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Fig. 14. Ascarophis arctica Polyanskiy, 1952 from Gasterosteus aculeatus Linnaeus, scanning electron micrographs. A in Rhabdochona angusticaudata sp. n. (Nematoda: Rhabdochonidae) from the Japanese eel Anguilla japonica, and new records of some other nematodes from inland fishes in Japan

Fig. 14. Ascarophis arctica Polyanskiy, 1952 from Gasterosteus aculeatus Linnaeus, scanning electron micrographs. A – posterior end of male, ventral view; B – tail of male, subventral view (arrows indicate postanal papillae); C – precloacal region, subventral view (arrows indicate preanal papillae; note weakly-developed ventral precloacal ridges); D – posterior end of male, sublateral view (arrows indicate two posteriormost pairs of postanal papillae; note ventral precloacal ridges); E – broken female body with eggs; F – egg with filaments on both poles; G – egg with filaments only on one pole.

Fig. 11. Rhabdochona zacconis Yamaguti, 1935 in Rhabdochona angusticaudata sp. n. (Nematoda: Rhabdochonidae) from the Japanese eel Anguilla japonica, and new records of some other nematodes from inland fishes in Japan

Fig. 11. Rhabdochona zacconis Yamaguti, 1935 from Tribolodon hakonensis (Günther), scanning electron micrographs. A, B – cephalic end of male, subapical and apical views, respectively (arrows indicate sublabia); C – deirid; D – tail of male, lateral view (arrow indicates cloaca); E – eggs dissected out from uterus; F – eggs with polar filaments. Abbreviations: a – cephalic papilla; b – amphid.

Fig. 13. Ascarophis arctica Polyanskiy, 1952 from Gasterosteus aculeatus Linnaeus, scanning electron micrographs. A–C in Rhabdochona angusticaudata sp. n. (Nematoda: Rhabdochonidae) from the Japanese eel Anguilla japonica, and new records of some other nematodes from inland fishes in Japan

Fig. 13. Ascarophis arctica Polyanskiy, 1952 from Gasterosteus aculeatus Linnaeus, scanning electron micrographs. A–C – cephalic end of female, lateral, apical and dorsoventral views, respectively; D – region of female mouth (another specimen), sublateral view; E – tail of female, ventral view; F – deirid; G – distal end of left spicule, ventral view. Abbreviations: a – amphid; b – cephalic papilla c – phasmid; d – anus; l – labium; p – pseudolabium with anterior tooth-like projection; s – sublabium.

Fig. 10 in Rhabdochona angusticaudata sp. n. (Nematoda: Rhabdochonidae) from the Japanese eel Anguilla japonica, and new records of some other nematodes from inland fishes in Japan

Fig. 10. Rhabdochona angusticaudata sp. n. from Anguilla japonica Temminck et Schlegel, scanning electron micrographs. A, B – anterior end of female body, sublateral and dorsoventral views (arrow indicates deirid); C – tail of male, lateral view; D – region of male tail with last postanal papilla and phasmid, lateral view; E – tail of gravid female, ventral view; F – vulva of gravid female, ventral view. Abbreviations: e – cloacal aperture; h – caudal papilla of last postanal pair; i – phasmid; k – anus.

Fig. 7. Heliconema anguillae Yamaguti, 1935 in Rhabdochona angusticaudata sp. n. (Nematoda: Rhabdochonidae) from the Japanese eel Anguilla japonica, and new records of some other nematodes from inland fishes in Japan

Fig. 7. Heliconema anguillae Yamaguti, 1935 from Anguilla japonica Temminck et Schlegel, scanning electron micrographs. A, B – cephalic end, subapical views (arrow indicates amphid); C – tail of male, sublateral view; D – ventral precloacal ridges and first two pairs of preanal papillae, ventral view; E – tail of male, ventral view; F – tail tip of male, ventral view (arrows indicate phasmids). Abbreviations: a – cephalic papilla; b – submedian tooth; c – lateral tooth; d – pseudolabial lateroterminal depression; e – cloacal aperture; f – papillae of first two preanal pairs; g – small ventral postanal papilla.

