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240 results for “Antarctic Peninsula”
Dissolved inorganic nutrients including 5 macro nutrients: silicate, phosphate, nitrate, nitrite, and ammonium from water column bottle samples collected during annual cruise along western Antarctic Peninsula, 1991 - 2024.
The inorganic plant macronutrients dissolved phosphate, silicate, nitrate, nitrite and ammonium are the major sources of nutrition for phytoplankton growth in seawater (with sunlight and inorganic carbon). Macronutrient distributions reflect the large-scale circulation patterns in the oceans and are useful properties to delineate water masses. Dissolved inorganic nutrients samples are typically collected in every CTD/Rosette cast performed on the annual LTER cruises along the western Antarctic Peninsula. In Antarctic waters, dissolved inorganic macronutrients are seldom depleted to limiting concentrations except during heavy prolonged phytoplankton blooms. This is due to the fact that phytoplankton growth is more often limited by light or iron, and to the short growing season. Water samples pre-filtered through 47mm GF/F filters upon collection and samples frozen until analysis. Water samples are analyzed for dissolved nutrients with recognized standard oceanographic protocols for nutrient autoanalyzers (continuous flow analyzers).
Merged discrete water-column data from PAL LTER research cruises along the Western Antarctic Peninsula, from 1991 to 2024.
Water samples are collected throughout the water column along the Western Antarctic Peninsula at regular LTER grid stations where CTD casts are preformed and in surface waters at underway stations, where CTD casts are not done, using the ship's flow-through seawater system. This dataset is the compilation of water samples collected at these stations, merged from other PAL-LTER datasets. Data includes water column Chlorophyll and Phaeopigment concentrations; phytoplankton accessory pigments -including other chlorophyll's (e.g. chlorophyll b), xanthophylls, and carotenes; primary production rates; bacterial production; dissolved organic carbon; particulate organic carbon and nitrogen; dissolved inorganic nutrients; dissolved oxygen, and dissolved inorganic carbon and alkalinity. Measurements of phytoplankton Fv/Fm measured using a FIRe (Fluorescence Induction and Relaxation) fluorometer are also included, though caution is urged as FIRe data has not been corrected nor QCed. Conductivity, temperature, depth, and associated data from instruments on the sampling rosette (e.g. PAR, beam transmission) for each sampling depth are also included. Phytoplankton accessory pigment data is unavailable for the LMG10-01 cruise due to instrumentation problems and for the LMG12-01 cruise due to a freezer failure which resulted in the loss of samples. Dissolved oxygen measurements were discontinues after 2012, and thus no data is available from 2013 onwards. Dissolved Organic Carbon data is unavailable after 2012 due to instrumentation problems. There is no Particulate Organic Carbon data for cruise PD94-01.
Euphausia superba length frequency from zooplankton collected with a 2-m, 700-um net towed from surface to 120 m, aboard Palmer LTER annual cruises off the coast of the Western Antarctic Peninsula, 1993 - 2024.
Euphausia superba standard lengths (SL) were measured at grid stations on the annual LTER cruises along the western Antarctic Peninsula (WAP). Annual cruises take place between late December to early February, except for the NBP21-13 cruise, which was November and December. Krill were collected with a 2x2 meter, 700um mesh net fitted with a flow meter and towed obliquely to 120m.
Water temperature in the hidden, subglacial lake at Uruguay Island, Antarctic Peninsula region, 2020-2021, and additional data sets.
The dataset contains temperature measurements in a small subglicer (hidden) lake of Antarctic Peninsula region at several levels of depth. The measurements cover almost a full year and provide an understanding of the temperature and hydrological regime of the water body. Weather measurement data and statistics is provided additionally.
Seasonal sea ice indices including the timing of ice-edge advance and ice-edge retreat (in year day), the ice season duration (in days) and number of actual ice days (versus open water days) within the ice season, extracted for various PAL LTER sub-regions West of the Antarctic Peninsula and derived from passive microwave satellite data for 1979/80 to 2023/24 ice seasons.
