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opencc-by-4.0Feb 2015View details →

Figure 1 in Multiple paths to aquatic specialisation in four species of Central American Anolis lizards

Figure 1. Plots of the four principal component (PC) axes for males (A + B) and females (C + D). Species denoted as follows: Anolis aquaticus (blue squares), A. lionotus (black diamonds), A. oxylophus (yellow triangles) and A. poecilopus (red circles). (A) PC 1 (head length and width) plotted against PC 2 (body height/body width) for males. (B) PC 3 (hindlimb length) plotted against PC 4 (forelimb length) for males. (C) PC 1 (fore- and hindlimb length) plotted against PC 2 (head length) for females. (D) PC 3 (head height and inter-limb length) plotted against PC 4 (jaw lever) for females.

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Anolis carolinensis character displacement SNP

Here are six files that provide details for all 44,120 identified single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) or the 215 outlier SNPs associated with the evolution of rapid character displacement among replicate islands with (2Spp) and without competition (1Spp) between two Anolis species. On 2Spp islands, A. carolinensis occurs higher in trees and have evolved larger toe pads. Among 1Spp and 2Spp island populations, we identify 44,120 SNPs, with 215-outlier SNPs with improbably large FST values, low nucleotide variation, greater linkage than expected, and these SNPs are enriched for animal walking behavior. Thus, we conclude that these 215-outliers are evolving by natural selection in response to the phenotypic convergent evolution of character displacement. There are two, non-mutually exclusive perspective of these nucleotide variants. One is character displacement is convergent: all 215 outlier SNPs are shared among 3 out of 5 2Spp island and 24% of outlier SNPS are shared among all five out of five 2Spp island. Second, character displacement is genetically redundant because the allele frequencies in one or more 2Spp are similar to 1Spp islands: among one or more 2Spp islands 33% of outlier SNPS are within the range of 1Spp MiAF and 76% of outliers are more similar to 1Spp island than mean MiAF of 2Spp islands. Focusing on convergence SNP is scientifically more robust, yet it distracts from the perspective of multiple genetic solutions that enhances the rate and stability of adaptive change. The six files include: a description of eight islands, details of 94 individuals, and four files on SNPs. The four SNP files include the VCF files for 94 individuals with 44KSNPs and two files (Excel sheet/tab-delimited file) with FST, p-values and outlier status for all 44,120 identified single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) associated with the evolution of rapid character displacement. The sixth file is a detailed file on the 215 outlier SNPs. Complete sequence data is available at Bioproject PRJNA833453, which including samples not included in this study. The 94 individuals used in this study are described in "Supplemental_Sample_description.txt"

opencc-zeroJun 2022View details →

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Data from: Can extreme climatic events induce shifts in adaptive potential? A conceptual framework and empirical test with Anolis lizards

Multivariate adaptation to climatic shifts may be limited by trait integration that causes genetic variation to be low in the direction of selection. However, strong episodes of selection induced by extreme climatic pressures may facilitate future population-wide responses if selection reduces trait integration and increases adaptive potential (i.e., evolvability). We explain this counter-intuitive framework for extreme climatic events in which directional selection leads to increased evolvability and exemplify its use in a case study. We tested this hypothesis in two populations of the lizard Anolis scriptus that experienced hurricane-induced selection on limb traits. We surveyed populations immediately before and after the hurricane as well as the offspring of post-hurricane survivors, allowing us to estimate both selection and response to selection on key functional traits: forelimb length, hindlimb length, and toepad area. Direct selection was parallel in both islands and strong in several limb traits. Even though overall limb integration did not change after the hurricane, both populations showed a non-significant tendency toward increased evolvability after the hurricane despite the direction of selection not being aligned with the axis of most variance (i.e., body size). The population with comparably lower between-limb integration showed a less constrained response to selection. Hurricane-induced selection, not aligned with the pattern of high trait correlations, likely conflicts with selection occurring during normal ecological conditions that favor functional coordination between limb traits, and would likely need to be very strong and more persistent to elicit a greater change in trait integration and evolvability. Future tests of this hypothesis should use G-matrices in a variety of wild organisms experiencing selection due to extreme climatic events.

