleared specimen, approximate frontal view. 9. Close-up of left mandible, showing teeth along upper apical edge and cuspal teeth farther back. 10. Mouthparts of same specimen as above but tilted back to show details. 11. Close-up of right maxilla, showing numerous sensilla on and around palpus and torn flap of dried secretion exposing verrucose integument (arrow) beneath. 12. Close-up of U-shaped salivary opening, showing sculpturing of area bounded by it. 13. Close-up of right labial palpus (arrow) with single cone-shaped sensillum.

Figs. 2–7 in Immatures of the Solitary Bee Camptopoeum friesei (Andrenidae: Panurginae: Panurgini) and of its Cleptoparasite Parammobatodes minutus (Apidae: Nomadinae: Ammobatini)

Figs. 2–7. SEM micrographs of last larval instar of Camptopoeum friesei. 2. Head and prothorax of predefecating larva, near lateral view. 3. Close-up of integument identified by rectangle in fig. 2, showing spiculation. 4. Antennal papilla of same, showing lack of projection and three cone-shaped sensilla. 5. Spiracle of same, showing saucerlike peritreme and projecting rim. 6. Clypeus and mouthparts of postdefecating larva after sonication, demonstrating thick coating of secretion only partly removed by sonication. 7. Apex of abdomen of postdefecating larva, lateral view, showing wrinkling of integument, left spiracle of abdominal segment 8, and anus on segment 10.

Figs 28–31 in Biology and Immature Stages of the Bee Nomioides patruelis (Halictidae: Halictinae: Nomioidini) and of Its Cleptoparasite, Chiasmognathus pashupati (Apidae: Nomadinae: Ammobatini), with a Preliminary Phylogeny of the Halictidae Based on

Figs 28–31. SEM micrographs of pupa of Chiasmognathus pashupati, approximate lateral views. 28. Entire pupa, showing broad distribution of dense spicules. 29. Close-up of left vertical tubercle; note left lateral, nonspiculate ocellus behind tubercle. 30. T3, T4 showing dense spiculation and row of sharply pointed tubercles at posterior margin of each. 31. Apex of metasoma showing widespread spiculation and nonspiculate terminal spine.

Figs 26–27 in Biology and Immature Stages of the Bee Nomioides patruelis (Halictidae: Halictinae: Nomioidini) and of Its Cleptoparasite, Chiasmognathus pashupati (Apidae: Nomadinae: Ammobatini), with a Preliminary Phylogeny of the Halictidae Based on

Figs 26–27. SEM micrographs of pupa of Nomioides patruelis, approximate anterolateral view. 26. Close-up of wing tubercle. 27. Close-up of hind-tibial tubercle.

Figs. 5–9 in Biology and Immature Stages of the Bee Nomioides patruelis (Halictidae: Halictinae: Nomioidini) and of Its Cleptoparasite, Chiasmognathus pashupati (Apidae: Nomadinae: Ammobatini), with a Preliminary Phylogeny of the Halictidae Based on

Figs. 5–9. Immatures of Nomioides patruelis. 5. Egg, lateral view, anterior end at top. 6. Postdefecating larva, lateral view. 7, 8. Head, frontal and lateral views, respectively. 9. Right mandible, outer surface. Scales (5 1.0 mm) refer to figs. 5 and 6, respectively. Atp 5 anterior tentorial pit.

Fig. 1 in Biology and Immature Stages of the Bee Nomioides patruelis (Halictidae: Halictinae: Nomioidini) and of Its Cleptoparasite, Chiasmognathus pashupati (Apidae: Nomadinae: Ammobatini), with a Preliminary Phylogeny of the Halictidae Based on

Fig. 1. Nesting site of Nomioides patruelis, 7.5 mi. east of Gharo, Sind Province, Pakistan. Ian Stuppakoff, in foreground, collecting adults flying over site.