Seasonal sea ice indices including the timing of ice-edge advance and ice-edge retreat (in year day), the ice season duration (in days) and number of actual ice days (versus open water days) within the ice season, extracted for various PAL LTER sub-regions West of the Antarctic Peninsula and derived from passive microwave satellite data for 1979/80 to 2023/24 ice seasons. The ice season duration is defined as the time elapsed between day of ice-edge advance and day of ice-edge retreat within a given sea ice year, which begins mid-February (mean minimum of summer sea ice extent for the Southern Ocean) and ends the following mid-February. See Stammerjohn et al (2008, JGR) for further details.
Zooplankton collected with a 2-m, 700-um net towed from surface to 120 m, aboard Palmer Station Antarctica LTER annual cruises off the western Antarctic peninsula, 2009 - 2024.
Zooplankton are a morphologically and taxonomically diverse group of animals. Many zooplankton feed on phytoplankton and thus provide a link between primary producers and higher trophic levels. Zooplankton density and biovolume were determined at grid stations on the annual LTER cruises along the western Antarctic Peninsula (WAP). Annual cruises take place between late December to early February, except for the NBP21-13 cruise, which was November and December. Typically, zooplankton were collected with a 2x2 meter, 700um mesh net fitted with a flow meter and towed obliquely to 120m. Zooplankton distributions vary spatially due to water column characteristics, which affect their predators' distributions. As climate change continues to affect the WAP, the relative abundance of the various zooplankton components can also be expected to change.
Standard body length of Euphausia superba collected with a 2-m, 700-um net towed from surface to 120 m, collected aboard Palmer LTER annual cruises off the coast of the Western Antarctic Peninsula, 2009 - 2024.
Antarctic krill, Euphausia superba, are a critical food-web link between phytoplankton primary production and higher trophic levels, such as whales, penguins, and seals. Krill standard length was measured from LTER zooplankton tows along the western Antarctic Peninsula. Annual cruises take place between late December to early February, except for the NBP21-13 cruise, which was November and December. Length data provides estimates of age-class abundance and recruitment. Climate-induced changes in krill recruitment are an important consideration in the management and modelling of krill populations.
Length of Salpa thompsoni collected with a 2-m, 700-um net towed from surface to 120 m, collected aboard Palmer LTER annual cruises off the coast of the Western Antarctic Peninsula, 2009 - 2024.
Salps (Salpa thompsoni) are conspicuous gelatinous zooplankton capable of rapid population increases, enabling them to respond quickly to unpredictable phytoplankton blooms common in the Antarctic. Body length was measured on salps collected from LTER zooplankton tows along the western Antarctic Peninsula. Annual cruises take place between late December to early February, except for the NBP21-13 cruise, which was November and December. Salps have amongst the highest filtration rates of all zooplankton, and package their waste into large, fast sinking fecal pellets. These pellets provide a mechanism to export carbon fixed in the surface waters into the deep ocean. Since filtration rates and pellet size are positively related to the size of a salp, population estimates of grazing and exported carbon can be determined through length data.
Zooplankton collected with a 1.4-m2 frame, 500-μm mesh Multiple Opening/Closing Net and Environmental Sensing System (MOCNESS) aboard Palmer LTER annual cruises off the coast of the Western Antarctic Peninsula, 2009-2017
Zooplankton are a morphologically and taxonomically diverse group of animals. Many zooplankton feed on phytoplankton in surface waters and thus provide a link between primary producers and higher trophic levels. Other zooplankton reside in the mesopelagic zone and feed on detritus or on other animals. Depth-discrete density of zooplankton taxa was determined at process study stations on the annual Palmer LTER cruises along the western Antarctic Peninsula. Samples were collected with a 1.4-m2 frame, 500-μm mesh Multiple Opening/Closing Net and Environmental Sensing System (MOCNESS) towed obliquely to the surface from a depth of typically 500 m. MOCNESS tows were conducted in consecutive day-night pairs at each process study station. Zooplankton depth distributions vary between day and night as these animals conduct diel vertical migrations. Depth distributions also vary among zooplankton taxa based on species feeding ecology and life history traits. Zooplankton diel vertical migration contributes to the export of carbon and nutrients from the surface ocean to the mesopelagic zone.
