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Fig. 1 in Anoxia-conditioning hormesis alters the relationship between irradiation doses for survival and sterility in the cactus moth, Cactoblastis cactorum (Lepidoptera: Pyralidae)

Fig. 1. Fertility (as measured by egg hatch success and time to hatch) of Cactoblastis cactorum treated as adults at 5 levels of irradiation and 2 levels of atmospheric conditions. Means and standard errors are plotted. Letter designations refer to Tukey's post hoc analysis.

Fig. 4 in Anoxia-conditioning hormesis alters the relationship between irradiation doses for survival and sterility in the cactus moth, Cactoblastis cactorum (Lepidoptera: Pyralidae)

Fig. 4. Median longevity (median ± SE) of untreated control (no irradiation or atmospheric treatment) female and male Cactoblastis cactorum adults housed in 3 different conditions; individually in restrictive cups, together in single gen- der cages that allowed movement, and together in mixed gender cages that allowed movement and mating. Letter designations refer to Tukey's post hoc analysis.

Fig. 6 in Anoxia-conditioning hormesis alters the relationship between irradiation doses for survival and sterility in the cactus moth, Cactoblastis cactorum (Lepidoptera: Pyralidae)

Fig. 6. Median longevity (median ± SE) of female and male Cactoblastis cactorum adults treated at 5 levels of irradiation and 2 levels of atmospheric conditions. Asterisks refer to significant differences at the 0.0001 level.

Fig. 3 in Anoxia-conditioning hormesis alters the relationship between irradiation doses for survival and sterility in the cactus moth, Cactoblastis cactorum (Lepidoptera: Pyralidae)

Fig. 3. Success rate (mean ± SE) of neonate Cactoblastis cactorum at building communal webs in the absence of food and water whose parents had been treated at 5 levels of irradiation and 2 levels of atmospheric conditions.

Fig. 5 in Anoxia-conditioning hormesis alters the relationship between irradiation doses for survival and sterility in the cactus moth, Cactoblastis cactorum (Lepidoptera: Pyralidae)

Fig. 5. Survivorship and longevity (mean ± SE) of female and male Cactoblastis cactorum adults treated at 5 levels of irradiation and 2 levels of atmospheric conditions.

Fig. 3 in Early Jurassic anoxia triggered the evolution of the oldest holoplanktonic gastropod Coelodiscus minutus by means of heterochrony

Fig. 3. Correlation between the shell thickness and shell diameter; by linear bivariate modelling using Ordinary Least Squares Regression in PAST3 (Hammer et al. 2001). A. The data show that the shell of Coelodiscus minutus is generally very thin and shows a linear increase with shell diameter; this linear increase is generally typical of shelled molluscs and is also present in modern holoplanktonic gastropods. B. The log-transformed data of the original measurements confirm the linear increase with shell diameter. Abbreviations: N, number of bootstrap replicates; n, number of measured specimens; R2, coefficient of correlation; p, permutation test on correlation (R2), using 9999 replicates.

Fig. 2 in Early Jurassic anoxia triggered the evolution of the oldest holoplanktonic gastropod Coelodiscus minutus by means of heterochrony

Fig. 2. Occurrence and morphology of the holoplanktonic gastropod Coelodiscus minutus (Schübler in Zieten, 1833), Posidonia Shale Formation, Lower Toarcian; Altdorf near Nuremberg, Northern Bavaria, Southern Germany. A. BSPG 2008 XXIX 36a, superabundance in the limestone concretions. B. BSPG 2008 XXIX 56f, lowspired shell, wider than high. C. BSPG 2008 XXIX 42a, elevated but somewhat depressed spire. D. BSPG 2008 XXIX 26a, abrupt transition from protoconch to teleoconch. E. BSPG 2008 XXIX 56c, fine spiral lirae separated by wide interspaces. F. BSPG 2008 XXIX 56a, opisthocyrt growth lines with the backmost point situated in adapical direction. G. BSPG 2008 XXIX 24a, growth abnormality represented by loss of ornamentation. H. BSPG 2008 XXIX 42c, growth abnormality represented by a swell of the shell. I. BSPG 2008 XXIX 62c, small specimen with well-preserved sculpture ensuring an attribution to C. minutus.