opencc-zeroOct 2022View details →

Figure 7 in A new species of Anolis (Squamata: Iguanidae) from Panama

Figure 7. Map of eastern Panama showing type locality of Anolis elcopeensis (star; sampled for both morphology and COI), localities sampled for COI (white circles), and localities for additional specimens referenced in text (black circles). Closed circles and star indicate localities for confirmed A. elcopeensis according to morphological and molecular comparisons. Open circles indicate localities for specimens referred to as Anolis cf. elcopeensis that may represent A. elcopeensis or undescribed species. Square marks locality for A. maculiventris or a similar species (see text). Appendix 2 lists voucher specimens for localities.

Figure 4. A in A new species of Anolis (Squamata: Iguanidae) from Panama

Figure 4. A) Anolis elcopeensis (male dewlap, El Valle de Antón, Coclé, Panama). B) Anolis elcopeensis (female dewlap, El Copé, Coclé, Panama). C) A. cf. elcopeensis (male dewlap, south of Gamboa, Panamá, Panama). D) A. cf. elcopeensis (male dewlap, Cerro Azul, Panamá, Panama). E) A. cf. elcopeensis (male dewlap, Lake Bayano, Panama). F) A. cf. elcopeensis (male dewlap, Metetí, Darién, Panama). G) A. cf. maculiventris (male dewlap, Yaviza, Panama). H) A. maculiventris (male dewlap, near Buenaventura, Colombia).

Figure 5. A in A new species of Anolis (Squamata: Iguanidae) from Panama

Figure 5. A) Anolis elcopeensis (male, El Copé, Coclé, Panama). B) A. gruuo (male, Hato Chami, Chiriquí, Panama). Note bulging tail base in A. gruuo.

Figure 3. A in A new species of Anolis (Squamata: Iguanidae) from Panama

Figure 3. A) Anolis elcopeensis (female, El Copé, Coclé, Panama). B) A. cf elcopeensis (male, south of Gamboa, Panamá, Panama). C) A. cf maculiventris (female, Yaviza, Darién, Panama).

Fig. 2 in A new species of Anolis (Squamata: Iguanidae) from Panama

Fig. 2. Phylogenetic estimate of the mitochondrial COI gene for samples of A. elcopeensis and close relatives based on Bayesian analysis. Numbers are clade credibility values.

Fig. 1 in A new species of Anolis (Squamata: Iguanidae) from Panama

Fig. 1. Phylogenetic estimate of placement of A. elcopeensis sp. nov. based on Bayesian analysis of morphological and molecular data. Numbers are clade credibility values.

opencc-by-4.0Sep 2017View details →

Figure 1. A in The predator becomes the prey: the katydid Erechthis gundlachi Bolívar, 1888 (Orthoptera: Tettigoniidae) feeding upon the Cuban lizard Anolis homolechis (Cope, 1864) (Squamata: Dactyloidae), with some notes on Hispaniolan Erechthis Bolívar, 1888

Figure 1. A. Male of Anolis viridius Köhler & Blair Hedges, 2016 preying upon Erechthis ayiti at Polo, Bahoruco, southwestern Dominican Republic. B. Female of Anolis cyanostictus Mertens, 1939 preying upon a juvenile female unidentified Conocephalinae at National Botanical Garden, Santo Domingo, southern Dominican Republic. Photos courtesy Fr. Alejandro Sánchez.

opencc-by-4.0Sep 2017View details →

Figure 2. Adult female Erechthis gundlachi predating upon a in The predator becomes the prey: the katydid Erechthis gundlachi Bolívar, 1888 (Orthoptera: Tettigoniidae) feeding upon the Cuban lizard Anolis homolechis (Cope, 1864) (Squamata: Dactyloidae), with some notes on Hispaniolan Erechthis Bolívar, 1888

Figure 2. Adult female Erechthis gundlachi predating upon a juvenile male Anolis homolechis at La Gran Piedra, Santiago de Cuba, southeastern Cuba: A. Photographed at nature when found. B. Photographed after preservation, with millimetric scale for reference.