Average monthly sea ice coverage for various PAL LTER sub-regions West of the Antarctic Peninsula derived from passive microwave satellite data, 1978 - June 2024.
Monthly sea ice coverage derived from passive microwave satellite measurements and extracted for various PAL LTER subregions. Several different sea-ice metrics are provided including (1) monthly sea-ice extent, sea-ice area, and open-water area (km^2) extracted for the greater WAP region (from the AP to 80W) and for 3 PAL LTER grid regions: the original PAL grid (000-900 lines), the PAL 'DSR' grid (200-600 lines), and the PAL 'new' grid (-200 to 600 lines); and (2) monthly sea-ice concentration (%) extracted for small PAL subregions, including the nominal penguin foraging areas (~200km by ~200km) southwest of King George Island (KGI), Anvers, Avian and Charcot islands, as well as for Marguerite Bay (~140km by ~140km) (inland of the area defined for Avian).
Average yearly sea ice coverage for various PAL LTER sub-regions West of the Antarctic Peninsula derived from passive microwave satellite data, 1979 - 2023.
Annual sea ice coverage derived from passive microwave satellite measurements and extracted for various PAL LTER subregions. Several different sea-ice metrics are provided including: monthly sea-ice extent, sea-ice area, and open-water area (km^2) extracted for the greater WAP region (from the AP to 80W) and for 3 PAL LTER grid regions: the original PAL grid (000-900 lines), the PAL 'DSR' grid (200-600 lines), and the PAL 'new' grid (-200 to 600 lines).
NAPv1.0: A seasonal hydrographic gridded data set for the Northern Antarctic Peninsula, Southern Ocean
<p>The Northern Antarctic Peninsula (NAP) climatology version 1 (NAPv1.0) was built by optimally interpolate hydrographic data sets from the CTD, MEOP and Argo floats profiles sampled in the NAP and adjacent regions during the period of 1990-2019. The database consists of data from the World Ocean Database, Pangaea, Hutchinson et al. (2020), Brazilian High Latitude Oceanography Group (GOAL; http://goal.furg.br/), Marine Mammals Exploring the Oceans Pole to Pole consortium (MEOP), and Argo floats. The climatology has outputs for summer (Jan-Mar), autumn (Apr-Jun), winter (Jul-Sep) and spring (Oct-Dec). The profiles were first linearly interpolated onto 90 depth levels, and then optimally interpolated in space using a grid of ~10 km resolution. The grid spacing is 0.09˚ along latitudes and 0.2˚ along longitudes (i.e., 0.09˚ latitude x 0.09˚/cos(63˚S) longitude, where 63˚S is the mean latitude of our domain). A series of tests were made to find the appropriate smoothing lengthscale and the a priori relative error in order to find a balance between smoothness and feature representativeness. The final smoothing lengthscale (i.e. the radius of influence of the interpolation) chosen was 1˚ in latitude and longitude, and the a priori relative error allowed was set to 0.2 for the objective interpolation algorithm. The same constants were set for all depth levels and all variables. The regions where the mapping relative error was higher than 0.5 were excluded. The NAPv1.0 climatology can be used for several applications, including input data for ocean and climate models initialization/assessment and ocean reanalysis evaluation, as well as to produce and reconstruct biogeochemical properties. The NAPv1.0 climatology represents the ocean mean-state for the NAP for the end of the 20th and early 21st-century.</p> <p> </p> <p><strong>Reference: </strong><br> Dotto, T. S., Mata, M. M., Kerr, R., and Garcia, C. A. E.: A novel hydrographic gridded data set for the northern Antarctic Peninsula, Earth Syst. Sci. Data, 13, 671–696, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-13-671-2021, 2021.</p>
Evidence of a Vulnerable Marine Ecosystem documented via tourist submarine off Cape Well-Met, Vega Island, Eastern Antarctic Peninsula (Subarea 48.1) - Multimedia