Fig. 8 in Rhabdochona angusticaudata sp. n. (Nematoda: Rhabdochonidae) from the Japanese eel Anguilla japonica, and new records of some other nematodes from inland fishes in Japan

Fig. 8. Rhabdochona angusticaudata sp. n. from Anguilla japonica Temminck et Schlegel. A – anterior part of male body, lateral view; B, C – anterior end of male, dorsoventral and lateral views, respectively; D – cephalic end of female, lateral view; E – cephalic end of male, apical view; F – deirid; G, H – distal end of left spicule (different specimens), lateral views; I – egg; J – female tail, lateral view; K – right spicule, lateral view; L – posterior end of male, lateral view; M – tail tip of female.

Fig. 2 in Rhabdochona angusticaudata sp. n. (Nematoda: Rhabdochonidae) from the Japanese eel Anguilla japonica, and new records of some other nematodes from inland fishes in Japan

Fig. 2. Hysterothylacium haze (Machida, Takahashi et Masuuchi, 1978) from Acanthogobius flavimanus (Temminck et Schlegel), scanning electron micrographs. A – anterior end of female with distinct lateral alae, dorsal view; B – cephalic end, apical view; C – dorsal lip; D – subventral lip; E – caudal end of male, lateral view (arrow indicates double papilla); F – distribution of papillae on caudal end, lateral view (another specimen; arrow indicates double papilla); G – posterior end of male, ventral view. Abbreviations: a – double cephalic papilla; b – single cephalic papilla; d – dorsal lip; e – amphid; i – interlabium; s – spicule.

Fig. 6 in Rhabdochona angusticaudata sp. n. (Nematoda: Rhabdochonidae) from the Japanese eel Anguilla japonica, and new records of some other nematodes from inland fishes in Japan

Fig. 6. Paraquimperia tenerrima (von Linstow, 1878) from Anguilla anguilla (Linnaeus), Czech Republic, scanning electron micrographs of mouth. A – apical view; B – subdorsal view. Abbreviations: a – amphid; b – cephalic papilla; c – two tooth-like structures of neighbouring sectors of mouth mound; d – oesophageal tooth.

Fig. 9 in Rhabdochona angusticaudata sp. n. (Nematoda: Rhabdochonidae) from the Japanese eel Anguilla japonica, and new records of some other nematodes from inland fishes in Japan

Fig. 9. Rhabdochona angusticaudata sp. n. from Anguilla japonica Temminck et Schlegel, scanning electron micrographs. A – cephalic end of male, lateral view; B – cephalic end of female, apical view; C – cephalic end of male, apical view; D – mouth region of female, apical view (arrow indicates sublabium); E – cephalic end of male (another specimen) with more numerous (16) anterior teeth, apical view; F – deirid. Abbreviations: a – amphid; b – cephalic papilla.

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dryad36/100

Lack of spatial and temporal genetic structure of Japanese eel (Anguilla japonica) populations

Japanese eel (Anguilla japonica) is an important food source in East Asia whose population has dramatically declined since the 1970s. Despite past analysis with DNA sequencing, microsatellite and isozyme methods, management decisions remain hampered by contradictory findings. For example, it remains unresolved whether Japanese eels are a single panmictic population or whether they harbor significant substructure. Accurate assessment of population genetic substructure, both spatial and temporal, is essential for determining the relevant number of distinct management units appropriate for this species. In the present study, we assayed genetic variation genome-wide using Restriction Site Associated DNA Sequencing (RAD-seq) technology to analyze the population genetic structure of Japanese eels. For analysis of temporal isolation, five "cohort" samples were collected yearly from 2005 to 2009 in the Yangtze River Estuary. For analysis of spatial structure, five "arrival wave" samples were collected in China in 2009, and two arrival wave samples were collected in Japan in 2001. In each cohort of each arrival wave, five individuals were collected for a total of 55 eels sampled. In total, 214,210 loci were identified from these individuals, 106,652 of which satisfied quality checks and were retained for further analysis. There was relatively little population differentiation between arrival waves and cohorts collected either at different locations during the same year (Fst = 0.077) or at the same location collected over subsequent years (Fst = 0.082), and locations displayed no consistent isolation-by-distance.

