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FIGURE 2. Spinneret surface and other immature stages. 2A in On the morphology of the juvenile stages of Ampulex compressa (Fabricius 1781) (Hymenoptera, Ampulicidae)
FIGURE 2. Spinneret surface and other immature stages. 2A: Spinneret. White arrow—middle depression of salivary lips. 2B: Living second larval instar. 2C: Head structure of second larval instar. White arrow—metopic suture; black arrow—mandible; black asterisk—labrum; white asterisk—labium. 2D: First instar larva structure and body integument (detail). Black arrowspiracle; black asterisk—mandible. 2E: Oblique fracture of internal cocoon layer. 2F: Egg surface and micropyle (detail). Asterisk—anterior extremity.
FIGURE 1. Last larval instar. 1A in On the morphology of the juvenile stages of Ampulex compressa (Fabricius 1781) (Hymenoptera, Ampulicidae)
FIGURE 1. Last larval instar. 1A: Body integument and spiracular structure. 1B: Head surface. Lb—labrum; Ma—mandible; Mx—maxilla; Sp—spinneret. 1C: Head structure. Mx—Maxilla; black arrow—metopic suture. 1D: Labrum. Black arrows—basiconic sensilla; white arrows—setae. 1E: Epipharynx. 1F: inner maxilla surface and lacinia. Pm—maxillary palpus; La—lacinia; asterisk—basal portion.
Figs 3–7 in Cocoon morphology of the cockroach-hunting apoid wasp Ampulex compressa (FABRICIUS) (Hymenoptera, Ampulicidae)
Figs 3–7: Ampulex compressa, cocoon: 3 apical portion of the external capsule, showing opening; 4 inner view of the apical extremity of the internal capsule, showing the silken plug that close the apical opening, seta pointing a grain of uric acid attached to the wall; 5 wall of the internal capsule, setae pointing the inner face; 6 inner face of the internal capsule with the brilliant coating pellicle; 7 inner face of the internal capsule without the brilliant coating pellicle.
Midgut transcriptome assessment of the cockroach-hunting wasp Ampulex compressa (Apoidea: Ampulicidae)
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Supplementary material 1 from: Graf S, Willsch M, Ohl M (2021) Comparative morphology of the musculature of the sting apparatus in Ampulex compressa (Hymenoptera, Ampulicidae) and Sceliphron destillatorium (Hymenoptera, Sphecidae). Deutsche Entomologische Zeitschrift 68(1): 21-32. https://doi.org/10.3897/dez.68.58217
Table S1. Detailed list of specimens and their collection/rearing data
Supplementary material 2 from: Graf S, Willsch M, Ohl M (2021) Comparative morphology of the musculature of the sting apparatus in Ampulex compressa (Hymenoptera, Ampulicidae) and Sceliphron destillatorium (Hymenoptera, Sphecidae). Deutsche Entomologische Zeitschrift 68(1): 21-32. https://doi.org/10.3897/dez.68.58217
Table S2. Overview of all muscles with HAO URIs and the proposed homologies
Figure 4 from: Graf S, Willsch M, Ohl M (2021) Comparative morphology of the musculature of the sting apparatus in Ampulex compressa (Hymenoptera, Ampulicidae) and Sceliphron destillatorium (Hymenoptera, Sphecidae). Deutsche Entomologische Zeitschrift 68(1): 21-32. https://doi.org/10.3897/dez.68.58217
Figure 4 The musculature interconnecting T9 and the second valvifer. Lateral view, anterior to the right, line drawing from dissections. A.Ampulex compressa; B.Sceliphron destillatorium. dT9-2vf a and b – dorsal tergum 9-second valvifer muscle, portion a and b respectively; vT9-2vf – ventral T9 second valvifer muscle; pT9-2vf – posterior tergum 9-second valvifer muscle.
Figure 5 from: Graf S, Willsch M, Ohl M (2021) Comparative morphology of the musculature of the sting apparatus in Ampulex compressa (Hymenoptera, Ampulicidae) and Sceliphron destillatorium (Hymenoptera, Sphecidae). Deutsche Entomologische Zeitschrift 68(1): 21-32. https://doi.org/10.3897/dez.68.58217
Figure 5 The musculature interconnecting the second valvifer and the furcula. Lateral view, anterior to the right, line drawing from dissections. A.Ampulex compressa; B.Sceliphron destillatorium. l2vf-fu – lateral second valvifer-furcula muscle; m2vf-fu medial second valvifer-furcula muscle; 2vf-2vf – second valvifer-second valvifer muscle.