<p>Video evidence of a Vulnerable Marine Ecosystem (VME) was collected via submarine deployed by the tourist super-yacht MY Scenic Eclipse flagged with Malta. The dive was conducted on the 29th November 2019 within Subarea 48.1. The video of this resource supplements the dataset "Evidence of a Vulnerable Marine Ecosystem documented via tourist submarine off Cape Well-Met, Vega Island, Eastern Antarctic Peninsula (Subarea 48.1) - data'' available at <a href="https://ipt.biodiversity.aq/resource?r=cape-well-met_2019">https://ipt.biodiversity.aq/resource?r=cape-well-met_2019</a>.</p> <p>Method step description:</p> <ol> <li> <p>Video evidence of a Vulnerable Marine Ecosystem (VME) was collected via submarine deployed by the tourist super-yacht MY Scenic Eclipse flagged with Malta. Recordings begin at the greatest depth and continue as the submarine travels up the wall. Footage was taken with a GoPro Hero 7 Black mounted in the pilot window of a U-Boat Worx Cruise Sub 7-300<a href="https://www.uboatworx.com/model/cruisesub"> (https://www.uboatworx.com/model/cruisesub).</a> Four submarine dives were filmed.</p> </li> <li> <p>Prior to footage clean-up it was decided that the longest resulting video would be the one that would be analysed. Footage of each of these dives were provided in multiple files.</p> </li> <li> <p>Final Cut Pro X was first used to join the files into one video file per dive.</p> </li> <li> <p>The videos were then cropped to remove the edge of the pilot’s window frame and to adjust the colour balance.</p> </li> <li> <p>Clean-up then followed the same methodology as was used for analyzing the submarine footage for the successful nomination of four VMEs in WG-EMM-18/35 to remove unusable sequences. For the Cape Well-Met footage that meant the removal of any sequences where the submarine was too far from the wall, where the visibility was poor and when the submarine was paused.</p> </li> <li> <p>Footage from Dive C was the longest resulting video after the completion of this clean-up procedure, thus it became the footage that was analysed.</p> </li> </ol> <p>This project is funded by The Soap and The Sea, a Swiss organic and ocean-friendly soap enterprise that donates half of its profits to Ocean Conservation initiatives.</p>
Vulnerable Marine Ecosystem Indicator Taxa recorded by submarine as evidence of the presence of Vulnerable Marine Ecosystems, Antarctic Peninsula - images
<p>This resource contains images that are framegrabs from video recorded by submarine deployed by the MY Arctic Sunrise during their Antarctica expeditions. The first took place in 2018 and focused within the Gerlache Strait and along the western Antarctic Peninsula and the Antarctic Sound in January 2018. Dives were conducted beginning 19th to 27th January 2018. This resource supplement the images for “Vulnerable Marine Ecosystem Indicator Taxa recorded by submarine as evidence of the presence of Vulnerable Marine Ecosystems, Antarctic Peninsula - data”</p>
Modelled and Sentinel-1 detected firn aquifers areas in the Antarctic Peninsula
<p>FDM results: This dataset contains firn aquifer extent output from IMAU-FDM (Firn Densification Model), version v1.2A, for the Antarctic Peninsula on a 5.5 km grid. The dataset consists of maps of the extent of simulated seasonal aquifers in at least one year (2017-2020), perennial aquifers in at least on year (2017-2020), and perennial aquifers in all years (2018-2020). Further details are described in Buth et al. (2022).<br> Model adjustments and run were performed by Sanne B. M. Velduijsen.</p> <p>S1 detection results: The GeoTIFF image is the result of the Sentinel-1 firn aquifer detection routine which makes use of the typical delayed increase of SAR backscatter after the peak melt season in case of an aquifer. The image has two bands per year (2017-2020), one containing the DOY80 parameter for the whole Antarctic Peninsula (excluding masked areas, see Buth et al, 2022), the other containing DOY80 only for detected aquifer areas, where it exceeds the threshold of DOY80=105. DOY80 here stands for the day of the year at which 80% of the September Sentinel-1 HH backscatter is reached. Further details are described in Buth et al. (2022).<br> S1 aquifer detection was performed by Lena G. Buth, using the Python API of the Google Earth Engine. The associated code is available as a GitLab project: https://gitlab.awi.de/lenbuth/tc-aquifers</p>