Fig. 9 in Description of two new species similar to Anolis insignis (Squamata: Iguanidae) and resurrection of Anolis (Diaphoranolis) brooksi

Fig. 9. Box plots showing variation between Anolis insignis (i), A. brooksi (b), A. kathydayae (k), and A. savagei (s). Traits are number of scales between interparietal and supraorbital semicircles (ip), number of expanded lamellae on fourth toe (lm), number of loreal rows (lr), number of postmental scales (pm), number of postrostral scales (pr), number of scales across the snout between the second canthals (sc), number of scales between the supraorbital semicircles (so), number of supralabial scales from rostral to center of eye (sl), snout to vent length (sv), head length relative to sv (hl), femoral length relative to sv (fl), tail length relative to sv (ta), toe length relative to sv (to), ear height relative to sv (eh), number of longitudinal dorsal scales in 5% of sv (d5), number of longitudinal ventral scales in 5% of sv (v5).

Fig. 5 in Description of two new species similar to Anolis insignis (Squamata: Iguanidae) and resurrection of Anolis (Diaphoranolis) brooksi

Fig. 5. Dorsal headscales of A) Anolis kathydayae, MSB 96613; B) A. brooksi, MSB 75647 C) A. savagei, MSB 96616; D) A. insignis LACM 149500.

Fig. 3 in Description of two new species similar to Anolis insignis (Squamata: Iguanidae) and resurrection of Anolis (Diaphoranolis) brooksi

Fig. 3. Graph of principal components 1 and 2 for traits used in MRPP analysis of species of Anolis studied here, labeled by A) sex and B) putative species.

Fig. 8 in Description of two new species similar to Anolis insignis (Squamata: Iguanidae) and resurrection of Anolis (Diaphoranolis) brooksi

Fig. 8. Map of Panama and Costa Rica, showing localities for specimens referenced in text. Type localities are in red. Black symbols are specimens examined (type locality specimens also were examined for all species). Gray symbols represent unexamined specimens or photographic evidence discussed in text. Each point may represent multiple individuals (see text).

Fig. 6 in Description of two new species similar to Anolis insignis (Squamata: Iguanidae) and resurrection of Anolis (Diaphoranolis) brooksi

Fig. 6. Adult male individuals of A) Anolis brooksi, El Copé, Panama; B) A. savagei, Las Cruces, Costa Rica; C) A. kathydayae, Fortuna, Panama.

opencc-by-4.0Dec 2017View details →

Fig. 3 in Thermoregulation in the Andean lizard Anolis heterodermus (Squamata: Dactyloidae) at high elevation in the Eastern Cordillera of Colombia

Fig. 3. (A) Average hourly variation of body temperature (Tb) and operative temperatures (T e) of light exposed, shaded and all models in function of time of the day. Striped area corresponds to preferred temperature interval. (B) Daily activity pattern of Anolis heterodermus (Duméril, 1851).

opencc-by-4.0Dec 2017View details →

Fig. 2 in Thermoregulation in the Andean lizard Anolis heterodermus (Squamata: Dactyloidae) at high elevation in the Eastern Cordillera of Colombia

Fig. 2. Frequency of body (T b) and operative (T e) temperatures during wet and dry season in Anolis heterodermus (Duméril, 1851). Average values are shown by black arrows. Striped area corresponds to averaged preferred temperature (T pref) interval for both seasons.

opencc-by-4.0Dec 2017View details →

Fig. 1 in Thermoregulation in the Andean lizard Anolis heterodermus (Squamata: Dactyloidae) at high elevation in the Eastern Cordillera of Colombia

Fig. 1. Thermal gradient scheme: (A) shrubs to create a suitable habitat for liZards in the gradient; (B) cooling packs.

Fig. 2 in First records of Anolis ventrimaculatus Boulenger, 1911 (Squamata: Iguanidae) in Ecuador

Fig. 2. Anolis ventrimaculatus from Ecuador: female adult (A−B, QCAZ 4390) in dorsal and ventral view, female adult (C−D, QCAZ 4378) in dorsal and ventral view, male adult (E−F, QCAZ 4389) in dorsal and ventral view, male dewlap (G, QCAZ 4389) in lateral view. Photographs by F. Ayala-Varela.