Fig. 4. Cladogram, modified from a in Biology and Immature Stages of the Bee Nomioides patruelis (Halictidae: Halictinae: Nomioidini) and of Its Cleptoparasite, Chiasmognathus pashupati (Apidae: Nomadinae: Ammobatini), with a Preliminary Phylogeny of the Halictidae Based on

Fig. 4. Cladogram, modified from a cladistic analysis by Pesenko (2000: fig. 1), maps phylogenetic events in the evolution of the mature larvae of the Halictidae: (1) Ancestral features: mandibular apex simple; anterior tentorial pit immediately above or laterad to anterior mandibular articulation; labiomaxillary region projecting, well divided into pre- and postmentum; cardo and stipes evident; maxillary and labial palpi projecting papillae; salivary opening transverse, with projecting lips; hypopharyngeal groove probably indicated either by apices of articulating arms of stipites or by posterior margin of premental sclerite if present; paired dorsolateral body tubercles present or absent but, if absent, then most abdominal segments divided into cephalic and caudal annulets; larvae cocoon spinners. (2) Rophitine lineage similar to ancestral ground plan except paired conical dorsolateral body tubercles, if not present in ancestor, now present on most caudal annulets of abdominal segments. Within that lineage (a) cocoon spinning ceased in one place (Conanthalictus) and larval characters associated with cocoon spinning lost and (b) articulating arm of stipes lost presumably more than once (Dufourea, Sphecodosoma, and Conanthalictus). (3) Anterior tentorial pit shifted mesad, so that lateral segment of epistomal ridge lengthened; labiomaxillary region recessed, and pre- and postmentum partly fused; cardo and stipes fading but still weakly evident; labial palpus reduced but evident as small papilla; salivary opening without lips; hypopharyngeal groove complete, consisting of narrow furrow with embedded articulating arms, which are slender and curving toward one another; paired transverse dorsolateral body tubercles, if not present in ancestor, present on caudal annulet of most abdominal segments;

Figs. 12–16. Postdefecating larva Chiasmognathus pashupati. 12. Entire larva, lateral view. 13 in Biology and Immature Stages of the Bee Nomioides patruelis (Halictidae: Halictinae: Nomioidini) and of Its Cleptoparasite, Chiasmognathus pashupati (Apidae: Nomadinae: Ammobatini), with a Preliminary Phylogeny of the Halictidae Based on

Figs. 12–16. Postdefecating larva Chiasmognathus pashupati. 12. Entire larva, lateral view. 13. Apex of abdomen, lateral view 14, 15. Head, frontal and lateral views, respectively. 16. Right mandible outer, surface.

Figs. 10, 11 in Biology and Immature Stages of the Bee Nomioides patruelis (Halictidae: Halictinae: Nomioidini) and of Its Cleptoparasite, Chiasmognathus pashupati (Apidae: Nomadinae: Ammobatini), with a Preliminary Phylogeny of the Halictidae Based on

Figs. 10, 11. SEM micrographs of anterior end of egg of Nomioides patruelis and close-up of micropyle, respectively.

Figs. 2, 3 in Biology and Immature Stages of the Bee Nomioides patruelis (Halictidae: Halictinae: Nomioidini) and of Its Cleptoparasite, Chiasmognathus pashupati (Apidae: Nomadinae: Ammobatini), with a Preliminary Phylogeny of the Halictidae Based on

Figs. 2, 3. Brood cells of Nomioides patruelis. 2. Front end of cell, inner view, showing deeply concave spiral cell closure; line demarking closure diameter 5 1.5 mm. 3. Approximate longitudinal view with front end at left. Note slight shine of lining on cell wall at left and feces piled on wall at rear end of cell; line demarking cell diameter 5 ca. 2.5 mm.

Figs. 21–25 in Biology and Immature Stages of the Bee Nomioides patruelis (Halictidae: Halictinae: Nomioidini) and of Its Cleptoparasite, Chiasmognathus pashupati (Apidae: Nomadinae: Ammobatini), with a Preliminary Phylogeny of the Halictidae Based on

Figs. 21–25. SEM micrographs of pupa of Nomioides patruelis, approximate anterolateral view. 21. Anterior part of pupa with numbers referring to close-ups in figs. 22–25. 22. Close-up of frons and vertex. 23. Close-up of anterior mesoscutal tubercles. 24. Close-up of mesocutellar, axillary, and metanotal tubercles. 25. Close-up of tegular tubercle.

Figs. 17–20. 17, 18 in Biology and Immature Stages of the Bee Nomioides patruelis (Halictidae: Halictinae: Nomioidini) and of Its Cleptoparasite, Chiasmognathus pashupati (Apidae: Nomadinae: Ammobatini), with a Preliminary Phylogeny of the Halictidae Based on

Figs. 17–20. 17, 18. Diagrams of pupa of Nomioides patruelis, lateral view, entire pupa (with tergal tubercle enlargement), and front end of pupa, dorsal view, respectively. 19, 20. Diagrams of front end of pupa of Chiasmognathus pashupati, dorsal view, and of entire pupa, lateral view, respectively. Scale (5 1.0 mm) refers to all figures.