BGQNAPv1.0: A summer macronutrients binned data set for the Northern Antarctic Peninsula, Southern Ocean
<p>We compiled a time series spanning the period from 1996 to 2019 of the seawater hydrographic variables conservative temperature (<sup>o</sup>C), absolute salinity (g kg<sup>­–1</sup>) and dissolved oxygen (μmol kg<sup>­–1</sup>), and the macronutrients DIN (nitrate + nitrite + ammonium), phosphate, and silicic acid (μmol kg<sup>­–1</sup>). The study area covered the northern Antarctic Peninsula regions including the Gerlache Strait and the western, central, and eastern basins of Bransfield Strait. Most data (~90%) were obtained from the Brazilian High Latitude Oceanography Group (GOAL; http://goal.furg.br/) from austral summer field campaigns (January-March). In some years (1996, 2005, 2006, 2010, 2011) we used hydrographic and macronutrient data from GLODAP 2020 (Olsen et al., 2020) along the NAP and exceptionally for 1996 we used data available from December 1995 to February 1996 (the FRUELA cruises, García et al., 2022; Álvarez et al., 2002). Details on the sampling and analysis of macronutrient data obtained from GLODAP dataset can be accessed on the OCADS platform (<a href="https://www.ncei.noaa.gov/access/ocean-carbon-acidification-data-system-portal/">https://www.ncei.noaa.gov/access/ocean-carbon-acidification-data-system-portal/</a>).</p> <p>About 97% of the DIN data were composed of nitrate, followed by ammonium (2%) and nitrite (1%). Therefore, in some cases (11% of all data), we considered DIN as the nitrate concentration, when no nitrite and/or ammonium data were available. Discrete seawater samples were collected at irregular depth intervals from surface (5 m) to deep waters (at approximately 15 m from the bottom). We averaged the parameters for each region at regular depth intervals from the surface to the bottom (i.e., 0, 25, 50, 75, 100, 250, 500, 750, 1000, 1250, 1500, 1750, 2000, 2500 m) to obtain an averaged summer profile for each year.</p> <p>All sampling and analyses information of the hydrographic and macronutrients are detailed in Kerr et al. (2018), Mata et al. (2018), Dotto et al. (2021) and Costa et al. (2020), and references therein.</p>
Chlorophyll and phaeopigments from water column samples, collected at selected depths aboard Palmer LTER annual cruises off the coast of the Western Antarctic Peninsula, 1991-2024.
Phytoplankton chlorophyll sampling was led by Smith from 1991-2002, and then by Vernet from 2003-2008. Schofield is the third, and current lead, beginning in 2009. Methods have been kept consistent as much as possible over the full time series and different Principal Investigators. Chlorophyll a (Chl a) is the principal photosynthetic pigment of phytoplankton, and is used as a proxy measurement for estimating phytoplankton biomass in water samples. Chl a concentrations reflect the distribution of active phytoplankton spatially and with depth in the water column and their changes over time. Phaeopigments are non-photosynthetic pigments that are degradation products of phytoplankton chlorophylls which form during and after phytoplankton blooms. Water samples are collected throughout the water column along the Western Antarctic Peninsula at regular LTER grid stations where CTD casts are preformed and in surface waters at underway stations, where CTD casts are not done, using the ship's flow-through seawater system. Chlorophyll and phaeopigment concentrations are determined by filtration, extraction, and fluorometric detection of samples. The primary source of error for phaeopigment measurement is Chlorophyll b. If high amounts of Chlorophyll b are present in the sample, phaeopigments may be overestimated.
