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7 results for “Ant-plant interactions”
Disruption of an ant-plant mutualism shapes interactions between lions and their primary prey
<p><strong>Data and file overview:</strong></p> <ol> <li>Kamaru_Path_Analysis_Data.csv</li> <li>Kamaru_Path_Analysis.R</li> <li>Kamaru_Zebra_RSF_Data.csv</li> <li>Kamaru_Zebra_RSF.R</li> </ol> <p><strong>Layers used to build Zebra RSF:</strong></p> <ol> <li>Kamaru_DWater: distance to water</li> <li>Kamaru_DGlade: distance to glade</li> <li>Kamaru_DSettlement: distance to human settlement</li> <li>Kamaru_OPC_Veg: vegetation layer (classes: <em>V. drepanolobium</em>, <em>E. divinorum, </em>others)</li> </ol> <p><strong>SPECIFIC INFORMATION FOR: Kamaru_Path_Analysis_Data.csv</strong></p> <ol> <li>Number of variables: 11</li> <li>Description: This data file includes 105 zebra kill sites and paired random locations from June 2019 to August 2020. It also includes: (A) monthly utilization distributions of lion prides associated with each kill site and paired point; and (B) zebra densities estimated from resource selection functions, associated with each kill site, and paired random location. Please see our supplementary materials for more details on data and methods.</li> <li>Variable list:</li> </ol> <p>(A) rsf.block: Resource Selection Function blocks (block 1: Jan-Apr 2019, block 2: May-Sep 2019, block 3: Oct 2019 – Jan 2020, block 4: Feb-May 2020, block 5: Jun-Sep 2020)</p> <p>(B) Kill_ID: kill identifier.</p> <p>(C) Lion_ID: individual lion pride identifier.</p> <p>(D) Date (Day, Month, Year) when a specific kill occurred.</p> <p>(E) Zebra_kill (1 = kill site, 0 = paired random location).</p> <p>(F). Species: Zebra.</p> <p>(G) Visibility: openness measurement using a rangefinder in (m).</p> <p>(H) Lion_activity: Utilization distributions (UD) of lions.</p> <p>(I) Invasion (1 = invaded by big-headed ants, 0 = uninvaded by big-headed ants).</p> <p>(J) zeb.rsf: resource selection function value.</p> <p>(K) zeb.density: zebra density estimated from resource selection functions.</p> <p><strong>SPECIFIC INFORMATION FOR: Kamaru_Zebra_RSF_Data.csv</strong></p> <ol> <li>Number of variables: 10</li> <li>Description: This data file includes 182 zebra sightings, paired with 10 random points created for each sighting/used point. Also, the data includes actual GPS locations of each sighting and the total number of zebras in each sighting. Please see our supplementary materials for more details on data and methods.</li> <li>Variable list:</li> </ol> <p>(A) Species: Zebra.</p> <p>(B) Date (Day, Month, Year) for that sighting.</p> <p>(C) Survey: count identifier (Survey 2 to 21).</p> <p>(D) GPS location (X and Y), longitude and latitude of that sighting location.</p> <p>(E) Transect: Transect number.</p> <p>(F) Used: (1= zebra sighting, 0 = paired point).</p> <p>(G) zebra.ct: total number of zebras in each sighting.</p> <p> </p> <p><strong>R CODE</strong></p> <p><strong>SPECIFIC INFORMATION FOR: Kamaru_Path_Analysis.R</strong></p> <ol> <li>Description: Apply this code to Kamaru_Path_Analysis_Data.csv to build nested path models.</li> </ol> <p><strong>SPECIFIC INFORMATION FOR: Kamaru_Zebra_RSF.R</strong></p> <ol> <li>Description: Apply this code to Kamaru_Zebra_RSF_Data.csv to build resource selection functions for zebra. Use the following layers: Kamaru_DWater, Kamaru_DGlade, Kamaru_DSettlement and Kamaru_OPC_Veg to build the Zebra RSF.</li> </ol>
Plant species-specificity of ant-plant mutualistic interactions: Differential predation of termites by Camponotus crassus on five species of extrafloral nectaried plants
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Data from: Ants at plant wounds – a little-known trophic interaction with evolutionary implications for ant-plant interactions
Extrafloral nectaries (EFNs) allow plants to engage in mutualisms with ants preventing herbivory in exchange for food. EFNs occur scattered through the plant phylogeny and likely evolved independently from herbivore-created wounds subsequently visited by ants collecting leaked sap. Records of wound-feeding ants are, however, anecdotal. By surveying 38,000 trees from 40 species, we conduct the first quantitative ecological study of this overlooked behavior. Ant-wound interactions were widespread (0.5% of tree individuals) and occurred on 23 tree species. Interaction networks were opportunistic, closely resembling ant-EFNs networks. Fagaceae, a family lacking EFNs, were strongly overrepresented. For Fagaceae, ant occurrence at wounds correlated with species-level leaf damage, potentially indicating that wounds may attract mutualistic ants, supporting the hypothesis of ant-tended wounds as precursors of ant-EFNs mutualisms. Given the commonness of herbivore wounds, wound sap as steadily available food source might furthermore help to explain the overwhelming abundance of ants in (sub)tropical forest canopies.
Data from: The influence of spatial sampling scales on ant-plant interaction network architecture
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Data from: Ants at plant wounds – a little-known trophic interaction with evolutionary implications for ant-plant interactions
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Data from: Ant-plant interactions evolved through increasing interdependence
Ant–plant interactions are diverse and abundant and include classic models in the study of mutualism and other biotic interactions. By estimating a time-scaled phylogeny of more than 1,700 ant species and a time-scaled phylogeny of more than 10,000 plant genera, we infer when and how interactions between ants and plants evolved and assess their macroevolutionary consequences. We estimate that ant–plant interactions originated in the Mesozoic, when predatory, ground-inhabiting ants first began foraging arboreally. This served as an evolutionary precursor to the use of plant-derived food sources, a dietary transition that likely preceded the evolution of extrafloral nectaries and elaiosomes. Transitions to a strict, plant-derived diet occurred in the Cenozoic, and optimal models of shifts between strict predation and herbivory include omnivory as an intermediate step. Arboreal nesting largely evolved from arboreally foraging lineages relying on a partially or entirely plant-based diet, and was initiated in the Mesozoic, preceding the evolution of domatia. Previous work has suggested enhanced diversification in plants with specialized ant-associated traits, but it appears that for ants, living and feeding on plants does not affect ant diversification. Together, the evidence suggests that ants and plants increasingly relied on one another and incrementally evolved more intricate associations with different macroevolutionary consequences as angiosperms increased their ecological dominance.
Data from: Ant-plant interactions evolved through increasing interdependence
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