Fig. 4 in Early Jurassic anoxia triggered the evolution of the oldest holoplanktonic gastropod Coelodiscus minutus by means of heterochrony

Fig. 4. Fossil content beside the Coelodiscus minutus shells, Posidonia Shale Formation, Lower Toarcian; Altdorf near Nuremberg, Northern Bavaria, Southern Germany. A. BSPG 2008 XXIX 69h, articulated bivalve prodissoconchs of the order Pterioida. B. BSPG 2008 XXIX 1d, valve of the epifaunal bivalve Meleagrinella substriata (Münster in Goldfuss, 1831). C. BSPG 2008 XXIX 2b, valve of the epifaunal bivalve Oxytoma sp.

Fig. 1 in Early Jurassic anoxia triggered the evolution of the oldest holoplanktonic gastropod Coelodiscus minutus by means of heterochrony

Fig. 1. The lithology of the limestone concretion, Posidonia Shale Formation, Lower Toarcian; Altdorf near Nuremberg, Northern Bavaria, Southern Germany. A. BSPG 2008 XXIX 11a, ammonite floatstone with grain-supported matrix consisting of the holoplanktonic gastropod Coelodiscus minutus (Schübler in Zieten, 1833) and fecal pellets, cemented by sparry calcite. Each of the small bright dots represents a juvenile specimen of C. minutus. B. BSPG 2008 XXIX 5a, surface of the ammonite floatstone with superabundant specimens of C. minutus.

FIGURE 6 in Fish die-off in river and reservoir: A review on anoxia and gas supersaturation

FIGURE 6 | (A) Number of fish mortality events at different sites, considering the cause of death and (B) Number of fish mortality events at different sites, by cause of death attributed considering the Brazilian hydrographic basins. PHB = Parnaiba, WNA = Western Northeast Atlantic, PY = Paraguay, UY = Uruguay, EA = East Atlantic, SEA = Southeast Atlantic, TO-A = Tocantins-Araguaia Basin, SF = San Francisco, ENA = Eastern Northeast Atlantic, SA = Southeast Atlantic, AM = Amazon, PR = Paraná. See codes for causes of death in Tab. 1.

FIGURE 3 in Fish die-off in river and reservoir: A review on anoxia and gas supersaturation

FIGURE 3 | Saturations of dissolved oxygen (DO, red) and total dissolved gases (TDG, blue), for periods with intense (left) and sporadic (right) dam spillway activities. The black dotted line indicates the threshold of 110% TDG saturation.

FIGURE 5 in Fish die-off in river and reservoir: A review on anoxia and gas supersaturation

FIGURE 5 | Fish mortality events between 2010 and 2020 (A) and in different Brazilian hydrographic basins (B), as reported by news (Google searches). PHB = Parnaiba, WNA = Western Northeast Atlantic, PY = Paraguay, UY = Uruguay, EA = East Atlantic, SEA = Southeast Atlantic, TO-A = Tocantins-Araguaia Basin, SF = San Francisco, ENA = Eastern Northeast Atlantic, SA = Southeast Atlantic, AM = Amazon, PR = Paraná.

FIGURE 2 in Fish die-off in river and reservoir: A review on anoxia and gas supersaturation

FIGURE 2 | Indication of gas bubble disease in fish downstream from spillways, with bubbles in integument (A), eyeball (B), exophthalmos (A, B), along with the rays of the pectoral (C, D) and dorsal fins (E) and in the gill filament (F).

FIGURE 4 in Fish die-off in river and reservoir: A review on anoxia and gas supersaturation

FIGURE 4 | TDG and DO saturations for periods with intense (red) and sporadic (blue) dam spillway activities. Four models were fitted to these data, all with TDG as a response and DO as a predictor. The models were: i) simple linear regression (Linear); ii) linear regression with quadratic effect of DO (Quadratic); iii) segmented linear regression, with 1 breakpoint and 2 segments (Segmented (1)); iv) segmented linear regression, with 2 breakpoints and 3 segments (Segmented (2)). The most parsimonious model with the lowest AIC was segmented regression (2).

FIGURE 1 in Fish die-off in river and reservoir: A review on anoxia and gas supersaturation

FIGURE 1 | Processes involved in gas supersaturation at downstream a spillway. PTG = Total gas pressure, PC = Compensation Pressure (barometric + hydrostatic) – (modified from Abernethy et al., 2001).