Skin-blubber biopsy samples and associated demographic data collected from cetaceans encountered along the Western Antarctic Peninsula (WAP), 2010 – 2024
Baleen whale populations in the Southern Ocean are recovering after intense commercial whaling in the 20th century. Along the Western Antarctic Peninsula (WAP), this recovery is occurring in one of the planet's most rapidly changing marine ecosystems. Understanding how climate-driven changes influence the population dynamics of whales in this region is critical for understanding what conservation and management actions must be prioritized to maintain the structure and function of this marine ecosystem. To begin understanding the dynamics of whale recovery under continued environmental change, we need to study these whales' demography and population dynamics. As part of our annual sampling surveys for cetaceans along the WAP through the PAL LTER program, we actively collect remote non-lethal skin-blubber biopsy samples and have developed one of the most extensive tissue archives in the Southern Ocean. With these samples, we conduct a series of demographic and physiological measurements. Using the skin portion of the biopsy sample, we isolate nuclear and mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) to develop a DNA profile for each sample, including genetic sex, a microsatellite genotype, and a mtDNA haplotype. These profiles are used to compare sex ratios of the population, determine individual recaptures through genotype analysis, and better understand population mixing. Using the blubber portion of the biopsy sample, we isolate endocrine markers (e.g., progesterone and cortisol) to monitor population pregnancy rates and stress levels. This data represents some of the first non-lethal quantitative observations of the demography and population dynamics of recovering whale populations in the Antarctic and provides a critical reference point for future work as the Antarctic climate continues to change and populations continue to recover from whaling.
Larval euphausiids collected using a 1 x 1 m square frame net with 333-μm mesh aboard Palmer LTER annual cruises off the coast of the Western Antarctic Peninsula, 1993-2013
Euphausiids (krill) are abundant along the Western Antarctic Peninsula where they have important impacts on the marine ecosystem and biogeochemical cycling. Euphausiids develop through a series of morphologically distinct larval stages within the first year of their life cycle. The calyptopis stages are followed by the furcilia stages before individuals recruit to the post-larval population. Larvae collected during Janury were most likely spawned during the preceding weeks or months of Antarctic spring/summer. Euphausia superba and Thysanoessa macrura are the most abundant euphausiid species along the Western Antarctic Peninsula. Euphausia crystallorophias, Euphausia frigida, and Euphausia triacantha are present but less abundant in the region. Samples were collected with a 1 x 1 m square frame net with 333-μm mesh towed obliquely to a depth of typically 300 m. Density of total calyptopis and furcilia larvae (all species combined) was determined for a subset of samples collected on the annual Palmer LTER cruises to cover the latitudinal and cross-shelf gradients of the study region. Larval euphausiid abundance varies spatially as spawning output is not homogeneous across the region. Larval euphausiid abundance also varies year-to-year due to changes in population demographics and environmental conditions.
Water column primary production from inorganic carbon uptake for 24h at simulated in situ (SIS) light levels in deck incubators, collected aboard Palmer LTER annual cruises off the coast of the Western Antarctic Peninsula, 1995 – 2023.
Primary Production experiments were led by Vernet from 1995-2008. Schofield is the current lead, beginning in 2009. Methods have been kept consistent as much as possible over the full time series and different Principal Investigators. Primary production is the uptake of inorganic carbon and assimilation of it into organic matter by phytoplankton. Primary production rates, expressed as mgC per m3 per day were measured by the uptake of radioactive (14C) sodium bicarbonate. Water samples are collected throughout the water column at stations along the Western Antarctica Peninsula at regular PAL-LTER grid stations. Water is put into borosilicate bottles, inoculated with 1 uCi of NaH14CO3 per bottle, and incubated in an outdoor deck incubator. The incubator is plumbed to the ship sea water system to maintain ambient seawater temperature and bottles are screened to in situ light levels. The uptake of 14C-bicarbonate by the phytoplankton was measured in a scintillation counter after a 24-hour incubation period. Data is unavailable for the LMG16-01 cruise due to measurement issues. Data is temporarily unavailable for the LMG20-01 cruise. Primary production experiments were not conducted during the 2022 (NBP21-13) nor 2024 (LMG24-01) cruises. There was no cruise in the austral summer of 2021.
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