dryad36/100

Lack of spatial and temporal genetic structure of Japanese eel (Anguilla japonica) populations

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Fig. 15 in Rhabdochona angusticaudata sp. n. (Nematoda: Rhabdochonidae) from the Japanese eel Anguilla japonica, and new records of some other nematodes from inland fishes in Japan

Fig. 15. Eustrongylides sp. larva from Channa argus (Cantor), scanning electron micrographs of cephalic end. A – apical view; B – sublateral view. Abbreviations: a – cephalic papillae of inner circle; b – cephalic papillae of outer circle; c – mouth opening.

Fig. 12. Ascarophis arctica Polyanskiy, 1952 from Gasterosteus aculeatus Linnaeus. A in Rhabdochona angusticaudata sp. n. (Nematoda: Rhabdochonidae) from the Japanese eel Anguilla japonica, and new records of some other nematodes from inland fishes in Japan

Fig. 12. Ascarophis arctica Polyanskiy, 1952 from Gasterosteus aculeatus Linnaeus. A – anterior end of female body, lateral view; B, C – anterior end of female, lateral and dorsoventral views, respectively; D, E – vestibule of female, lateral and dorsoventral views, respectively; F – cephalic end of female, apical view; G – deirid; H – posterior end of male, lateral view; I – caudal end of male, lateral view; J – vulva, lateral view; K – tail of female, lateral view; L – egg.

Fig. 3 in Rhabdochona angusticaudata sp. n. (Nematoda: Rhabdochonidae) from the Japanese eel Anguilla japonica, and new records of some other nematodes from inland fishes in Japan

Fig. 3. Hysterothylacium haze (Machida, Takahashi et Masuuchi, 1978) from Acanthogobius flavimanus (Temminck et Schlegel), scanning electron micrographs. A – posterior end of male, sublateral view; B – region of cloaca, lateral view (arrow indicates double papilla); C – double papilla; D – tail of female, lateral view; E – bulbously inflated tail tip of female; F – non-inflated tail tip of female. Abbreviations: e – anus; s – spicule.

Fig. 4 in Rhabdochona angusticaudata sp. n. (Nematoda: Rhabdochonidae) from the Japanese eel Anguilla japonica, and new records of some other nematodes from inland fishes in Japan

Fig. 4. Paraquimperia sp., nongravid female from Anguilla japonica Temminck et Schlegel. A, B – anterior part of body, lateral and dorsoventral views, respectively; C – cephalic end, dorsal view; D – vulva, lateral view; E – tail, lateral view.

Fig. 1 in Rhabdochona angusticaudata sp. n. (Nematoda: Rhabdochonidae) from the Japanese eel Anguilla japonica, and new records of some other nematodes from inland fishes in Japan

Fig. 1. Hysterothylacium haze (Machida, Takahashi et Masuuchi, 1978) from Acanthogobius flavimanus (Temminck et Schlegel). A – anterior end of male, lateral view; B – cephalic end of male, subventral view; C – distal end of spicule, lateral view; D – posterior end of male, ventral view; E – tail of female, lateral view; F, G – two different shapes of female tail; H – posterior end of male, lateral view; I – egg; J – distribution of caudal papillae near cloaca, lateral view.

Fig. 5 in Rhabdochona angusticaudata sp. n. (Nematoda: Rhabdochonidae) from the Japanese eel Anguilla japonica, and new records of some other nematodes from inland fishes in Japan

Fig. 5. Paraquimperia sp. from Anguilla japonica Temminck et Schlegel, scanning electron micrographs of nongravid female. A – cephalic end, sub-dorsoventral view; B – region of mouth, subapical view; C – anterior portion of body, dorsal view (arrow indicates deirid); D – tail, sublateral view. Abbreviations: a – amphid; b – cephalic papilla; c – two tooth-like structures of neighbouring sectors of mouth mound; d – oesophageal tooth; e – lateral alae; o – anus; p – phasmid.