Figure 6 from: Graf S, Willsch M, Ohl M (2021) Comparative morphology of the musculature of the sting apparatus in Ampulex compressa (Hymenoptera, Ampulicidae) and Sceliphron destillatorium (Hymenoptera, Sphecidae). Deutsche Entomologische Zeitschrift 68(1): 21-32. https://doi.org/10.3897/dez.68.58217
Figure 6 Second ramus-second valvula muscle (2r-2vv) interconnecting the second ramus and second valvula. A. Line drawing of 2r-2vv, not found during dissections, based on B. reconstructed volume of Sceliphron destillatorium. Lateral view, anterior to the right. 2r-2vv – second ramus-second valvula muscle.
Figure 3 from: Graf S, Willsch M, Ohl M (2021) Comparative morphology of the musculature of the sting apparatus in Ampulex compressa (Hymenoptera, Ampulicidae) and Sceliphron destillatorium (Hymenoptera, Sphecidae). Deutsche Entomologische Zeitschrift 68(1): 21-32. https://doi.org/10.3897/dez.68.58217
Figure 3 The musculature interconnecting T8 and T9. Lateral view, anterior to the right, line drawing from dissections. A.Ampulex compressa; B.Sceliphron destillatorium. dT8-T9 – dorsal tergum 8-tergum 9 muscle; lT8-T9 – lateral tergum 8-tergum 9 muscle; T8-1vf – T8-1vf muscle; T8-T8 – tergum 8-tergum 8 muscle; vT8-T9 – ventral tergum 8-tergum 9 muscle.
Figure 2 from: Graf S, Willsch M, Ohl M (2021) Comparative morphology of the musculature of the sting apparatus in Ampulex compressa (Hymenoptera, Ampulicidae) and Sceliphron destillatorium (Hymenoptera, Sphecidae). Deutsche Entomologische Zeitschrift 68(1): 21-32. https://doi.org/10.3897/dez.68.58217
Figure 2 The musculature connecting T8 to the cuticula. Lateral view, anterior to the right, line drawing from dissections. A.Ampulex compressa; B.Sceliphron destillatorium. dT7-T8 – dorsal tergum 7-tergum 8 muscle; vT7-T8 (a & b) – ventral tergum 7-tergum 8 muscle (portion a and b respectively); pT7-T8 – posterior tergum 7-tergum 8 muscle; S7-T8 – sternum 7-T8 muscle.
Figure 1 from: Graf S, Willsch M, Ohl M (2021) Comparative morphology of the musculature of the sting apparatus in Ampulex compressa (Hymenoptera, Ampulicidae) and Sceliphron destillatorium (Hymenoptera, Sphecidae). Deutsche Entomologische Zeitschrift 68(1): 21-32. https://doi.org/10.3897/dez.68.58217
Figure 1 Overview of the sclerites of the sting apparatus. Lateral view, anterior to the right. A.Ampulex compressa, line drawing from dissections; B.Sceliphron destillatorium, line drawing from dissections; C.Ampulex compressa, 3D reconstruction; D.Sceliphron destillatorium, 3D reconstruction, stinger extended. 1vv – first valvula; 2vv – second valvula; 3vv – third valvula; fu – furcula; r1 – first ramus; r2 – second ramus; 1vf – first valvifer; 2vf – second valvifer; T9 – tergum 9; T8 – tergum 8; sp – spiracle; spa – sensillar patch. Scale bars: 0.5 mm.
Supplementary material 1 from: Arvidson R, Landa V, Frankenberg S, Adams ME (2018) Life History of the Emerald Jewel Wasp Ampulex compressa. Journal of Hymenoptera Research 63: 1-13. https://doi.org/10.3897/jhr.63.21762
Video :
Figure 6 from: Arvidson R, Landa V, Frankenberg S, Adams ME (2018) Life History of the Emerald Jewel Wasp Ampulex compressa. Journal of Hymenoptera Research 63: 1-13. https://doi.org/10.3897/jhr.63.21762
Figure 6 Viscera of P. americana before (A) and after (B) parasitization by A. compressa. A The entire digestive system has been isolated to more thoroughly illustrate all parts of the gut as well as tissues previously obstructed such as trachea, ovaries, thoracic muscle and fat body B Isolated gut from after completion of A. compressa larval development. Abbreviations: TM = thoracic muscle, Tr = trachea, Ovl = ovarioles of ovary, FB = fat body, Cn = colon, Mg = midgut, Cm = caeca, Cp = crop, VNC = ventral nerve cord, Pv = proventriculus.
Figure 3 from: Arvidson R, Landa V, Frankenberg S, Adams ME (2018) Life History of the Emerald Jewel Wasp Ampulex compressa. Journal of Hymenoptera Research 63: 1-13. https://doi.org/10.3897/jhr.63.21762
Figure 3 Ampulex compressa larvae develop through three instars. The number of instars of A. compressa were determined by taking representative larva from different time intervals and plotting the product of the length and width of the head capsule (area) against age of the larva. The data plots as three distinct groups, indicative of three instars (green - first instar, orange - second instar, blue - third instar. Horizontal bars represent average area of the head capsule in each instar and vertical error bars are standard deviation. Each mean head capsule size is significantly different from the others, as indicated by the Kruskal-Wallis test (p < 0.0001).
Figure 2 from: Arvidson R, Landa V, Frankenberg S, Adams ME (2018) Life History of the Emerald Jewel Wasp Ampulex compressa. Journal of Hymenoptera Research 63: 1-13. https://doi.org/10.3897/jhr.63.21762
Figure 2 Cocoon mass and volume can be predictors of sex. The probability that a cocoon will emerge as a female is given as A a function of pupal volume (p < 0.0001, Chi Square = 16.5), and B a function of cocoon mass (p < 0.0001, Chi Square = 19.6)
Figure 1 from: Arvidson R, Landa V, Frankenberg S, Adams ME (2018) Life History of the Emerald Jewel Wasp Ampulex compressa. Journal of Hymenoptera Research 63: 1-13. https://doi.org/10.3897/jhr.63.21762
Figure 1 A. compressa development time and adult size are sexually dimorphic. A Larval development as defined by the duration between egg laying and pupation shows no difference between males and females (black, p = 0.26). Pupal duration - time between cocoon spinning and eclosion - is sexually dimorphic (red, p < 0.0001). Statistical difference determined by Welch's T test, NS = not significant, **** = p < 0.0001. (n = 200, males; n = 135, females) B Cocoon volume (black) of females is significantly larger than that of the males. (female n = 8, male n=21). Adult mass (red) is significantly larger for females (Female n = 8, male n=17). (*** = p < 0.001, **** = p < 0.0001, by Welch's T test). Error bars indicate standard deviation.
Figure 7 from: Arvidson R, Landa V, Frankenberg S, Adams ME (2018) Life History of the Emerald Jewel Wasp Ampulex compressa. Journal of Hymenoptera Research 63: 1-13. https://doi.org/10.3897/jhr.63.21762
Figure 7 Estimation of pupal size by modeling as a parabola. Shape of the Ampulex compressa pupa is a prolate spheroid. Thus, volume of the cocoon can be estimated by modeling it as parabola, rotated about the longitudinal axis, using only length and width measurements.
Figure 4 from: Arvidson R, Landa V, Frankenberg S, Adams ME (2018) Life History of the Emerald Jewel Wasp Ampulex compressa. Journal of Hymenoptera Research 63: 1-13. https://doi.org/10.3897/jhr.63.21762
Figure 4 Comparative morphology of mandibles of the three larval instars of A. compressa. Mandible morphology is unique to each instar and appears to suit the needs of each stage. A First instar mandibles are suitable for piercing the cockroach cuticle and facilitating a steady flow of hemolymph without serious injury to the cockroach B The second instar mandible is larger and contains a serrated edge suitable for cutting into the cockroach to facilitate entry into the host C Third and last instar mandibles appear after the larva has entered the body cavity of the cockroach to consume fat body and muscle. These mandibles appear to be suited for crushing and macerating the internal tissues D All three mandible types together to scale for comparison.
Figs 1–2 in Cocoon morphology of the cockroach-hunting apoid wasp Ampulex compressa (FABRICIUS) (Hymenoptera, Ampulicidae)
Figs 1–2: Abdomen and thorax of the host Periplaneta americana with cocoons of Ampulex compressa
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